張耀東,沈 罡
糖尿?。╠iabetes mellitus,DM)是一種導(dǎo)致人體發(fā)生代謝紊亂的綜合性疾病,其主要并發(fā)癥常導(dǎo)致各種微血管及大血管病變,如糖尿病腎?。╠iabetic nephropathy,DN)、視網(wǎng)膜病變、神經(jīng)病變等。DN作為重要并發(fā)癥之一,影響了超過40%的DM人群。DN的臨床特征表現(xiàn)為蛋白尿、腎小球濾過率降低、高血壓等,如不及時治療干預(yù),可能發(fā)展為腎衰竭,導(dǎo)致腎透析或需要腎移植。高血糖、高血壓、遺傳等各種因素都會導(dǎo)致DN的發(fā)生。有研究顯示[1],DM發(fā)展為DN與其血糖的控制無關(guān),因此,基因檢測能及早發(fā)現(xiàn)DM患者發(fā)生腎病的遺傳學(xué)傾向,對DN預(yù)測起到非常重要的作用。DN患者遺傳基因鑒別是DM研究重點,可以使人們從分子學(xué)角度評估基因位點改變對DN的影響,從而對疾病治療和并發(fā)癥預(yù)防發(fā)揮作用。目前在預(yù)測DN發(fā)病易感基因研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),單核苷酸多態(tài)性是DN最主要因素,大量DN相關(guān)基因評估圍繞單核苷酸多態(tài)性易感基因展開[2],其基因多態(tài)性研究對高?;颊叩念A(yù)測及預(yù)防具有重要意義。
炎性細胞因子直接參與DN病理變化過程,在DN患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)編碼炎性細胞因子基因發(fā)生突變率升高,證明編碼細胞因子基因突變與DN患病有關(guān)。
1.1 白細胞介素(interleukin,IL) 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-1β基因啟動子(-511C/T)多態(tài)性及白細胞介素1受體拮抗基因(IL-1βRN)內(nèi)含子2和外顯子2突變均與DN有顯著相關(guān)性。IL-6基因啟動子區(qū)域634 C/G多態(tài)性是DN易感因素,尤其在日本2型DM并發(fā)大量蛋白尿患者中G/G純合子頻率高[3]。在Wang等[4]研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6外顯子 9中一種錯義突變(V385I)與2型DM患者中DN發(fā)生率升高有關(guān)。在對臺灣2型DM發(fā)生DN患者研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-10基因啟動子區(qū)域-592A/C多態(tài)性,導(dǎo)致IL-10和單核細胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的產(chǎn)生受到影響[5]。
1.2 腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)
TNF-α基因6號染色體短臂具有高度多態(tài)性,其中TNF-α 308G/A基因多態(tài)性與DN發(fā)病率升高有關(guān),據(jù)研究顯示它將會增加2型DM發(fā)生腎衰竭的風(fēng)險[6,7]。 但 Lindholm 等[8]證實,在 1 型和 2 型 DM中,TNF-α 308G/A和LTA T60N基因多態(tài)性發(fā)生概率是相似的,與DN是否發(fā)病無關(guān)。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[9],具有TNF-α 308G/A基因多態(tài)性的DM患者,可以作為保護因素降低DN發(fā)病率,但其仍存在種族特異性。
2.1 Ⅵ型膠原蛋白基因α1(COL4A1) Ⅵ型膠原蛋白是廣泛存在于人體多種組織的重要組成成分,其中COL4A1在Ⅵ型膠原蛋白合成中起到主要作用。COL4A1內(nèi)含子1中兩個單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rs614282 and rs679062)被發(fā)現(xiàn)與DN發(fā)病率升高顯著相關(guān)[3]。
2.2 層粘連蛋白 (aminin,LAM) LAM是細胞外基質(zhì)糖蛋白中主要的非膠原基底膜成分,它參與細胞黏附、分化、遷移、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、神經(jīng)突增生和代謝等多種生物過程。Ewens等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)DN患病中LAM A4基因內(nèi)含子區(qū)域一個基因突變 (rs3734287)和LAM C1基因Asn837Asn突變(rs20557)較高。
2.3 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloprotease 9,MMP9) Maeda 等[11]和 Hirakawa 等[12]研 究 證明,在日本人和高加索人2型DM患者中,發(fā)生DN者其MMP9微衛(wèi)星位點啟動子 (D20S838)短串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列具有多態(tài)性,Ewens等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)在MMP9中5’端一段 8.2kb單核苷酸(rs11697325)多態(tài)性與DN發(fā)病率升高存在顯著關(guān)聯(lián)性。
