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      創(chuàng)造性地使用教材,讓“Task”教學(xué)更具實(shí)效

      2018-07-10 23:15:30沈曉彥
      考試與評(píng)價(jià) 2018年2期

      沈曉彥

      【摘 要】《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》Task板塊涉及聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫四項(xiàng)基本技能,教師在教學(xué)中常常按部就班教教材,導(dǎo)致Task部分教學(xué)未能達(dá)到教材編寫者的預(yù)期效果。筆者認(rèn)為,創(chuàng)造性地教教材,把Task的教學(xué)和Welcome to the unit與Reading的教學(xué)相互滲透可以有效改變這個(gè)局面,使學(xué)生聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫的能力得到切實(shí)有效的提高。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】Task板塊 創(chuàng)造性使用 聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫能力提升

      筆者有幸參加了江蘇省高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)觀摩課活動(dòng)。上課老師以精湛的教藝和高水平的語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)向廣大英語(yǔ)教師呈現(xiàn)了各種課型(Reading I,Reading II,Task,Project)的巧妙教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),為使用譯林版《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》(以下均以該教材為例)教材地區(qū)的老師提供了大量可借鑒的模式與素材。當(dāng)然,這樣的高層次活動(dòng)對(duì)我們一線教師的沖擊力是可想而知的,我們?cè)谛蕾p和模仿的同時(shí),更應(yīng)該思考如何在常態(tài)教學(xué)中創(chuàng)造性地使用教材。筆者就其中的一節(jié)Task教學(xué)課來(lái)談?wù)勁=蚋咧杏⒄Z(yǔ)教材的創(chuàng)造性使用。

      南京外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校黃蓓老師的一節(jié)模塊二Unit 2的Task教學(xué)課給聽(tīng)課者留下深刻印象,黃老師地道流利的口語(yǔ),從容自如的課堂駕馭能力把原本平淡無(wú)奇的教學(xué)過(guò)程演繹得相當(dāng)出彩。那么我們不妨看一看黃老師的教學(xué)過(guò)程:

      Step one:What should we consider before we go on a trip?

      在這個(gè)步驟中學(xué)生通過(guò)聽(tīng)老師提問(wèn),回答問(wèn)題來(lái)補(bǔ)全信息,為后面的制訂旅行計(jì)劃服務(wù)。

      Step two: Read two travel plans on the screen and ask some questions

      在這個(gè)步驟中學(xué)生針對(duì)plan中的空缺部分提問(wèn),逐步形成正確的關(guān)于旅游計(jì)劃信息的提問(wèn)內(nèi)容。

      Step three: Listen and complete the plans on the screen.

      在這個(gè)步驟中學(xué)生聽(tīng)材料獲取信息,提高聽(tīng)力能力。

      Step four: Make a travel plan according to the two samples

      在這個(gè)步驟中學(xué)生先模仿制作一個(gè)brief travel leaflet,然后相互提問(wèn)或全班向一個(gè)同學(xué)提問(wèn)來(lái)了解別人的旅游計(jì)劃。

      Step five: Write an email as the homework

      在這個(gè)步驟中學(xué)生通過(guò)課后寫電子郵件來(lái)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)寫作能力。

      不難發(fā)現(xiàn),這一節(jié)Task教學(xué)基本是按照書本的編排順序來(lái)教,聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫四個(gè)方面全部體現(xiàn),可謂是面面俱到,這也是廣大一線教師一直在沿用的方法??墒怯捎诮處煹膫€(gè)體水平差異,很多教師無(wú)法像黃蓓老師那樣游刃有余,每次上完Task都可能會(huì)有同樣的困惑:聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫樣樣顧及,但又似乎顧而不及。師生就像在一條生產(chǎn)流水線上的工人,看著很多東西從眼前滑過(guò),卻什么也沒(méi)有留下。正是由于此,很多老師漸漸放棄或者弱化Task教學(xué),違背了教材設(shè)計(jì)者的良苦用心,也不利于學(xué)生語(yǔ)言基本技能的提高。

      筆者認(rèn)為,教材只是提供了一個(gè)教學(xué)的材料和平臺(tái),教師在教學(xué)中不僅要有駕馭課堂的能力,也要有駕馭教材的能力。創(chuàng)造性地使用教材是打造高中英語(yǔ)高效課堂的重要保證。

      《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》教材每個(gè)單元由七個(gè)lesson構(gòu)成,它們是Welcome to the unit,Reading,Word power,Grammar and usage,Task,Project和Self-assessment。這是教材列出的七個(gè)項(xiàng)目,我們可以按部就班順著教這些內(nèi)容,但如果我們嘗試把這些項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行整合,可能會(huì)帶來(lái)意想不到的效果。

      一、整合Welcome to the unit和Task前兩部分,確保學(xué)生聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力提升的最大化

