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      英國的帽子文化

      2018-06-12 17:06:38ByMelvynBraggl
      英語學(xué)習(xí) 2018年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:帽子英國

      By Melvyn Braggl

      Britain is a nation of hat wearers, of that there is no doubt. From the Artful Dodgers battered top hat to Winston Churchills homburg, the history of the country can be told through the hats that have graced the heads of some of our most famous luminaries.1 Traditionally hats are a very loaded item and have almost totemic power in their ability to signify class, gender, occupation and a myriad of other stations.2 Even the protocol has symbolic value; from doffing your hat to launching mortar boards in the air,3 hats have long been associated with rituals and practices stretching back into the mists of time. With the Royal Wedding throwing British millinery back into the spotlight the time is to take a tour of Britains heritage through its headwear.4

      The humble flat cap can be traced back to medieval England and was even the subject of Tudor sumptuary laws.5 In an attempt to spur on the wool trade an Act of Parliament was instituted in 1571 decreeing that all males over six years old (except for the nobility) had to wear a wool cap on Sundays and holidays, with a penalty of a fine if they refused. The non-aristocratic association stuck and the flat cap became an icon of working class culture in the 19th and 20th centuries.

      The hat was a trademark of a number of characters, but no one has truly made the bowler their own quite like Charlie Chaplin. The Little Tramp, icon of silent-era comedy, certainly had a penchant for accessories,6 so much so that one of his famous bowlers and a cane was sold last November for$62,500!

      Archaeologist and heritage interpreter7 Sally Pointer specialises in reconstructing and creating historical hats. When asked about her favourite she comes down in favour of yet another classic: the deerstalker. It may be crystalised in the popular imagination as the hat of choice of Sherlock Holmes, but its interesting to note that there is not a single mention of him donning a deerstalker in any works by Arthur Conan Doyle.8 The deerstalker was a vital aspect of the Victorian gentlemans hunting ensemble9, worn on country estates but not in the city, and as such it certainly would not have featured in Holmes day to day life around Baker Street. The association came about when illustrator (and contemporary of Doyle) Sidney Paget gave Holmes both a deerstalker and Inverness cape10 for out of town adventures such as “The Boscombe Valley Mystery”. The connection stuck and an icon was born, albeit an inaccurate one. But for Sally Pointer this is all part of its charm: “the willingness on our part to accept a little eccentricity in an overall look fits the way the British approach hats perfectly.”

      The Edwardian era was a golden age of millinery. Ornamentation became ever more elaborate, with a cornucopia of flowers, birds, lace, ribbons, bows, feathers and artificial fruit regularly gracing heads in an opulent display of conspicuous consumption.11 Hatpins were essential to secure these creations to the head. The lengthy pins were useful for discouraging dangerous advances12 on the street, so much so that laws were proposed to ban this secret weapon in many cities around the world. Hats were still a necessity in public in Edwardian Britain, the Suffragettes13 even remained beautifully behatted when chained to railings and campaigning for the right to vote.

      But the hat hasnt always been a symbol of propriety. Britains rich street style and subcultural heritage has often seen the hat become somewhat subversive. Anthropologist Ted Polhemus cites the pork pie hat and the Mod14 subculture as the perfect example. Originating in the mid-19th century, the pork pie hat (named for its resemblance to the dish) was the hat of choice for many well-dressed Victorian city dwellers, but morphed into a key element of London street style a century later. Equally, not wearing a hat was seen as an act of rebellion. Polhemus recounts BBC footage of bare-headed Teddy Boys stealing a mans hat on the street which visualised the moral panic that the Teds inspired.15

      During the 1940s the headscarf turban was popular for women working in factories, to stop long Veronica Lake-style hair from getting caught in machinery.16 The turban of the “Land Girl”17 symbolised the war effort, patriotism and utility, while throughout the 50s hats became an essential aspect of French couture houses, keen to reestablish their pre-eminence on the fashion stage. By the 1960s, though, the rise of car ownership and the burgeoning Youthquake ensured that hats were no longer needed either as protection from the weather or as a demarcation of class.18

      There has been a renaissance in hat wearing in the 21st century, thanks to a welcome boost in 2011 when the Royal Wedding coincided with the 300th anniversary of the races at Ascot19, ensuring a vintage year for hats. Meanwhile, Stockport Hat Works Museum—the only museum in the country dedicated to hats and hat making—is more popular than ever, and staff have noticed a distinct increase in headgear on their visitors.

