殷凱,瞿建國,陳吉祥,趙小輝,黨勝春
(江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 1. 普通外科 2. 病理科,江蘇 鎮(zhèn)江 212001)
世界范圍內(nèi)胃癌的發(fā)病率在男性和女性中分別位于第3位和第5位[1],在我國胃癌是第二大常見的腫瘤,同時(shí)也是僅次于肺癌的第二大病死率的腫瘤[2]。我國人口基數(shù)巨大,大多數(shù)胃癌患者就診時(shí)已處于進(jìn)展期,常伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和神經(jīng)侵犯(preineural invasion,PNI)[3]。目前,根治性手術(shù)仍然是治療胃癌的主要手段[4]。PNI是腫瘤常見的轉(zhuǎn)移途徑,在胰腺癌、膽管癌、結(jié)直腸癌、前列腺癌和頭頸部腫瘤中常??梢杂^察到腫瘤細(xì)胞侵犯鄰近的神經(jīng)纖維[5-10]。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)PNI可作為評(píng)價(jià)胃癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素[11-12],但是影響胃癌PNI的臨床病理因素還不清楚。本研究結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道研究胃癌PNI形成的相關(guān)臨床病理因素,回顧性分析2014年6月—2017年6月在我院就治的509例胃癌患者的年齡、性別、組織分化程度、TNM分期、腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目等臨床病理資料,探討胃癌PNI與臨床病理因素之間的關(guān)系。
收集2014年6月—2017年6月在江蘇大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院進(jìn)行外科治療且臨床病理資料完整的胃癌手術(shù)患者509例,其中男373例,女136例;年齡28~87歲,平均年齡67歲?;颊咝g(shù)前均未發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,以D2根治術(shù)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式,術(shù)中探查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤侵犯周圍臟器或發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)膜轉(zhuǎn)移的,可聯(lián)合切除以達(dá)到根治目的?;颊呒凹覍傩g(shù)前均簽署手術(shù)知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):⑴ 術(shù)前影像學(xué)檢查證實(shí)腫瘤有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;⑵ 術(shù)后發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,如吻合口瘺、肺部感染、心腦血管意外等導(dǎo)致死亡患者。
患者手術(shù)病理組織通過中性福爾馬林固定和石蠟包埋,連續(xù)3 μm切片,進(jìn)行蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色后由病理科專家進(jìn)行相關(guān)病理診斷。所有患者的分期均統(tǒng)一采AJCC/UICC第7版TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。PNI參照文獻(xiàn)方法進(jìn)行評(píng)估:腫瘤沿神經(jīng)纖維生長并包繞≥33%神經(jīng)直徑,或腫瘤細(xì)胞侵犯神經(jīng)纖維的任何一層(包括神經(jīng)外膜、神經(jīng)束膜、神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜)[9]。將患者的性別、年齡、組織分化程度、浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和TNM分期等信息錄入數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)胃癌患者PNI和臨床病理資料進(jìn)行單因素分析,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)判斷胃癌PNI和臨床病理特征之間的關(guān)系。多因素分析采用趨勢(shì)χ2檢驗(yàn)以及二分類Logistic回歸模型。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
509例胃癌患者術(shù)后病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果顯示:P N I陽性患者2 5 0例,陰性2 5 9例,陽性率為49.1%。經(jīng)病理確診的組織分化程度為高分化的56例,中分化組131例,低分化組322例。浸潤深度位于黏膜層(T1)的有76例,侵及肌層(T2)的有98例,達(dá)漿膜下層的(T3)有68例,侵犯漿膜外的(T4)有267例。無區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)(N0)轉(zhuǎn)移有185例,1~2個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N1)有71例,3~6個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(N2)有98例,7個(gè)以上淋巴結(jié)(N3)轉(zhuǎn)移的有155例。所有患者均采用AJCC/UICC第七版分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)果顯示,I期137例、II期99例、III期267期、IV期6例。6例IV期胃癌患者中4例為胃竇部腫瘤侵犯胰腺,2例為胃體腫瘤侵犯大網(wǎng)膜,均行聯(lián)合臟器或轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除達(dá)到根治目的。
