濟(jì)陽坳陷三合村洼陷古近系原生型稠油成因機(jī)制

高長(zhǎng)海，張新征，王興謀，張?jiān)沏y，李豫源

(1.中國(guó)石油大學(xué)(華東) 地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院，山東 青島 266580； 2.中石化勝利石油工程有限公司地質(zhì)錄井公司，山東 東營(yíng) 257064； 3.中國(guó)石化勝利油田分公司物探研究院，山東 東營(yíng) 257022)

0 引 言

稠油作為非常規(guī)油氣資源，其資源量遠(yuǎn)大于常規(guī)油氣資源[1-2]，具有廣闊的勘探潛力。稠油可分為原生型稠油和次生型稠油，前者是指由未成熟或低成熟烴源巖生成的未經(jīng)后期改造的原油[3-5]，后者則是指正常原油后期經(jīng)生物降解、水洗、氧化、脫瀝青等作用改造而成的原油[6-8]。稠油的資源量主要來自于次生型稠油的貢獻(xiàn)，國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)次生型稠油的研究取得了大量成果和認(rèn)識(shí)[9-14]。中國(guó)已在渤海灣盆地濟(jì)陽坳陷[15-16]、遼河盆地西部凹陷[17-18]、準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地吉木薩爾凹陷[19]、二連盆地白音查干凹陷[20]、銀根—額濟(jì)納旗盆地查干凹陷[1]以及赤峰盆地元寶山凹陷[21]等發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量規(guī)?？捎^的原生型稠油，但目前對(duì)該類稠油的研究仍相對(duì)較薄弱。因此，研究原生型稠油的地球化學(xué)特征及其成因機(jī)制，對(duì)稠油勘探開發(fā)方案的制定具有重要意義。

三合村洼陷是渤海灣盆地濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷典型的稠油發(fā)育區(qū)，自古近系至新近系均有分布，截至目前，上報(bào)稠油控制儲(chǔ)量為3 200×104t(古近系占74%，新近系占26%)，且規(guī)模仍在擴(kuò)大，展現(xiàn)了良好的勘探潛力。前人對(duì)三合村洼陷構(gòu)造演化、沉積特征以及油氣成藏等方面已進(jìn)行過相關(guān)研究和報(bào)道[22-27]，但對(duì)該區(qū)油氣的成因機(jī)制尤其是古近系稠油的成因機(jī)制仍存在爭(zhēng)議，主要有以下觀點(diǎn)[28-30]：①古近系稠油是成熟油生物降解作用的結(jié)果；②古近系稠油是低熟油生物降解作用的結(jié)果；③古近系稠油是低熟油原生蝕變作用(水洗作用、氧化作用、熱化學(xué)硫酸鹽還原作用(TSR)等)的結(jié)果，無或輕生物降解作用。本文通過原油物性、族組成、生物標(biāo)志化合物等分析，闡述了三合村洼陷古近系稠油的地球化學(xué)特征，并對(duì)其成因機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探討，以期為該地區(qū)基礎(chǔ)地質(zhì)研究和油氣勘探開發(fā)提供理論指導(dǎo)。

1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景

三合村洼陷位于濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷南部，西北以墾西斷層與渤南洼陷相接，東北臨孤南洼陷，東臨富林洼陷，南以斜坡帶向陳家莊凸起過渡，是一個(gè)夾持在渤南洼陷和陳家莊凸起之間的北斷南超箕狀洼陷，勘探面積約為200 km2(圖1)。三合村洼陷主要經(jīng)歷了3個(gè)演化階段，即古近紀(jì)沙三段強(qiáng)烈斷陷階段、沙一段—東營(yíng)組斷坳轉(zhuǎn)換階段以及新近紀(jì)以來坳陷階段，相繼沉積了古近系沙三段、沙一段和東營(yíng)組，新近系館陶組和明化鎮(zhèn)組以及第四系平原組(圖2)。目前，三合村洼陷共鉆井30余口，先后發(fā)現(xiàn)了古近系沙河街組、東營(yíng)組以及新近系館陶組、明化鎮(zhèn)組等含油氣層系，其中古近系發(fā)育特稠油油藏，新近系發(fā)育稠油油藏及天然氣藏，從而形成了以大范圍分布的稠—特稠油油藏為基本特征的“下油上氣”、“下稠上稀”的復(fù)式油氣聚集帶。