      With hats undoubtedly in the ascendent, what marks Britain out on the world stage is the sheer number of hats we can call our own. When France has the beret, Spain has the Cordobés and Mexico has the sombrero as defining features, why do we have so many? Historian Matthew Ward professes an obsession with hats ranging from medieval liripipes to Georgian cocked hats, and believes that the variety of headgear in Britain reflects our multicultural background, with the legacy of such diversity ensuring Britain doesnt have a single national form of dress, let alone a national hat, with our headgear reflecting this rich cultural heritage.

      英國是個(gè)人人都愛戴帽子的國家,這一點(diǎn)毫無疑問。從機(jī)靈鬼道奇破破爛爛的大禮帽到溫斯頓·丘吉爾的洪堡軟氈帽,這個(gè)國家的歷史可以通過我們最負(fù)盛名的杰出人士頭上所戴的帽子來講述。傳統(tǒng)上帽子是一件承載意義十分豐富的物品,有著近乎圖騰一般的力量來體現(xiàn)階級(jí)、性別、職業(yè)和其他各種各樣的身份。甚至(有關(guān)帽子的)禮儀也具有象征意義:從脫帽到把學(xué)位帽拋向空中,帽子一直與種種古老的儀式和做法緊密聯(lián)系在一起。隨著皇家婚禮將英國女帽重新投入聚光燈下,時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟,是時(shí)候通過帽子來一覽英國的文化傳統(tǒng)了。

      樸素的鴨舌帽可以追溯到中世紀(jì)的英格蘭,甚至還曾被列入都鐸王朝的禁奢法。為了刺激羊毛貿(mào)易,1571年制定的一項(xiàng)議會(huì)法令規(guī)定所有六歲以上的男性(除貴族外)必須在星期日和節(jié)假日戴羊毛帽,如不服從則會(huì)被罰款。這種非貴族的關(guān)聯(lián)意義延續(xù)了下來,鴨舌帽成了19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)工人階級(jí)文化的象征。

      帽子是許多角色的標(biāo)志,但沒有人能像查理·卓別林那樣真正讓圓頂高帽成為自己的特有標(biāo)志。作為默片時(shí)代的喜劇偶像,“小流浪漢”卓別林當(dāng)然對(duì)配飾情有獨(dú)鐘,一頂他的著名圓頂高帽和一支手杖在去年11月被以62,500美元的價(jià)格售出!

      考古學(xué)家和遺產(chǎn)解說員薩利·波因特的專長是重現(xiàn)和制作歷史上的帽子。當(dāng)被問及她最喜歡的帽子是什么時(shí),她的答案是帽子中的又一個(gè)經(jīng)典:獵鹿帽。作為福爾摩斯的標(biāo)配,這種帽子似乎已經(jīng)在公眾的想象中根深蒂固了,但有意思的是,阿瑟·柯南·道爾的作品里從未提到過福爾摩斯戴著獵鹿帽。獵鹿帽是維多利亞時(shí)期紳士狩獵全套裝備的一個(gè)重要元素,人們會(huì)在鄉(xiāng)野宅邸里而不會(huì)在城市中佩戴它,因此獵鹿帽肯定不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在福爾摩斯位于貝克街的日常生活中。福爾摩斯與獵鹿帽的這種關(guān)聯(lián)之所以會(huì)產(chǎn)生,是因?yàn)椴瀹嫾遥ㄅc道爾是同時(shí)代的人物)悉尼·佩吉特在如《博斯科姆比溪谷秘案》等郊外發(fā)生的冒險(xiǎn)故事中為福爾摩斯畫上了一頂獵鹿帽和外罩圓領(lǐng)披風(fēng)。這種關(guān)聯(lián)延續(xù)了下來,于是一個(gè)經(jīng)典標(biāo)志就此誕生——雖然不太準(zhǔn)確。但是對(duì)于薩利·波因特來說,這正是其魅力所在:“我們愿意在整體外觀上接受一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)古怪之處,這也完美地符合英國人對(duì)待帽子的方式?!?/p>