      Task板塊旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫能力,而Welcome to the unit也是以聽(tīng)說(shuō)熱身為主,我們完全可以把這兩個(gè)部分整合在一起?,F(xiàn)在很多高一高二老師把Welcome to the unit作為一個(gè)lesson來(lái)上,但由于內(nèi)容比較少,老師在課堂上設(shè)問(wèn)單調(diào),學(xué)生缺乏表達(dá)自我的驅(qū)動(dòng)力,以致于課堂氣氛沉悶,教師唱獨(dú)角戲,學(xué)生當(dāng)聽(tīng)眾和觀眾的場(chǎng)面時(shí)有發(fā)生。如果我們把Welcome to the unit和Task的前面部分整合起來(lái),增加課堂容量,教師設(shè)問(wèn)的形式和層次感更能激發(fā)學(xué)生的演講動(dòng)力,學(xué)生當(dāng)然會(huì)積極回答老師的問(wèn)題。以模塊二第二單元為例,我們可以這樣設(shè)計(jì)聽(tīng)說(shuō)熱身課:

      Step one:

      Look at the four pictures on Page 21,answer the following questions.

      Q1: Which of these places would you like to visit most?

      Q2: Why do you like these places of interest best?

      Q3: If you plan to travel to your favorite place of interest,what should you consider?

      Step two:

      Read two travel leaflets on Page 33. One student pretends to be a travel agent and the other

      student asks questions by using what,when,who,why,and how about the activities,

      transportation,places to stay and so on.

      Step three:

      To complete the two travel plans on Page 34,the students have to listen to a dialogue or a

      speech carefully and find the missing information.

      Step four:

      Work with your partner and make a travel plan. The students should following all the instructions on page 35.

      這樣的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)表面上似乎和原來(lái)的Welcome to the unit無(wú)太大變化,其實(shí)教師和學(xué)生的角色任務(wù)發(fā)生了根本性的改變,教師說(shuō)的較少,學(xué)生說(shuō)的、聽(tīng)的和做的較多,學(xué)生在緊張而興奮的聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練中不知不覺(jué)提升了能力。

      二、整合Reading和Skills building 3,力求讀后任務(wù)的多元化

      現(xiàn)在很多老師把Task的最后一部分Skills building 3作為課外作業(yè)來(lái)處理,這當(dāng)然無(wú)可厚非。但從效果來(lái)看,課外作業(yè)和課堂完成的任務(wù)的效果是不可同日而語(yǔ)的??墒前凑諅鹘y(tǒng)的處理方法,課上顯然來(lái)不及完成。所以筆者認(rèn)為,把Task中的Skills building 3和Reading部分相整合是最理想的選擇。

      《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》教材對(duì)Reading的傳統(tǒng)處理就是:第一節(jié)課著重理解文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu),文章的表層意思和深層內(nèi)涵,分析判斷文章中人物關(guān)系、情感和行為,賞析文章中的長(zhǎng)難句等;第二節(jié)課著重講解和拓展文章中的重點(diǎn)詞匯、短語(yǔ)、句型和語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。很多老師對(duì)于Reading的處理僅僅滿足于此,殊不知我們學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中“聽(tīng)”是為了更好地“說(shuō)”,“讀”是為了更好地“寫”?,F(xiàn)在比較流行的做法就是把Reading分成Reading I和Reading II,也就是上面提到的第一節(jié)課和第二節(jié)課。其實(shí)我們可以把整個(gè)Reading分成三個(gè)部分,Reading I的教學(xué)內(nèi)容不變;Reading II是讀后任務(wù)和Task的Skills building 3整合,那就是“寫”,以Reading文章為模板,以不同的人物和事件為內(nèi)容寫一篇文章,既讓學(xué)生進(jìn)一步理解了文章的體裁結(jié)構(gòu),又讓他們鞏固了課文中所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言文化知識(shí),還讓他們提高了語(yǔ)言組織表達(dá)能力;Reading III是語(yǔ)言知識(shí)補(bǔ)充與拓展。我們不妨以2011年南通市通州區(qū)青年教師優(yōu)課比賽宋

      曉丹老師的教學(xué)為例,教材模塊二Unit 2的Reading教學(xué)課例:

      Step 1: Lead-in

      1. Talk about travel with Ss. Ask them the following questions:

      2. Ask Ss whether they want to go to Africa and what they know about Africa.

      3. Show Ss the pictures of morocco,the Sahara Desert,the Nile,Mount Kilimanjaro and

      animals in Africa.

      Step 2: Fast reading

      1. Help Ss to find out what an informal letter is like.

      2. Ask Ss to look through the passage quickly and find out the destinations and route of

      Tobys adventures in Africa.

      Step 3: Careful reading

      1. Para. 2 (Morocco and the Sahara Desert)

      (1) Read Para.2 and find out the main information.

      (2) Ask Ss to retell the paragraph in their own words based on the form they completed. They

      are encouraged to use varied sentence patterns.

      2. Para. 3(the Nile)

      (1) Ask Ss to read Para.3 and find out the main information.

      (2) Ask the Ss what the word “rough” mean in the paragraph.

      (3) Ask Ss to read the sentence carefully “You should wear a helmet and a life jacket for protection,in case that they fall into the water.” Find out what “you” means in the sentence.

      (4) Ask Ss to retell the paragraph in their own words based on the information theyve found.

