歐麗娜 楊大偉
【關鍵詞】 糖尿病;抑郁癥;危險因素
中圖分類號:R587.1;R749.4+1?? 文獻標識碼:A?? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2018.01.013
Analysis of prevalence and risk factors of diabetics combined with? depression in Zhuang nationality
OU Lina,YANG Dawei
【Abstract】 Objective Cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of diabetics combined with depression in Zhuang nationality,and to analyze its risk factors,so as to provide new perspectives and basis for the education of patients with diabetes mellitus.
Methods A total of 420 hospitalized patients were enrolled,which included 264 males and 156 females,aged(53.3±12.63) years,and the course of disease was(4.13±3.27) years.Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure the depression score of the patients.The depression score was 0~7 in non depression group and 8~21 in depression group,and the prevalence of depression in diabetics patients was obtained.A comparative study was carried out on general situation like age,sex,body mass index,course of disease,smoking,diabetes education and treatment methods and educational background as well as related biochemical data like blood pressure,blood lipid,glycosylated hemoglobin,C reactive protein,urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(ACR) between the two groups.Meanwhile,Logistic regression analysis was used to find out the risk factors of depression.
Results 39.28% (165 cases) of patients had varying degrees of depressive symptoms,of which 108 cases were male,accounting for 65.45%,and 57 cases were female,accounting for 34.55%.Age,diastolic blood pressure,cystatin C,VLDL,TG,HbA1c,CRP and ACR in the depression group were higher than those of the non depression group,difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Binary Logistic analysis showed that cystatin C (OR=2.03,95% CI 1.11~3.71),diastolic pressure(OR=1.05,95% CI 1.00~1.10),ACR (OR=1.03,95% CI 1.00 ~1.07) were risk factors for depression in diabetic patients.And there was no significant correlation between sex,body mass index,course of disease,smoking,diabetes education,etc.
Conclusion Diabetes patients with depression are prevalent? in Guangxi Zhuang nationality,cystatin C,diastolic blood pressure and ACR are possible independent risk factors for the incidence of it.
【Key words】 diabetes;depression;risk factors
目前糖尿病已成為我國繼心腦血管疾病、腫瘤之后的另一個重要的慢性疾病。2008年,中華醫(yī)學會的一項流行病學調(diào)查讓人感到觸目驚心,我國某些地區(qū)20歲以上的人群中,糖尿病患病率已經(jīng)達到9.7%,糖耐量異常率已經(jīng)達到15.5%[1]。2型糖尿病作為目前我國最常見的慢性疾病之一,常給患者帶來許多心理問題,其中以抑郁癥最為常見[2]。廣西地區(qū)壯族人群仍缺乏大標本的有關數(shù)據(jù)。本研究立足于此,針對廣西壯族人群糖尿病患者進行抑郁癥患病率及相關危險因素進行調(diào)查。
1.1 對象
入組標準:本研究選取2017年3月到7月在我市三級醫(yī)院住院或門診就診的糖尿病患者,壯族人群,明確糖尿病史半年以上者,能夠較好完成抑郁評分患者。排除標準:(1)初次就診,患病時間不足半年者。(2)有精神疾病既往史及家族史者。(3)有冠心病、甲亢、哮喘、高血壓等慢性病者。(4)在進行問卷前充分與患者溝通,患者均自愿加入本調(diào)查,并表示能夠積極配合相關問卷。本研究共收集病例456例,中途因排除標準,或某些客觀原因,最后入選有效病例420例。