      愛德華時(shí)期是女帽的黃金時(shí)代:裝飾變得越來越精致,形形色色的花、鳥、蕾絲、絲帶、蝴蝶結(jié)、羽毛和仿制水果經(jīng)??梢栽谌藗冾^上見到,珠光寶氣,展現(xiàn)著炫耀性消費(fèi)。女帽飾針對(duì)于把這些裝飾品固定在頭上至關(guān)重要。長長的飾針對(duì)于阻止街頭危險(xiǎn)的不軌行為非常有用,以至于全世界許多城市都提出立法禁止這種秘密武器。在愛德華時(shí)期的英國,帽子仍然是公共場合的必需品,婦女參政論者被捆在欄桿爭取選舉權(quán)時(shí)仍然戴著美麗的帽子。

      但帽子并不總是禮儀的象征。英國豐富的街頭風(fēng)格以及亞文化傳統(tǒng)就見證了帽子的顛覆性變革。人類學(xué)家泰德·波西莫斯引用了豬肉餡餅帽和Mod亞文化作為完美的例子。起源于19世紀(jì)中葉的豬肉餡餅帽(因與豬肉餡餅外形相似,故得此名)是許多衣著考究的維多利亞時(shí)期城市居民首選的帽子,但在一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后卻變成了倫敦街頭風(fēng)格的關(guān)鍵元素。同樣,不戴帽子曾被視為一種叛逆的行為。波西莫斯講述了英國廣播公司拍攝的視頻,鏡頭里呈現(xiàn)了光頭泰迪男孩們在街上偷走了一個(gè)男人的帽子后激發(fā)的道德恐慌。

      上世紀(jì)40年代,頭巾很受那些在工廠工作的女性歡迎,因?yàn)榭梢苑乐顾齻兞糁S羅妮卡·萊克發(fā)型的長發(fā)絞進(jìn)機(jī)器。“大地女孩”的頭巾象征著戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期作出的努力、愛國精神和實(shí)用性,而在整個(gè)50年代,帽子成為法國高級(jí)時(shí)裝店的一個(gè)重要元素,渴望在時(shí)尚舞臺(tái)重放奪目光彩。然而到了60年代,汽車擁有率的增加和新興的青年震蕩,使得人們不再需要帽子來保護(hù)自己不受天氣的影響或是作為劃分階級(jí)的標(biāo)志。

      21世紀(jì)帽子又復(fù)興起來,這要?dú)w功于2011年皇家婚禮的舉辦,而且這一年也是英國皇家雅士谷賽馬會(huì)的300周年紀(jì)念,以上兩件盛事使得2011年成為了帽子的復(fù)古年。與此同時(shí),斯托克波特帽子博物館(英國唯一一個(gè)以帽子和制帽為主題的博物館)比以往更受歡迎,而且博物館員工們注意到戴帽子的游客明顯增多。

      毫無疑問帽子正在興起,讓英國在世界舞臺(tái)獨(dú)樹一幟的是我們可以稱之為英國特有的帽子的數(shù)量。法國有貝雷帽,西班牙有科爾多貝斯禮帽,墨西哥有寬邊帽,作為各自特有的帽子,但為什么我們擁有這么多?歷史學(xué)家馬修·沃德對(duì)帽子(無論是中世紀(jì)的長尾兜帽還是喬治王時(shí)期的三角帽)表示癡迷,并認(rèn)為英國的帽子種類之多反映了我們的多元文化背景,這種多樣性的傳統(tǒng)使得英國沒有單一的民族服飾,更不用說單一的英式帽子了。我們的帽子正是這種豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)的反映。

      1. Artful Dodger: 機(jī)靈鬼杰克·道金斯,英國作家狄更斯作品《霧都孤兒》中的人物,頭腦和行動(dòng)都非常靈活,他把主人公奧利弗帶進(jìn)賊窩;battered: 破舊的;homburg: 洪堡軟氈帽;luminary:杰出人物,名人。

      2. totemic: 圖騰的;a myriad of: 各種各樣的;station: 地位,身份。

      3. protocol: 禮儀;doff: 脫帽;mortar board: 學(xué)位帽。

      4. Royal Wedding: 這里應(yīng)指2011年威廉王子大婚;millinery: 女帽。

      5. Tudor: 都鐸王朝(1485—1603),伯爵亨利·都鐸于1485年8月在法國援助下殺死理查三世,奪取王位,建立都鐸王朝,史稱亨利七世。都鐸王朝統(tǒng)治英格蘭王國直到1603年伊麗莎白一世去世為止,歷經(jīng)120余年,共經(jīng)歷了五代君主;sumptuary law: 禁奢法,是用以規(guī)范消費(fèi)行為的法律條文,目的是控制奢侈浪費(fèi),尤其反對(duì)配飾、食物、家具等的浪費(fèi)與過度消耗。