      3. Para. 4&5 (Kenya)

      (1) Ask Ss to read Para. 4&5 and find out the main information.

      (2) Ask Ss to retell the two paragraphs in their own words based on the information above.

      (3) Guess: Why do the Kenyans drink cows blood?

      (4) Discussion: Do you think Toby should drink cows blood?

      (5) Present some pictures of rare animals in Africa. Tell Ss that these pictures are taken by Toby in Kenya. Ask Ss to tell the names of these animals.

      4. Para. 6 (Tanzania)

      (1) Ask Ss to read Para. 6 and find out the main information.

      (2) Ask Ss to retell the paragraph according to the information above.

      Step 4: Consolidation

      Present the map of Africa. Ask Ss to talk about Tobys adventures in Africa.

      Step 5: Further thinking

      Can we change the title into “A trip to Africa”?

      Step 6: Brainstorming

      1. Ask Ss to watch a short video about white-water rafting. Then ask the question: If you want to go for adventures such as white water rafting,what personalities should you have?

      Ss give their answers. Then I present some adjectives.(strong,brave,enthusiastic,determined,quick-witted,determined,cooperative)

      2. Ask Ss to list the reasons why people go for adventures.

      After their answering the question,Ill present some on the screen. (to enjoy their scenery; to widen their eyes; to seek for excitement; to strengthen their health; to challenge themselves…)

      Step 7: Post-reading writing

      An adventure in the Amazon

      If I have the chance, Id like to go for adventures in the Amazon River.

      what to do there

      why to go there

      I think I can benefit a lot from the adventure. First, … Second, … Third, …

      Ask Ss to discuss the adventure plan and write it down in groups. Several minutes later,Ill ask some to read their travel plan to the whole class.

      [點(diǎn)評(píng)]

      宋曉丹老師的這節(jié)課對(duì)于Reading文本材料的解讀與挖掘非常清晰與深刻,學(xué)生在老師的指導(dǎo)下能充分理解文章的表層和深層含義。教師以“adventure”為主線,向?qū)W生展現(xiàn)了一次驚心動(dòng)魄而富有挑戰(zhàn)的非洲之旅,同時(shí)不失時(shí)機(jī)培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的情感價(jià)值觀。這節(jié)課受到聽(tīng)課教師的一致贊賞。

      反思這節(jié)課的不足或者說(shuō)是遺憾,那就是第七項(xiàng)任務(wù)Post-reading writing沒(méi)有能在課堂完成。多年來(lái),很多專家、學(xué)者都在研究如何讓W(xué)riting成為Reading課堂教學(xué)的高潮,但這個(gè)很難成功,因?yàn)檎n堂四十五分鐘的時(shí)間限制了學(xué)生任務(wù)的完成,學(xué)生在一節(jié)課上只能理解文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和獲取細(xì)節(jié)信息,加上對(duì)主旨大意和人物情感的分析,對(duì)風(fēng)土人情和文化知識(shí)的滲透,學(xué)生不可能再有時(shí)間來(lái)寫作,與其在課堂匆匆敷衍或課外的草草了事,我們不如把Post-reading writing的設(shè)計(jì)和Task部分的Skills building 3整合,自成一節(jié)課:

      Step two:

      Read the first part on page 36 and keep these points in mind.

      An e-mail is usually a kind of informal letter. When you write an e-mail,there are several points to note.

      Step three: Finish the second part on page 36.

      Step four:

      (說(shuō)明:把Reading I 設(shè)計(jì)中的post-reading writing去掉,最后的homework改為老師給學(xué)生四個(gè)名勝—西藏、湄公河、亞馬遜河、阿拉斯加,讓學(xué)生課前上網(wǎng)查閱有關(guān)那四個(gè)旅游名勝地的信息包括去那里的交通、有何潛在危險(xiǎn)、隨身攜帶何物品、有何特殊風(fēng)土人情等,為本節(jié)課寫作做些必要的準(zhǔn)備。)Write an e-mail to your American friend,telling him your plan to travel to one of the four places of interest. In your e-mail,you are supposed to tell your friend when and where to start,your destination,how to go there,what to take,what are the potential dangers,and so on.

      Step five: Presentation.

      顯然,Step four的設(shè)計(jì)是在課本第37頁(yè)任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,學(xué)生通過(guò)寫作進(jìn)一步提煉Reading文本材料,從而對(duì)文本材料的體裁、謀篇布局、語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格等有更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),才能體現(xiàn)讀有所思,思有所悟,悟能書之的過(guò)程。

      《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》Task板塊是非常重要的教學(xué)依據(jù),教師在應(yīng)充分領(lǐng)會(huì)教材編寫者的意圖,精心巧妙地設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)步驟。筆者提倡創(chuàng)造性地使用教材,并不是要對(duì)Task部分的隨意切割,而是教學(xué)內(nèi)容的相互滲透,目的是把這個(gè)板塊的作用最大化,讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)說(shuō)練得更完整,讀寫練得更真實(shí),相信聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫技能的教學(xué)會(huì)更有實(shí)效。

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