北京 楊 嵐
在復(fù)合句中,用來充當(dāng)主句中及物動詞、介詞及glad,sorry,sure,happy,afraid等形容詞的賓語的分句,稱為賓語從句。
引導(dǎo)詞、語序、時態(tài)、否定轉(zhuǎn)移和標(biāo)點是學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句需要注意的五個要點,只有掌握好這些要點,才能正確運用賓語從句。
1.當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,引導(dǎo)詞用that。此時that沒有詞義,也不作任何句子成分,因此在口語或非正式文體中常被省略。例如:
①She says.He is a Chinese teacher.→She says(that)he is a Chinese teacher.她說他是一名中文老師。
②I'm sure.She can win the game.→I'm sure(that)she can win the game.我相信她能夠贏得這場比賽。
2.當(dāng)由一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,引導(dǎo)詞用if或whether,二者都表示“是否,是不是”的意思。雖然這兩個引導(dǎo)詞不作句子成分,但也不可以省略。例如:
①I don't know.Will the man come the day after tomorrow?→I don't know if/whether the man will come the day after tomorrow.我不知道那個男人后天是否會來。
②Nobody knew.Could he pass the exam?→Nobody knew if/whether he could pass the exam.沒有人知道他是否能通過考試。
【注意】當(dāng)從句作介詞的賓語,或引導(dǎo)詞與動詞不定式、or not連用時,只用whether,而不用if。例如:
①I can't say whether or not he will come on time.我不敢說他是否能準(zhǔn)時來。
②I'm interested in whether she likes English.我關(guān)心的是她是否喜歡英語。
③I asked him whether to start early.我問他是否能早點出發(fā)。
3.當(dāng)由特殊疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,只需要用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo),只不過它們的名稱變成了連接代詞或連接副詞。此時這些連接詞有詞義,在從句中作句子成分,不可以省略。例如:
①Could you tell me? Where is the police station?→Could you tell me where the police station is? 你能告訴我警察局在哪里嗎?
②What do you want? My mother asked. →My mother asked me what I wanted.媽媽問我想要什么。
1.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在賓語從句中不作任何句子成分或無引導(dǎo)詞時,用“(引導(dǎo)詞)+主語 +謂語……”的形式。在這類句式中,常見的引導(dǎo)詞有(that),if,whether。例如:
①She says (that)she won't take part in the sports meeting.她說自己將不參加這次運動會。
②I wonder if/whether you have told the news to her.我想知道你是否把這個消息告訴了她。
③I'm sorry(that)I don't know.很抱歉我不知道。
2.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在賓語從句中作主語時,用“引導(dǎo)詞+謂語……”的形式。在這類句式中,常見的引導(dǎo)詞有who,what,which等。例如:
①Could you tell me who knows the answer,Li Lei?李磊,你能告訴我誰知道答案嗎?
②The boy doesn't know what is in their stockings.這個男孩不知道他們的襪子里有什么東西。
3.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在賓語從句中作主語的定語時,用“引導(dǎo)詞+名詞+謂語……”的形式。在這類句式中,常見的連接詞有whose,what,which,how many,how much等。例如:
①She asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.她問我們班上誰的書法最好。
②He asked us how many people there were in the room.他問我們房間里有多少人。
4.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在賓語從句中作賓語、狀語或表語時,用“引導(dǎo)詞 +主語 +謂語……”的形式。在這類句式中,常見的引導(dǎo)詞有who,whom,what,which,how many,how much,when,why,how,where等。例如:
①Could you tell me what I should do with the money?你能告訴我我應(yīng)該如何處理這筆錢嗎?
②I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他什么時候會回來。
③Do you know whom the girl in red is? 你認識穿紅衣服的女孩是誰嗎?
5.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在賓語從句中作賓語或表語的定語時,用“引導(dǎo)詞+名詞+主語+謂語……”的形式。在這類句式中,常見的引導(dǎo)詞有what,which,how many,how much,how等。例如:
①Do you know which class Linda is in?你知道琳達在哪個班級嗎?
