葛玉英
摘 要:it在英語中應用廣泛,是高考的重要考點之一。掌握其用法并能靈活運用是教學的重點和難點。讓學生在教學中用熟記口訣和公式的方法逐一準確把握其用法規(guī)則,最終達到熟練掌握應用的目的。
關(guān)鍵詞:it的用法;口訣;公式
中圖分類號:G633.41 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1009-010X(2018)14-0011-05
It在英語中使用廣泛,用法繁雜多變,是近幾年高考命題的熱點,同時也是日常教與學的重點和難點。尤其是it用法中一些近似句型的辨析,常使學生望而卻步。通過課堂教學實驗,筆者認為學好it用法,可通過記憶口訣和公式的方法強記一些特殊的用法,讓凌亂的內(nèi)容有條理起來,從而大大激發(fā)學生的興趣、記憶深刻。這樣以點代面、逐步拓寬、逐層深入、逐步完善,最終達到全面掌握、熟練應用的目的,在教學中能收到事半功倍的效果。
講解it的用法可從五個大的方面入手:1.掌握it作代詞的基本用法;2.熟練it作形式主語的用法;3.熟練it作形式賓語的用法;4.牢記it引導的強調(diào)句;5.熟記 it引導的時間句型。
一、It做代詞的用法有三種
(一)It可代動物、嬰兒和未確定身份的人
某人指著小狗說:It's lovely.(it指dog)。指著剛出生的嬰兒說:It weighs 3 kilos.(it指baby)。陌生人敲門時屋內(nèi)人常說:Who is it?(it指屋外人) ——It's Tom/me.(屋外人自指)。
(二)It代替指示代詞this和that,及上文提到的事物
某人指著圖片說:What's this/that? It's our school.(it指this/that)。
It's very beautiful.(it指our school)。
(三)It可指代金錢、距離、天氣、時間、環(huán)境等
(1)I have 100 million, it is a great deal of money.(it指100 million)。
(2)The Great Wall is more than 6700 kilometers long. It is a long way.(it指more than 6700 kilometers的距離)。
(3)It is windy and snowy.(it指weather)。
(4)It was midnight when she came back.(it指time)。
(5)It was very quiet in the village.(it指circumstance)。
(6)It doesn't matter./It is a shame.(it指something)。
以上三種情況明顯得知:it可代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、復數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞。一般現(xiàn)在時中謂語動詞對應用動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)。由此可見,學好it的用法對于主謂一致的語法學習關(guān)系密切。
It作代詞的用法,可以用口訣熟記:It指代要牢記,性別不明和baby,天時距金這那事(天氣、時間、距離、金錢、這個、那個、事物)。這樣學生通過聯(lián)想記憶,應用效果好。
二、It作形式主語
眾所周知,有些主語放在句首時主句整體結(jié)構(gòu)有些頭重腳輕,it是用來改善句子平衡的。用it代替不定式短語、動名詞短語和從句做主語,而真正主語放句尾。It是第三人稱單數(shù),一般現(xiàn)在時謂語動詞用動詞第三人稱單數(shù)。
學習it做形式主語時,可以重點先讓學生掌握it作形式主語的幾個常見公式:
1.It takes sb. some time/some money to do sth.(做某事用了某人多少時間/多錢。it代to do sth.)。
如:It took me one hour to finish my homework.完成家庭作業(yè)用了我一小時。
2.It is + adj.+ of/for sb.+ to do sth.(it代to do sth.,形容詞adj.指的是sb.的性格、特點、品質(zhì)等表示情感態(tài)度的詞。如:good, bad,careful, careless, polite, impolite, kind, cruel等, 用介詞of,而for與情感態(tài)度無關(guān))。
如:It's very nice of you to help me.(nice是you的性格特點,故用of)。
It's very important for us to learn English.(important與人的性格特點無關(guān),故用for)。
Is _____ possible ______ us to finish the work in such a short time?