圖1 濟(jì)陽坳陷三合村洼陷構(gòu)造位置Fig.1 Structural Location of Sanhecun Sag of Jiyang Depression

圖2 三合村洼陷古近系地層柱狀圖Fig.2 Paleogene Stratigraphic Column of Sanhecun Sag

2 原油物性、族組成及地球化學(xué)特征

2.1 原油物性及族組成特征

本次研究共采集了9口采樣井的稠油樣品(采樣井位置見圖1)，包括古近系沙三段15個(gè)樣品(來自5口井，埋深為2 085～2 573 m)和新近系館陶組27個(gè)樣品(來自6口井，埋深為1 324～1 646 m)。三合村洼陷古近系沙三段稠油的密度為1.019 2～1.124 8 g·cm-3(平均為1.062 4 g·cm-3)，黏度為2 594～95 280 mPa·s(平均為27 255 mPa·s)，硫含量(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)，下同)為6.79%～11.03%(平均為9.32%)，蠟含量為0.77%～10.61%(平均為7.28%)，屬于特稠油范疇[圖3(a)]；原油族組成飽和烴含量為6.81%～13.87%，芳烴含量為31.39%～42.55%，非烴+瀝青質(zhì)含量為47.84%～56.30%[圖3(b)]。相比新近系稠油，古近系稠油具有高密度、高黏度、高硫含量，以及低飽和烴、高芳烴、高非烴+瀝青質(zhì)和低飽芳比的特征(圖3)。

2.2 原油地球化學(xué)特征

古近系稠油的飽和烴總離子流圖(圖4)基線出現(xiàn)不同程度的抬升，表明原油遭受了次生蝕變作用，但蝕變程度遠(yuǎn)低于新近系稠油。原油正、異構(gòu)烷烴保存較完整，僅部分遭受損失(缺失C1～C8)，姥鮫烷(Pr)含量低，而植烷(Ph)含量高，具明顯植烷優(yōu)勢(shì)，Pr/Ph值多在0.20左右，反映古近系稠油主要來自咸化—半咸化湖相環(huán)境。

古近系稠油的甾烷類化合物由孕甾烷、重排甾烷、規(guī)則甾烷和甲基甾烷等系列組成(圖5)。原油規(guī)則甾烷分布較完整，各譜圖未見明顯變形，具有相似的指紋特征，ααα20RC27、ααα20RC28、ααα20RC29均呈近“V”型分布，表明原油具有相似的成因類型；原油孕甾烷、重排甾烷含量普遍較高，與正常原油相當(dāng)，C29重排甾烷/C29規(guī)則甾烷值一般小于0.40，表明其抗生物降解能力強(qiáng)于規(guī)則甾烷。

圖3 三合村洼陷稠油物性及族組成特征Fig.3 Physical Properties and Group Compositions of Heavy Oils in Sanhecun Sag

Ng為新近系館陶組；Es3為古近系沙三段；E為古近系沙四段上亞段圖4 三合村洼陷稠油飽和烴總離子流圖Fig.4 Saturated Hydrocarbon Total Ion Chromatogams of Heavy Oils in Sanhecun Sag

圖5 三合村洼陷稠油質(zhì)荷比為217的質(zhì)量色譜Fig.5 Mass Chromatograms of Heavy Oils with m/z of 217 in Sanhecun Sag

圖6 三合村洼陷稠油質(zhì)荷比為191的質(zhì)量色譜Fig.6 Mass Chromatograms of Heavy Oils with m/z of 191 in Sanhecun Sag

古近系稠油的萜烷類化合物具有相似的指紋特征，由倍半萜烷、三環(huán)萜烷、四環(huán)萜烷、五環(huán)三萜烷等組成，且以三環(huán)萜烷、五環(huán)三萜烷為主(圖6)。原油Ts豐度明顯低于Tm；伽馬蠟烷含量普遍較高，伽馬蠟烷/C30藿烷值為0.105～0.180，反映古近系稠油主要來自偏咸化、還原性環(huán)境烴源巖；原油中未檢測(cè)出25-降藿烷系列，表明古近系油藏的保存條件較好。因此，古近系稠油僅遭受輕微程度(2、3級(jí))的生物降解作用[30]，并不是特稠油形成的主要機(jī)制。