2.2.1 單因素分析結(jié)果 比較胃癌PNI陽性和陰性患者的組織分化程度、腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和TNM分期,上述指標(biāo)比較均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.001);年齡、性別兩者比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 胃癌PNI相關(guān)臨床病理因素單變量分析[n(%)]Table 1 Univariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors for PNI in gastric cancer [n (%)]
2.2.2 趨勢(shì)χ2檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果 胃癌組織分化程度、腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和TNM分期與胃癌PNI有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且可能存在線性相關(guān)(均P<0.001),其中腫瘤浸潤深度與胃癌PNI形成的相關(guān)性最大(r=0.623,P<0.001)(表2)。
2.2.3 二分類Logistic回歸分析 將單因素分析結(jié)果中與PNI形成相關(guān)的影響因素:組織分化程度、腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和TNM分期等數(shù)據(jù)代入二分類Logistic回歸模型分析,結(jié)果顯示,腫瘤浸潤深度為胃癌PNI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.001)(表3)。
表2 胃癌PNI相關(guān)臨床病理因素趨勢(shì)χ2檢驗(yàn)[n(%)]Table 2 Results of χ2 tests for trend of the clinicopothologic factors for PNI in gastric cancer [n (%)]
表3 胃癌PNI相關(guān)因素的多變量Logistic回歸分析Table 3 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of factorsforPNI in gastric cancer
不同類型腫瘤中PNI的發(fā)生率差異較大,其中胰腺癌發(fā)生率最高約85%~88%[13]。在總體胃癌手術(shù)患者中,術(shù)后病理顯示PNI的發(fā)生率約為50%~60%[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示胃癌PNI發(fā)生率約為49.1%,這與上述報(bào)道基本一致。胃與腹腔神經(jīng)叢位置臨近可能是胃癌PNI發(fā)生率較高的原因。PNI目前被認(rèn)為是腫瘤的一種特殊轉(zhuǎn)移方式,其分子機(jī)制目前還未闡明,涉及到腫瘤細(xì)胞、基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、周圍免疫細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)纖維之間復(fù)雜的相互作用[15-17]。PNI的發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個(gè)互動(dòng)的過程,一方面是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞通過分泌神經(jīng)生長因子、黏附蛋白等促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與侵襲[6-7,18-19],另一方面是腫瘤細(xì)胞可以導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)軸突的生長和增粗,從而有利于腫瘤細(xì)胞與神經(jīng)的接觸粘附和遷移[20-21]。此外,腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞也與PNI的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān),并且能評(píng)估患者的預(yù)后[22]。腫瘤伴PNI是患者預(yù)后不良的重要因素之一,腫瘤侵犯神經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致晚期腫瘤患者腰背部劇烈疼痛,生活質(zhì)量較差[9]。
近年來胃癌的周圍神經(jīng)侵犯越來越受到大家的重視,人們對(duì)胃癌PNI形成的臨床意義已有較深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。本研究結(jié)果顯示隨著腫瘤浸潤深度加深、分化程度降低、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目增多和病理學(xué)分期增加,胃癌PNI的發(fā)生率增高。其它研究報(bào)道胃癌PNI也與腫瘤大小、脈管癌栓相關(guān)[12]。這提示神經(jīng)侵犯是胃癌預(yù)后不佳的高危因素。經(jīng)多因素和二分類Logistic回歸模型分析后顯示,腫瘤浸潤深度是影響胃癌PNI獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。原因可能是胃癌浸潤深度越深,與腹腔神經(jīng)叢接觸機(jī)率越高。而且進(jìn)展期胃癌發(fā)生PNI的機(jī)率明顯比早期胃癌高,這證明腫瘤臨床分期是胃癌發(fā)生PNI的重要影響因素[23]。有研究[24]分析了局部胃癌晚期患者在接受新輔助治療后再行手術(shù)治療的術(shù)后生存時(shí)間,發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移也是影響患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。
本研究還存在一些不足。既往的研究結(jié)果表明:腫瘤的大小和位置,腫瘤細(xì)胞類型、脈管癌栓形成和胃癌PNI有顯著相關(guān)性[25]。本研究中未納入腫瘤大小、位置、細(xì)胞類型等因素,因此需要進(jìn)行更加全面深入的研究。綜上所述,PNI為胃癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的重要途徑,PNI陽性與腫瘤浸潤深度、組織分化程度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和TNM分期存在線性相關(guān),其中與腫瘤浸潤深度相關(guān)性最大,但是其具體機(jī)制尚不明確,后續(xù)有待進(jìn)一步深入研究其分子機(jī)制,以更好地指導(dǎo)腫瘤臨床綜合治療,改善患者預(yù)后。
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