付敏郡,胡 郎,趙亞亞,蔣珍秀,劉 寧
卒中是目前世界上第三大死亡原因,好發(fā)于中老年人,具有發(fā)病率高、病死率高、致殘率高等特點(diǎn)。急性缺血性卒中(AIS)是卒中的主要類(lèi)型,會(huì)危及患者的生命安全,影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。腦白質(zhì)疏松癥(LA)又稱(chēng)腦白質(zhì)高信號(hào),是指分布于腦室周?chē)?、大腦皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)及半卵圓中心的彌漫性病灶或散在病灶[1]。研究表明,LA是缺血性卒中、腦出血及癡呆的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[2]。目前,LA對(duì)AIS患者影響的研究報(bào)道較多,但尚存在較大爭(zhēng)議[3]。本研究采用Meta分析方法評(píng)估LA對(duì)AIS患者的影響,旨在為臨床診療提供參考。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)研究類(lèi)型:病例對(duì)照研究。(2)研究對(duì)象:符合《各類(lèi)腦血管疾病診斷要點(diǎn)》[4]中的AIS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)顱腦CT或MRI檢查確診;發(fā)病時(shí)間≤1周;性別、年齡不限。(3)暴露因素:經(jīng)顱腦CT或MRI檢查證實(shí)存在LA,有明確的LA嚴(yán)重程度分級(jí)方法。(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo):改良Rankin量表(mRS)評(píng)分、Barthel指數(shù)(BI)評(píng)分、顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率、癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血[5]發(fā)生率、病死率、卒中復(fù)發(fā)率及血管再通率。
1.1.2 文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)重復(fù)文獻(xiàn);(2)文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較差或存在數(shù)據(jù)雷同等無(wú)法利用的文獻(xiàn);(3)原始數(shù)據(jù)不完整的文獻(xiàn);(4)綜述;(5)基礎(chǔ)研究。
1.2 檢 索 策 略 計(jì) 算 機(jī) 檢 索 PubMed、EMBase、Web of Science(WOS)、The Cochrane Library、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM)和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)等,檢索時(shí)間為建庫(kù)至2017-11-30。中文檢索詞為“腦白質(zhì)疏松癥、腦白質(zhì)高信號(hào)、腦白質(zhì)損傷、腦小血管病、急性缺血性腦卒中、急性腦梗死”;英文檢索詞為“l(fā)eukoaraiosis、white matter hyperintensities、cerebral small vascular diseases、white matter lesions、acute ischemic stroke”。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取 由2位研究人員根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取信息并進(jìn)行方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),如遇分歧則討論解決或交由第三方裁定。依據(jù)PICO原則(P:研究對(duì)象;I:干預(yù)措施;C:對(duì)照;O:結(jié)局指標(biāo))設(shè)計(jì)信息提取表,提取內(nèi)容包括文獻(xiàn)的基本信息(第一作者、發(fā)表年份)、受試人群基本特征(例數(shù)、中位年齡)、干預(yù)措施、結(jié)局指標(biāo)。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 采用紐卡斯?fàn)?渥太華量表(NOS)[6]進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),從對(duì)象選擇、可比性、結(jié)局和暴露3方面進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),滿分9分,NOS評(píng)分5~9分為文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較高。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用OR及其95%CI進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用MD及其95%CI進(jìn)行分析。各文獻(xiàn)間統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性分析采用χ2檢驗(yàn),I2>50%且P<0.1表明各文獻(xiàn)間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;I2≤50%且P≥0.1表明各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。繪制倒漏斗圖以分析發(fā)表偏倚。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 檢索結(jié)果及納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 共檢索相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)988篇,排除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)311篇,閱讀文題及摘要后排除612篇文獻(xiàn),閱讀全文后排除36篇文獻(xiàn),最終納入29篇文獻(xiàn)[7-35],其中英文文獻(xiàn)28篇,中文文獻(xiàn)1篇,包括15 883例患者,NOS評(píng)分均≥6分,文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較高,詳見(jiàn)表1。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1。
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)Table 1 Basic characteristics and quality evaluation of the involved literatures
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 mRS 評(píng) 分 17 篇 文 獻(xiàn)[9-10,13,17,19-23,25-26,28-33]報(bào)道了mRS評(píng)分,各文獻(xiàn)間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P<0.000 01,I2=81%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者mRS評(píng)分高于無(wú)LA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔MD=1.71,95%CI(1.29,2.27),P=0.000 2,見(jiàn)圖 2〕。
2.2.2 BI評(píng)分 3 篇文獻(xiàn)[12,30,33]報(bào)道了 BI評(píng)分,各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.47,I2=0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者BI評(píng)分低于無(wú)LA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔MD=2.51,95%CI(1.62,3.88),P<0.000 1,見(jiàn)圖 3〕。
2.2.3 顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率 5 篇文獻(xiàn)[7,9,15,24,27]報(bào)道了顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.19,I2=34%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率高于無(wú)LA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔OR=1.34,95%CI(1.15,1.58),P=0.000 3,見(jiàn)圖 4〕。
2.2.4 癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率 5 篇文獻(xiàn)[16,18,29,34-35]報(bào)道了癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率,各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.13,I2=43%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率高于無(wú)LA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔OR=1.69,95%CI(1.31,2.19),P<0.000 1,見(jiàn)圖 5〕。