3 稠油成因機(jī)制

濟(jì)陽坳陷三合村洼陷古近系稠油的形成存在油源問題和成因問題兩方面的爭(zhēng)議[30-32]，前者有成熟油與低熟油之爭(zhēng)，后者有原生與次生之爭(zhēng)。要明確稠油的成因機(jī)制，應(yīng)從“源”到“藏”的整個(gè)過程開展地質(zhì)、地球化學(xué)的綜合分析。

3.1 低熟油成因

三合村洼陷自身不具備生油條件[33]，因此，其油源只可能來自周邊的生油洼陷(圖1)。三合村洼陷古近系稠油伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)普遍大于0.55，Ts/Tm值小于0.10，C35升霍烷含量大于C34升霍烷(C35升藿烷指數(shù)大于2.50)，具有明顯的翹尾特征，與渤南洼陷沙四段烴源巖的原油特征相似；而新近系稠油伽馬蠟烷指數(shù)一般小于0.20，Ts/Tm值大于0.30，C35升霍烷含量小于C34升霍烷(C35升藿烷指數(shù)小于1.50)，與渤南洼陷沙三段和沙四段混源的原油特征相似(圖4～7)。因此，古近系油源來自于渤南洼陷沙四段烴源巖，而新近系油源來自于渤南洼陷沙四段與沙三段烴源巖的混源。

圖7 三合村洼陷油源對(duì)比Fig.7 Oil-source Correlations in Sanhecun Sag

MDR值表示4-MDBT/1-MDBT值；Rc=0.6IMP1+0.4，IMP1為甲基菲指數(shù)圖8 渤南洼陷與三合村洼陷稠油成熟度關(guān)系Fig.8 Relationships of Maturities of Heavy Oils Between Bonan Sag and Sanhecun Sag

渤南洼陷沙四段烴源巖為具咸水、強(qiáng)還原環(huán)境的膏鹽湖相沉積[34-35]。王秀紅等依據(jù)C29甾烷異構(gòu)化參數(shù)對(duì)其原油成熟度進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為該原油屬于成熟油[23]。三合村洼陷古近系稠油的C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值為0.445～0.518，C29甾烷αββ/(αββ+ααα)值為0.457～0.473，不僅高于新近系稠油[圖7(c)]，也高于一般低熟油，表現(xiàn)出成熟油特征，但其原油地球化學(xué)特征又明顯與成熟油特征不同，仍具有鹽湖環(huán)境低熟油普遍的地球化學(xué)特征，因此，僅僅采用C29甾烷異構(gòu)化參數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)原油成熟度可能有失偏頗。本文選用抗降解能力強(qiáng)的三降藿烷及芳烴類化合物等參數(shù)進(jìn)行原油成熟度的綜合分析。古近系稠油的Ts/(Ts+Tm)值為0.065～0.094，新近系稠油的Ts/(Ts+Tm)值為0.358～0.396；古近系稠油的MDR值(根據(jù)甲基二苯并噻吩(MDBT)計(jì)算的成熟度參數(shù)值)為0.577～0.758，新近系稠油的MDR值為1.732～1.949[圖8(a)]；古近系稠油的Rc值(根據(jù)甲基菲指數(shù)計(jì)算得到的鏡質(zhì)體反射率)為0.674%～0.729%，對(duì)應(yīng)的Ro值(實(shí)測(cè)的鏡質(zhì)體反射率)小于0.60%，新近系稠油的Rc值為0.669%～0.849%，對(duì)應(yīng)的Ro值大于0.80%[圖8(b)]。由此可見，古近系稠油成熟度明顯低于新近系稠油，其表現(xiàn)出較高的C29甾烷異構(gòu)化參數(shù)比值，可能與其生烴母質(zhì)類型及有機(jī)質(zhì)成熟演化有關(guān)[29，35-36]。渤南洼陷沙四段烴源巖的生源構(gòu)成以藻類為主(體積分?jǐn)?shù)高于75%)，藻類可溶有機(jī)質(zhì)的低溫?zé)峤到馍鸁N對(duì)低熟油的形成具有重要貢獻(xiàn)；沙四段烴源巖高含硫環(huán)境造成富硫大分子中S—S鍵和S—C鍵平均鍵能較低，而C—C鍵平均鍵能高，含硫有機(jī)大分子中的S—S鍵和S—C鍵可以在早期低溫?zé)峤到怆A段斷裂而形成低熟油；沙四段烴源巖富含方解石、白云石等碳酸鹽礦物(體積分?jǐn)?shù)大于60%)，這類礦物在低溫條件下催化脫羧生烴活性增加，對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)早期成熟轉(zhuǎn)化以及烴類生成具有重要作用，這些機(jī)制促使低成熟演化階段烴源巖生成低熟油。葛海霞等研究認(rèn)為，泥頁巖與蒸發(fā)巖共生的咸化還原環(huán)境有助于形成低熟油[37-39]。渤南洼陷沙四段原油樣品的芳烴餾分檢測(cè)出豐富的烷基苯系列、烷基萘系列、菲系列、脫羥基維生素E、芳構(gòu)化甾烷及多種含硫芳烴化合物[29]，表明渤南洼陷沙四段高含硫原油不僅來自咸水環(huán)境，而且成熟度較低，屬于非干酪根熱降解成因的低熟油。與渤南洼陷沙四段原油相比，三合村洼陷古近系稠油表現(xiàn)為特稠油特征，且原油正構(gòu)烷烴及類異戊二烯烷烴等出現(xiàn)不同程度的損失(圖4～6)，表明古近系稠油遭受了后期蝕變作用。