②She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。
1.當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時等現(xiàn)在的某種時態(tài)或祈使句時,賓語從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定(即用所需要的任何時態(tài))。例如:
①I hear you were born in 2005.我聽說你出生于2005年。
②Please tell me where your friend has gone.請告訴我你的朋友已經(jīng)去哪兒了。
③She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.她說她要在他桌子上留張便條。
④I am thinking about who can win the match.我正在考慮誰能贏得這次比賽。
2.當(dāng)主句用一般過去時態(tài)時,賓語從句的時態(tài)必須與主句時態(tài)一致(即用過去時態(tài)的某種形式)。例如:
①He told me that he had never been to the Great Wall before.他告訴我他從未去過長城。
②Wei Dan said she was learning English from Mr.Green.魏丹說她正向格林先生學(xué)英語。
③He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.他說他會去照看這個嬰兒的。
【注意】在賓語從句中,如果從句表達的是自然現(xiàn)象、真理、客觀事實、名言、警句、格言或諺語等等,即使主句是一般過去時,從句也必須用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
①The teacher said that the earth travels round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
②We were told that time is money.有人告訴我們時間就是金錢。
③His mother told him there are four seasons in a year.他的媽媽告訴他一年有四季。
在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,guess等詞,而且主語是第一人稱的時候,如果賓語從句的謂語是否定的,一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移至主句的謂語上去,將從句的謂語改為肯定形式,從而形成“形式否定主句,意義否定從句”的局面。例如:
①I don't think he has time to come to the party.我認為他沒有時間來參加聚會。
②I don't suppose that it is true.我猜測那不是真的。
③We don't think we'd be this late.我們認為我們不會到得這么晚。
【注意】
1.當(dāng)主句的主語不是第一人稱單復(fù)數(shù)時,一般不進行否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
①You think that he isn't fit for the job.你認為他不適合這份工作。
②She believes he doesn't study harder.她相信他學(xué)習(xí)不夠努力。
2.如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,一般不進行否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來不仔細聽老師講課。
3.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時態(tài)時,一般不進行否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
We thought that this book was not worth reading.我們認為這本書不值得一讀。
五、賓語從句的標(biāo)點
賓語從句末尾用什么樣的標(biāo)點符號,應(yīng)該取決于主句的句子類型,而不受賓語從句的限制。
1.當(dāng)主句是陳述句或祈使句時,賓語從句之后用句號。例如:
①He asks who is going to the Great Wall tomorrow.他問明天誰打算去長城。
②Please remember that this answer is right.請記住這個答案是正確的。
2.當(dāng)主句是疑問句時,賓語從句之后用問號。例如:
①Do you know which school he studies in?你知道他在哪所學(xué)校上學(xué)嗎?
②Could you tell me how I can get to the park? 你能告訴我怎樣能到達公園嗎?
1.—Do you know_______yesterday?
—Yes.Because he went for the boat race.【2017·廣東省中考題】
A.why didn't Peter go to school
B.why doesn't Peter go to school
C.why Peter didn't go to school
D.why Peter doesn't go to school
【答案與解析】C 考查賓語從句的語序和時態(tài)。選項A和B不是陳述語序,首先排除掉。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語“yesterday”可知,賓語從句應(yīng)該用一般過去時態(tài)。故選擇C項。
2.—Do you know_______Ann goes to work every day?
—Usually by underground.【2017·安徽省中考題】
A.why B.how
C.when D.whether
【答案與解析】B 考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。根據(jù)答句的意思“通常坐地鐵”可以判斷出,問句應(yīng)該是詢問“去上班”的方式。表示方式的副詞用how,意思是“如何;怎么樣”。
3.—Summer vacation is coming!Could you tell me_______?
—Xi'an.I really want to visit the Terracotta Army.
A.where are you going
B.what are you doing
C.where you are going
D.what you are doing
【答案與解析】C 考查賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序。選項A和B的語序不是陳述句形式,因此首先排除掉這兩個選項。根據(jù)答句的意思“西安。我真的想?yún)⒂^兵馬俑”可知,西安是回答者想要去的地方。因此,問句應(yīng)該是詢問“要去哪里”。故選擇C項。
Ⅰ.將各組句子合并為含賓語從句的復(fù)合句。注意標(biāo)點和大小寫
1.I'm glad.You are trying to help others.
2.I believe.These boys can't play football in the street.
3.The teacher said.The moon goes around the earth.
4.I don't know.How long does it take to fly to Hong Kong?
5.She asked me.Have you been to the Great Wall?
Ⅱ.將下列句子翻譯成英文
6.你知道火車能否準(zhǔn)時到達嗎?
7.老師問學(xué)生們出什么事了。
8.你知道上學(xué)期我為什么能夠通過這次考試嗎?
9.他告訴我他下一年就上大學(xué)。
10.我認為這個男孩不會遲到。
(答案見64頁)