2.2.5 病死率 4 篇文獻(xiàn)[9,11,25,33]報(bào)道了病死率,各文獻(xiàn)間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.004,I2=77%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者病死率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔OR=1.11,95%CI(0.66,1.85),P=0.69,見(jiàn)圖 6〕。
2.2.6 卒中復(fù)發(fā)率 2 篇文獻(xiàn)[8,14]報(bào)道了卒中復(fù)發(fā)率,各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.41,I2=0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)率高于無(wú)LA 組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔OR=1.55,95%CI(1.26,1.91),P<0.000 1,見(jiàn)圖 7〕。
2.2.7 血管再通率 2 篇文獻(xiàn)[9,25]報(bào)道了血管再通率,各文獻(xiàn)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.39,I2=0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析;兩組患者血管再通率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔OR=1.04,95%CI(0.74,1.45),P=0.83,見(jiàn)圖 8〕。
2.3 發(fā)表偏倚 繪制倒漏斗圖分析報(bào)道m(xù)RS評(píng)分文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)果顯示,散點(diǎn)分布不對(duì)稱(chēng),多數(shù)散點(diǎn)位于中下部,提示報(bào)道m(xù)RS評(píng)分文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚可能較大(見(jiàn)圖9)。因報(bào)道其他結(jié)局指標(biāo)的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少,倒漏斗圖分析誤差較大,故未繪制倒漏斗圖。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程Figure 1 Flow chart for literature screening
圖2 無(wú)/有LA組患者mRS評(píng)分比較的森林圖Figure 2 Forest plot for comparison of mRS score in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
圖3 無(wú)/有LA組患者BI評(píng)分比較的森林圖Figure 3 Forest plot for comparison of BI score between without LA group and LA group
圖4 無(wú)/有LA組患者顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 4 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of intracranial hemorrhagic transformation in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
圖5 無(wú)/有LA組患者癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率比較的森林圖Figure 5 Forest plot for comparison of incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
圖6 無(wú)/有LA組患者病死率比較的森林圖Figure 6 Forest plot for comparison of fatality rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
圖7 無(wú)/有LA組患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)率比較的森林圖Figure 7 Forest plot for comparison of recurrent rate of stroke in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
LA是由Hachinski在1987年首次提出的一個(gè)影像學(xué)診斷術(shù)語(yǔ),用來(lái)描述腦皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)CT密度灶,多見(jiàn)于老年人[36]。LA在T2加權(quán)像與液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(FLAIR)序列表現(xiàn)為白質(zhì)高信號(hào),病變部位小血管管壁出現(xiàn)增厚、透明樣變,導(dǎo)致血管曲折、狹窄,造成管腔內(nèi)血流量減少,不利于卒中患者側(cè)支循環(huán)的建立[2]。LIN等[37]研究結(jié)果顯示,非癡呆人群LA發(fā)生率約為73.0%,40~80歲住院患者LA發(fā)生率約為58.3%,>80歲住院患者LA發(fā)生率約為82.7%。研究表明,LA與癡呆、殘疾、卒中等關(guān)系密切[38]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,LA是腦小血管相關(guān)性疾病,主要病理表現(xiàn)為不同程度的髓鞘和軸突脫失、小動(dòng)脈硬化和輕微的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生等[39-40]。
圖8 無(wú)/有LA組患者血管再通率比較的森林圖Figure 8 Forest plot for comparison of vascular recanalization rate in patients with leukoaraiosis or not
圖9 報(bào)道m(xù)RS評(píng)分文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚的倒漏斗圖Figure 9 Inverted funnel plot for publication bias of involved literatures reported mRS score
AIS合并LA患者上皮細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞損傷及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)會(huì)破壞血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞完整性,使血-腦脊液屏障通透性增加,同時(shí)LA區(qū)域腦微循環(huán)長(zhǎng)期損傷會(huì)誘發(fā)缺血組織出血轉(zhuǎn)化[41-42]。研究表明,卒中后梗死灶面積擴(kuò)大會(huì)影響患者預(yù)后,而LA是梗死灶面積擴(kuò)大的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。RYU等[43]通過(guò)對(duì)5 000例卒中患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卒中合并LA患者神經(jīng)功能損傷較重,且治療3個(gè)月后患者神經(jīng)功能改善效果較差。SENDA等[44]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者神經(jīng)功能損傷較重、認(rèn)知功能較差,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。多項(xiàng)研究表明,有LA的卒中患者溶栓治療后出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率高于無(wú)LA的卒中患者[45-47]。KUMRAL等[48]研究表明,AIS合并LA患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)率高于未合并LA者。
本Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,有LA組患者mRS評(píng)分高于無(wú)LA組,提示AIS合并LA患者神經(jīng)功能損傷較重;有LA組患者BI評(píng)分低于無(wú)LA組,提示AIS合并LA患者日常生活活動(dòng)能力較差;有LA組患者顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率、癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率、卒中復(fù)發(fā)率高于無(wú)LA組,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[8],提示AIS合并LA患者顱內(nèi)出血轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率、癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率、卒中復(fù)發(fā)率較高;兩組患者病死率、血管再通率間無(wú)差異,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[49]。
本Meta分析的局限性:(1)納入文獻(xiàn)均為病例對(duì)照研究,且多為單中心研究,可能降低結(jié)果的可信性;(2)納入文獻(xiàn)均為已發(fā)表文獻(xiàn),未檢索相關(guān)會(huì)議論文等,可能對(duì)研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。
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