1.2 方法
本研究為排除糖尿病癥狀如多飲、多尿、體重下降給抑郁評分帶來的影響,選用了醫(yī)院焦慮抑郁量表(HADS)。由經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓的醫(yī)務人員對患者進行抑郁評分,根據(jù)抑郁量表評分數(shù)據(jù),將患者分為兩組,抑郁組和非抑郁組。非抑郁組評分0~7分,抑郁組評分8~21分。同時收集兩組患者年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)、病程、吸煙、糖尿病教育、治療方式、學歷等一般情況及血壓、血脂、糖化血紅蛋白、C反應蛋白、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)等相關生化數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,連續(xù)性正態(tài)計量資料采用(±s)表示,組間比較進行獨立樣本t檢驗,對糖尿病患者抑郁癥發(fā)生的危險因素進行二元Logistic回歸分析,檢驗水準:α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗。
2.1 糖尿病患者抑郁癥的患病率及兩組患者臨床資料對比
在收集的420例患者中,39.29%(165例)的糖尿病患者患有抑郁癥,其中男性108例占65.45%,女性57例占34.55%。60.71%的(255例)糖尿病患者無抑郁癥,其中男性157例占61.45%,女性98例占38.55%,兩組性別構(gòu)成差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。抑郁組的年齡、舒張壓、胱抑素C、極低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯、糖化血紅蛋白、C反應蛋白及ACR高于非抑郁組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2 二元Logistic回歸分析
在二元Logistic回歸分析中,以抑郁量表評分為因變量,對抑郁量表評分0~7分賦值為0,抑郁量表評分8~21分賦值為1;年齡0~40歲賦值為0,41~60歲賦值為1,60歲以上賦值為2;性別男賦值為1,女賦值為0;體重指數(shù)0~18賦值為0,18.1~24.0賦值為1,24.0以上賦值為2;病程0~5年賦值為0,5年以上賦值為1;不吸煙賦值為0,吸煙賦值為1;參加過糖尿病教育賦值為0,未參加過賦值為1;學歷高中以下賦值為0,高中及以上賦值為1;血壓、血脂、糖化血紅蛋白、C反應蛋白、腎小球濾過率、ACR為實際值;以上指標為自變量。最終結(jié)果顯示胱抑素C(OR=2.03,95% CI 1.11~3.71),舒張壓(OR=1.05,95% CI 1.00~1.10),ACR(OR=1.03,95% CI 1.00~1.07)是糖尿病患者合并抑郁癥的危險因素。見表2。
近年來,因抑郁出現(xiàn)自殺、傷人的事件時有報道。抑郁為一種常見的心理問題,主要表現(xiàn)為情緒失落,對事物失去興趣或愉快感,思維遲緩、注意力難以集中等。近年來大量的研究表明慢性疾病諸如冠心病[3]、高血壓[4~6]等均會增加抑郁癥的發(fā)病。本研究共收集420例住院及門診患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥的患病率高達39.28%,這與國內(nèi)有關研究[2]顯示的抑郁癥的患病率相仿,表明廣西壯族人群中糖尿病患者抑郁癥發(fā)病率與其他民族人群無明顯差異。但是目前極高的患病率及極低的診斷率說明在糖尿病患者中抑郁未得到足夠的重視,由其帶來的社會不良事件亦得不到足夠有效的控制,值得我們廣大醫(yī)務工作者反思,應加強對糖尿病患者的心理干預,避免不良事件的發(fā)生。
本研究中顯示,胱抑素C是糖尿病合并抑郁的獨立危險因素。胱抑素C是一種廣泛存在于人體組織的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑。它由于只經(jīng)腎小球濾過而被清除,重吸收后亦不返回血液,因此其能有效反映人體腎小球濾過功能的變化,近年來較多的研究與糖尿病腎病的早期診斷相聯(lián)系[7]。Marc M.Budge等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在老年人群中,胱抑素C與認識能力密切相關,但具體如何影響老年人的認識能力仍不明確。Evgueni Minev等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)在健康老年人群中,血中高胱抑素C與抑郁癥的發(fā)病密切相關。另外Lovisa A Olsson[10]在一項研究中指出,腎功能是老年人幸福感的主觀決定因素,胱抑素C與男性抑郁情緒有顯著的相關性。本研究結(jié)果與上述研究結(jié)果基本相符,我們認為胱抑素C與抑郁的發(fā)病密切相關,是其發(fā)病的獨立危險因素,但其機制仍有待進一步研究探討。
在本研究中,舒張壓同樣是糖尿病合并抑郁的獨立危險因素。目前有較多的研究指出高血壓與抑郁的發(fā)病密切相關[6]。可能原因與焦慮抑郁等情緒障礙會引起自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺素軸(HPA)功能調(diào)節(jié)紊亂[11],舒張壓(容量性負荷)的升高,會引起皮質(zhì)醇、醛固酮的分泌異常,從而負反饋引起HPA軸的異常,而HPA軸的異常又會引起血壓的異常,兩者呈現(xiàn)惡性循環(huán)。
尿白蛋白/肌酐比值作為近年來興起的對糖尿病腎病診斷十分重要的診斷依據(jù)之一,未見有與抑郁癥相關的報道。但從本研究得出的三個結(jié)果來看,無論是胱抑素C、尿蛋白還是舒張壓,都與腎臟的功能密切相關,這與 Osson等人[10]的研究相符,但其內(nèi)在機制仍待進一步研究。
本研究為以后進一步研究糖尿病與抑郁癥之間的聯(lián)系提供了基礎資料及研究方向,為糖尿病患者宣教增加了新的內(nèi)容,為臨床醫(yī)生更好地診斷糖尿病并抑郁提供了部分理論依據(jù)。
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