3.1 血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶 (angiotensin con-vering enzyme,ACE) ACE是一種很強的縮血管效應(yīng)升壓物質(zhì)。ACE基因多態(tài)性決定了其產(chǎn)生和血循環(huán)中的水平,ACE基因DD型與1型DM患者發(fā)生DN有直接關(guān)系[13-15]。對一項來自歐洲(EURAGEDIC)白種人大范圍病例對照研究和以家庭為基礎(chǔ)的傳遞與不平衡檢驗中顯示[13],ACE基因DD型、I/D型和Ⅱ型均在DN患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),亞洲伊朗人群中也同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)類似的結(jié)果[16]。 經(jīng)一項薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示[17],1型和2型糖尿病患者中ACE基因I/D型比Ⅱ型更容易發(fā)生DN,其患病風(fēng)險將提高22%。
3.2 血管緊張素原(angiotensinogen,AGT)和血管緊張素 2 受體(angiotensinz 2 receptors,AT2R)Mooyaart等[18]研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn) AGT基因 rs699和AT2R I型基因rs5186多態(tài)性與DN的發(fā)病有關(guān),但AT2R-1332 G:A多態(tài)性,與女性DM患者DN發(fā)病率升高相關(guān)。
4.1 一氧化氮合成酶 (NO synthase,NOS) NOS基因認為是DN發(fā)病的一種易感基因,表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)含子4中一段27bp重復(fù)序列三個基因錯義突變G894T (rs1799983),NOS 啟 動 子 (rs2070744)T786C單核苷酸多態(tài)性與DN易感性相關(guān)[19-22]。G894T突變可能增加大量蛋白尿發(fā)病風(fēng)險,加速微量蛋白尿向大量蛋白尿病程進展,降低腎小球濾過率,增加血肌酐水平[23,24],但目前仍有 待進 一步 證實。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)皮型NOS-4b/a多態(tài)性與2型DM 患者 DN 發(fā)病率增加有關(guān)[25,26],但在阿拉伯人群中卻未被證實[27]。
4.2 過氧化氫酶 (catalase,CAT) CAT是生物氧化過程中重要的抗氧化酶,能有效地清除各種活性氧基團,保護細胞不受活性氧的氧化損傷。CAT非翻譯區(qū) 5’端(rs1049982)和內(nèi)含子 1(rs560807)的變異增加1型DM患者發(fā)生DN的風(fēng)險[21]。
4.3 超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxide dismatase,SOD) SOD通過清除自由基來保護體內(nèi)的細胞免受氧化損傷。1型DM患者體內(nèi)的錳超氧化歧化酶(MnSOD)第9位氨基酸密碼子突變導(dǎo)致纈氨酸(Val,GTT)被丙氨酸(Ala,GCT)所取代[28],發(fā)生 DN的風(fēng)險較高。墨西哥人群1型DM患者參與的研究中顯示,出現(xiàn)大量蛋白尿患者的MnSOD發(fā)生Val16Ala的比例較尿蛋白正常者高出6.7%[29]。而在日韓人群2型DM患者中,DN主要表現(xiàn)為丙氨酸(Ala,GCT)被纈氨酸(Val,GTT)取代,發(fā)生該種氨基酸密碼子突變的占全部調(diào)查人群的85%~90%,明顯高于北高加索人群(50%)[30,31]。
5.1 脂聯(lián)素(ADIPOQ) ADIPOQ是脂肪組織細胞特異性分泌的一種細胞因子,具有調(diào)控生物體能量穩(wěn)態(tài)、糖類和脂類代謝、肥胖、抗炎癥反應(yīng)等多種生物學(xué)功能。Wu等[32]在對臺灣地區(qū)2型DM患者研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ADIPOQ (rs266729/-11377)C等位基因頻率高于未發(fā)生DN人群,攜帶CC和CG基因型患者比攜帶GG基因型的患者有更易患DN的風(fēng)險(OR=1.58)。在非裔美國人中DN組與正常對照組相比,ADIPOQ內(nèi)含子1(rs182052)的A等位基因是DN 的易感基因(P=0.0015,OR=1.37)[33]。 趙海燕等[17]對中國深圳地區(qū)漢族人群研究發(fā)現(xiàn),攜帶-11377CC和-11391GG基因型者,患DN危險增加,且血清三酰甘油和總膽固醇水平較變異組 (-11377CG+GG和 11391GA+AA)顯著增高。Vionnet等[34]在對丹麥、芬蘭和法國1型DM患者分析染色體3q24-3qter上與DN相關(guān)的14種基因上69種單核苷酸多態(tài)性時,首次報道了ADIPOQ與1型DM微血管病變有關(guān)聯(lián)。其中丹麥人群的ADIPOQ啟動子區(qū)域G/A(rs17300539/-11391)上的A等位基因可以增加1型DM患DN的風(fēng)險(OR=1.46),G等位基因可以降低此風(fēng)險,而在芬蘭和法國人群中未發(fā)現(xiàn)這種關(guān)聯(lián)(P=0.784和P=0.07),表明基因多態(tài)性與種族有關(guān)。