A.it, of B.it, for C. that, of D. that, for
(形式主語用it,形容詞 possible不表達某人的性格特點,故選B)
3.It is useless to do sth.= It is of no use to do sth.
如:It is useless to say sorry. = It is of no use to say sorry.(說道歉無用)。
4.It's+ no good/ no use/ a waste of time + doing sth.(做某事沒用/沒好處/浪費時間。it指doing sth.)。
如:It's no good____, you'd better give it up.
A.to smoke B.smoking C.smokes D.smoke
(根據(jù)公式,選B)
5.It + is + V過去分詞 + that…從句.(常見動詞有:report, say, believe, think等,據(jù)報道/據(jù)說/被相信/被認為……)。
如:It is ________ chairman Xi has visited Russia(俄國)successfully.
A.report, that B.reported, that
C.report, which D.reported, which
(根據(jù)公式,選B)
6.It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…從句。
動詞是insist(1.堅持),order ,command (2.命令),advise, propose, suggest(3.建議),demand, request, require ,desire (4.要求)等,that主語從句中謂語動詞要用 (should) +V原,should可略。
It is suggested that we _____ a holiday.
A. had B. have C. have had D. will have
(建議我們應該有一個假期。故選B)
7.It is important(necessary, strange, natural, right) that…從句.(that引導的主語從句用來表示說話人的建議、忠告、意見、命令等情感。從句謂語要用虛擬語氣should +V原,should可略)。
如:It is necessary that you ______ English words first.
A. remember B. would remember
C. to remember D. is remembering
(必要的是你們應該先背單詞。此句表達的是說話人的忠告,故選A)
8.It is a pity/no wonder/wish/+that…從句.(從句中謂語應為should +V原,should可略)。
It is a pity that we_____ the chance to get the job.
A. lost B. lose C. would lose D. is losing
(遺憾的是我們竟然失去得到那份工作的機會。故選B)
如果先讓學生記住這幾個公式,在運用中逐步理解,it作形式主語的用法就基本清晰了。
三、It作形式賓語
(一)若謂語動詞think, suppose,consider, find, feel, make, believe等后面接賓補時,這些動詞后常接it作形式賓語,而真正的賓語置于句尾
結(jié)構(gòu):主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語
此結(jié)構(gòu)可細化為公式: 主+ feel/think/ find/ consider/ make/ believe /suppose+ it + adj./n.+ to do sth./doing sth./從句。
記憶這7個謂語動詞時,我們可以想象為解決一件事情出謀劃策:我認為/猜測(think/suppose),先考慮(consider),找感覺(find,feel), 使相信(made,believe)。從而有效地記憶這些謂語動詞。此結(jié)構(gòu)的賓補詞性有2種,即名詞和形容詞。真正賓語為動詞不定式、動名詞和從句3種形式,所以我們常常把此句型稱之為7123結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)She thinks ____ easy ____ two foreign languages for her.
A.that, to master B.that, mastering
C.it, to master D.it, mastering
(根據(jù)公式,選C)
(2)The manager didn't feel like___ whether he would attend the meeting the next morning.
A.making it clear B.make it clear
C.to make it clear D.making this clearing.
(這道題用到兩種語法,一是想要做某事用feel like doing,二是形式賓語的句型7123結(jié)構(gòu),故選A)用這一結(jié)構(gòu)特征學生學習興趣濃、記憶牢固且不易出錯。
(二)某些及物動詞和動詞短語后接賓語從句時,需先加it,再加從句
常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種:
1.主+動詞+it+if/when…從句
I dislike it when people talk with their mouths full.
(我不喜歡人們帶有滿嘴食物交談。)
I'd appreciate it if she could help me with my English.
(如果她能在英語方面幫助我,我會很感激。)
此類動詞常為表喜、怒、哀、樂的詞:enjoy, like,dislike,hate,appreciate 等。
2.主+動詞+it+that…從句
The father takes it that his son can deal with the thing by himself.