      6. The Little Tramp: 卓別林的昵稱之一;penchant: 偏好。

      7. heritage interpreter: 遺產(chǎn)解說員,指在博物館、公園、水族館等地幫助人們了解文化或自然遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值的解說員。

      8. crystalise: 使……成形,使……具體化;don: 戴上,穿上。

      9. ensemble: 全套服裝。

      10. Inverness cape: 一種(披肩可脫卸的)無袖長披風(fēng)。

      11. cornucopia: 豐盛,大量;opulent: 華麗的,奢侈的。

      12. advances: (常用復(fù)數(shù))靠近,(對(duì)異性的)挑逗。

      13. Suffragette: // 婦女參政論者,指的是19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初不惜通過暴力運(yùn)動(dòng)爭取婦女參政權(quán)的女性。

      14. Mod: 一種亞文化,起源于上世紀(jì)50年代末的倫敦,mod一詞來源于“modernist”。最早期的Mod族是勞工階級(jí)的下一代,二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束士兵返家后,其子女約處在青少年叛逆的年紀(jì),因?yàn)楹透改笢贤ǖ拇鷾稀?zhàn)后的不安以及郊區(qū)生活的乏味苦悶,讓這些青少年在壓抑的生活中想要表現(xiàn)自我。代表Mod精神的是藍(lán)白紅三色同心圓箭靶符號(hào)。

      15. footage: (電影的)連續(xù)鏡頭;Teddy Boys: 泰迪男孩,英國亞文化,20世紀(jì)50年代在倫敦開始形成,隨后在英國各地迅速蔓延,與搖滾樂聯(lián)系緊密。除了身著獨(dú)具風(fēng)格的服裝,他們的發(fā)型也很有特色,在頭頂抹厚厚的油,腦后則留成鴨屁股式的扁平發(fā)型。

      16. turban: 包頭巾;Veronica Lake: 維羅妮卡·萊克(1922—1973),出生于紐約布魯克林,美國電影演員,20世紀(jì)40年代以金色長發(fā)引領(lǐng)一代時(shí)尚。

      17. Land Girl: 1941年,二戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)火正熾,英國的年輕男子紛紛被征召赴前線作戰(zhàn)。于是在后方的家鄉(xiāng),有一群英國年輕女子組成“婦女家鄉(xiāng)工作服務(wù)隊(duì)”,她們的工作是被分派到全國各地,到鄉(xiāng)間的農(nóng)場從行各種農(nóng)事。

      18. burgeoning: 迅速發(fā)展的;Youthquake:是青年(Youth)與地震(quake)的合成詞,意指年輕人的行為對(duì)政治、社會(huì)或文化變遷造成重大的影響。該詞最早出現(xiàn)于上世紀(jì)60年代,指當(dāng)時(shí)大批英國青年推動(dòng)時(shí)尚界的復(fù)古再流行。2017年6月,英國媒體報(bào)道英國國會(huì)選舉時(shí)因當(dāng)時(shí)年輕人投票率激增,對(duì)保守黨形成重要影響,因而重新使用該詞。該詞后來也出現(xiàn)在美國、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國的政治評(píng)論中,并于2017年入選牛津詞典;demarcation:劃界。

      19. 英國皇家雅士谷賽馬會(huì),設(shè)立于1711年,每年六月舉行,被認(rèn)為是世界上最豪華奢侈的賽馬會(huì),傳統(tǒng)的英國人對(duì)此非常自豪。這項(xiàng)賽事更是英國上流社交圈的大事,從皇室貴族到一般平民都會(huì)在這天大肆慶祝。從1807年開始,英國皇家雅士谷賽馬會(huì)首次將比賽的第三天定為“金杯日”,因?yàn)檫@天是整個(gè)賽程最關(guān)鍵的一天。不過很多英國人包括英國王室卻習(xí)慣地稱之為“仕女日”(Ladies Day),因?yàn)楫?dāng)天大批盛裝打扮的女性觀眾都會(huì)前來觀賽,這里成了英倫女士們展示高級(jí)時(shí)尚和創(chuàng)意帽飾的伸展臺(tái)。英國的賽馬季就等于時(shí)裝節(jié)或帽展,紳士淑女個(gè)個(gè)爭奇斗艷。

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