從油氣成藏過程來看，古近系東營(yíng)組沉積末期，渤南洼陷沙四段烴源巖開始進(jìn)入排烴期(Ro值為0.50%～0.60%)[23,29]，墾西斷層尚未斷開古近系底部發(fā)育的大套扇三角洲砂體，原油沿古近系與前第三系之間的不整合輸導(dǎo)層側(cè)向運(yùn)移至三合村洼陷，并在古近系沙三段地層超覆圈閉中聚集成藏(稠油的異膽甾烷αββ20RC29/ααα20RC29值小于0.55，屬于近距離運(yùn)聚成藏，因此，不存在運(yùn)移過程中輕質(zhì)組分散失的基礎(chǔ))(圖9)。綜上所述，三合村洼陷古近系低熟油為渤南洼陷咸水還原環(huán)境的沙四段烴源巖低成熟階段生成的原油。

Ed為古近系東營(yíng)組；Es1為古近系沙一段；Es4為古近系沙四段圖9 三合村洼陷東營(yíng)組沉積末期油氣成藏過程Fig.9 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process at the end of Dongying Period in Sanhecun Sag

3.2 熱化學(xué)硫酸鹽還原作用

低熟油通常只能形成普通稠油[40]，而三合村洼陷古近系稠油屬于特稠油，其飽和烴色譜特征顯示稠油僅發(fā)生輕微降解，說明特稠油的形成并不完全是由生物降解作用所致。研究表明，硫酸鹽還原作用是三合村洼陷古近系稠油形成的另一重要因素。

H2S(HS-)+熱量±H2O

圖10 渤南洼陷原油密度與濃度關(guān)系Fig.10 Relationship Between Density of Oils and Concentration of in Bonan Sag

4 結(jié) 語

(1)濟(jì)陽坳陷三合村洼陷古近系稠油屬于特稠油范疇，具有高密度、高黏度、高硫含量，以及低飽和烴、高芳烴、高非烴+瀝青質(zhì)和低飽芳比的特征。

(2)三合村洼陷古近系稠油正、異構(gòu)烷烴保存較完整，僅部分遭受損失，孕甾烷、重排甾烷、伽馬蠟烷含量普遍較高，未檢測(cè)出25-降藿烷系列，表明原油僅遭受輕微程度的生物降解作用。

(3)三合村洼陷古近系稠油來自渤南洼陷沙四段膏鹽湖相烴源巖，藻類可溶有機(jī)質(zhì)早期生烴、富硫大分子早期熱降解生烴及碳酸鹽巖對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)低溫?zé)岽呋缙谏鸁N等是低熟油形成的主要機(jī)制。

(4)三合村洼陷古近系稠油為低熟油經(jīng)熱化學(xué)硫酸鹽還原作用和生物降解作用稠變而成，屬于原生蝕變型稠油。

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