(那位父親認為他的兒子能靠自己處理那件事。)
Report has it that a farmer found a wonder under the earth.
(有傳言一個農(nóng)民發(fā)現(xiàn)一個地下奇跡。)
此結(jié)構(gòu)動詞非常少,如:take it that… 認為……假定……猜想;have it that…認為……據(jù)聞……傳言; like it that… 很高興……很喜歡; put it that… 理解為……可以說是……
3.主+動詞+it+介詞詞組+that…從句
I owe it to my teacher that I have made progress.
(我取得的進步,多虧我的老師。)
Don't take it for granted that parents will give you money.
(不要認為父母親給你錢是理所當然的。)
常見的固定搭配有: take it for granted 認為……理所當然,想當然……; keep it in mind 把……牢記;bring it to sb.'s attention 使某人注意……;owe it to sb. ……歸功于某人,……多虧了某人;leave it to sb. 把……留給/委托某人。
4.主+動詞+介詞+it+that…從句
Parents are counting on it that I will go to a good university.
(父母親正盼望我上一所好大學。)
You'll see to it that you can finish the homework on time.
(你將務必按時完成家庭作業(yè)。)
常見動詞詞組有:see to務必,注意;look to注意,當心;insist on堅持,主張;stick to堅持,忠于;depend on 依靠,相信;answer for保證,負責;count on依靠,期望。
It作形式賓語雖然較繁雜,但如果我們把它歸納為:一種結(jié)構(gòu)(7123)和4個公式,學生學得既快又準,能吸引學生興趣。
四、It做引導詞引導的強調(diào)句
常見句型1. It is/was+被強調(diào)的部分+that/who/whom+其他成分。
首先,讓學生明白兩點。第一,原句謂語動詞的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在范疇(一般現(xiàn)在、一般將來、現(xiàn)在進行、現(xiàn)在完成等)用it is ;原句謂語動詞的時態(tài)是過去范疇(一般過去、過去將來、過去進行、過去完成等)用it was。第二,此結(jié)構(gòu)只限于強調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語。
注意事項有三點:1.如果強調(diào)的是人,連接詞用that或who, whom(只強調(diào)賓語),強調(diào)的是物只用that;2.如果強調(diào)時間、地點、原因時應注意與定語從句區(qū)別,在強調(diào)句中只能用that連接,不能用when, where, why;3.強調(diào)句中如果把句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后,應該是一個完整無缺的句子。
如:I met Tom in the street yesterday.
It was in the street that I met Tom yesterday. (強調(diào)狀語)
It was I that (who) met Tom in the street yesterday.(強調(diào)主語)
如:(1)It was in Xi'an ______ the young couple met for the first time last year.
A. where B. what C. when D. that
(去掉句型結(jié)構(gòu)是一個完整句子,故選D)
(2)It is the school ____ I went to college.
A. where B. what C. when D. that
(去掉句型結(jié)構(gòu)不是一個完整句子,所以此句是一個定語從句,故選A)
此外,高考中還常考查強調(diào)句中的以下幾點:
1.如果被強調(diào)的部分是主語,that/who后的其他部分的動詞應和被強調(diào)部分(即主語)人稱和數(shù)保持一致。
(1)It is he who helps me.
(2)It was what she did that encouraged me.她所做的鼓勵了我。
2.如果是特殊疑問句的強調(diào)句,疑問詞應置于句首,后跟一般疑問句語序。其句型為:疑問詞+is/was+it+that+剩余部分+?
(1)When was it that you met Tom at the school gate ?
(2)What was it that made you change your idea ?
3.如果特殊疑問句的強調(diào)句出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,注意其結(jié)構(gòu)為陳述語序。句式為:
疑問詞+it+is/was+that+剩余部分。
(1)I can't remember when it was that he arrived in Shanghai.
(2)I don't know what it was that makes him so happy.
常見句型2. It is/was not until+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他成分。
注:譯為“直到……時候,才……”強調(diào)句中否定前移,that后必須用肯定形式。
如:He did not come back until twelve o'clock.
強調(diào)句:It was not until twelve o'clock that he came back.
如: It was not ____ I read the poem recently ____ I really appreciated its beauty.
A. when, that B. until, that
C. until, when D. when, when
(直到我最近讀那首詩,我才真正欣賞到它的優(yōu)美之處。根據(jù)句型結(jié)構(gòu)選B)
總之,學習it引導的強調(diào)句時,如果熟練掌握這兩種句型結(jié)構(gòu)并加以實際運用,定能收到良好的效果。
五、It引導的時間句型
(一)It與time連用的句型
1.It is (about/high) time that…從句(從句用一般過去時或should+ V原,should不能?。T摰侥橙俗瞿呈碌臅r候了。
2.It is/was the +序數(shù)詞+time+that…從句(從句用現(xiàn)在完成時/過去完成時)。
注:主句謂語是is,從句謂語用has+V過分;主句謂語是was,從句謂語用had+V過分。這是某人第幾次做某事了。
如:It is time that children _____ to bed.
A.go B.went C.gone D.going
(該到孩子們睡覺時間了。故選B)
(二)It與since連用的句型
1.It is/has been+時間段+since…從句 (從句用過去時)。
注:如果since從句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞,譯為“自從這個動作開始起”;如果since從句謂語動詞是延續(xù)動詞,譯為“自從這個動作結(jié)束起”。
2.It was some time since sb. had done sth.
兩個句式都譯為:自從……以來,已經(jīng)多長時間了。
It is/has been 20 years since I came here.(自從我來這,已經(jīng)20年了)
He said it was five years since he had come back.(他說自從他返回,已經(jīng)五年了。)
(三)It與before連用的句型
1.It + will/may be + 一段時間 + before…從句(一般現(xiàn)在時)?!耙?也許過一段時間,才……”。
2.It will not be + long + before…從句(一般現(xiàn)在時)?!坝貌涣硕嗑?,就……”。
例:It will be five weeks before she comes back.(再過五個星期她才回來。)
3.It was + 一段時間 + before…從句(過去時)?!斑^了一段時間,才……”。
4.It was not + long + before…從句(過去時)。“用不了多久,就……”。
如:It was two months _____ I finished reading the book.
A. since B. until C. when D. before
(我用兩個月才讀完那本書。故選D)
It wasn't long before they felt regret.(不久他們就會后悔了。)
(四)It 與when 連用的句型
It + be + 具體時間 + when + 從句(時間前無介詞,主從句謂語動詞時態(tài)一致)。
例:It was already late afternoon when we finished our work.(主過從過)我們完成工作時已經(jīng)傍晚了。
熟記it引導的時間句型,學生做題變得更加容易方便。
此外,還有it的習慣用語,如:
Take it easy.不要慌, 別擔心;It all depends./That all depends.那要視情況而定; It's up to sb.這取決于某人;Don't mention it.別提了;Believe it or not.信不信由你;It doesn't matter.沒關(guān)系;Make it.說定、成功、做到、趕上;As it is.事實上,實際情況,照原樣。
有關(guān)it的諺語,如:
(1)It is never too late to learn.活到老,學到老。
(2)It's no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。
(3)Strike the iron while it is hot.趁熱打鐵。
在日常生活中,有關(guān)it的固定搭配、習慣用語及諺語有許多,讓學生邊搜集、邊總結(jié)、邊記憶,一定能豐富it用法的內(nèi)容,拓展知識面。
最后,把it用法總結(jié)歸納為口訣:小小代詞本領(lǐng)大,即可指這又指那,時間天氣均可指,談到距離也用它,形主形賓均可做,強調(diào)句型及固搭。筆者相信,通過記憶口訣和常用公式,學生一定對it的用法有一個全面的了解掌握,能胸有成竹地應對每一道題。