5.2 載脂蛋白E (aplipoprotein E,ApoE) 在對載脂蛋白E基因的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)與DN的易感性有關(guān)[35]。ApoE的染色體上有3個等位基因異構(gòu)體,包括 E2、E3、E4。 Mooyaart等[18]進行的薈萃研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),E2和E4基因異構(gòu)體與DN發(fā)病率存在關(guān)聯(lián),其中E2是DN的風(fēng)險因素,而E4則是保護性因素。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ApoE三個等位基因異構(gòu)體在DN發(fā)病進展中的影響作用相對較弱[36]。
5.3 醛糖還原酶 (aldose reductase,AR) AR作用在糖代謝多元醇通路的第一步驟,是葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)化為山梨醇的一個限速酶。KO等[37]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了AR基因(AKR1B1)中的 7 個等位基因:Z-6、Z-4、Z-2、Z、Z+2、Z+4、Z+6,其(AC)n 的重復(fù)序列為:21、22、23、24、25、26和 27。 Z-2等位基因型在 DN 患者中明顯增加,而Z+2相對減少,表明Z-2可能是DN的危險因子,增加DN易感性,而Z+2則是保護性因子[38,39]。 Moczulski等在對 1 型 DM AR 基因上游5’端(AC)n研究時發(fā)現(xiàn)Z-2基因型患者DN的發(fā)病率明顯高于其他基因型。AR啟動子區(qū)域的C-106T多態(tài)位點攜帶T基因者DN的風(fēng)險明顯高于C 基因型[40],Gosek 等[41]對芬蘭 2 型糖尿病人群研究中證實,具有DN高風(fēng)險因素的血糖控制不佳者和微量蛋白尿者同樣具有該種基因多態(tài)性。
5.4 葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白-1(Glucose transporter-1,GLUT-1) GLUT-1是腎小球系膜細胞和上皮細胞中主要的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白。有證據(jù)顯示GLUT-1與腎小球疾病導(dǎo)致的高血壓有關(guān)[42]。 Ng 等[43]在研究1型DM患者 GLUT-1基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性時發(fā)現(xiàn),XbaI內(nèi)含子2和HaeIII外顯子2中的基因突變與DN易感性有關(guān),其中XbaI表現(xiàn)為識別序列TCTAGA中的G被T取代。在Zintzaras等[44]研究1型DM患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),XbaI中SLC2A1基因突變也是導(dǎo)致DN易發(fā)的原因。XbaI有三種類型,包括XbaI(+/+)、XbaI(+/-)、XbaI(-/-)。 我國 2 型 DM 患者XbaI(-/-)基因型在DN的患者中出現(xiàn)的頻率明顯高于不伴腎損害者,提示XbaI(-/-)可能是2型DN的危險因素,但在其他族群研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn)一致結(jié)果,或提示存在種族差異性[45]。
綜上所述,DN是50~70歲DM患者病死的主要原因,對其預(yù)防和干預(yù)引起人們越來越多關(guān)注。遺傳和環(huán)境因素都會導(dǎo)致DN風(fēng)險增加,其中易感基因是DN主要影響因素,同時等位基因多態(tài)性對DN進展有不同效果,可能作為DN的發(fā)病或保護性因素。多項研究成果已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)與DN相關(guān)的易感基因,但存在較大爭議,仍有較多DN候選基因有待被識別。隨著人類在基因?qū)W領(lǐng)域、蛋白質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域和生物信息學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究拓展,通過對DN相關(guān)基因識別,可以更好地了解DN發(fā)病機制,對DN進行早期評價,這將有助于對DN的早期診斷、治療和預(yù)防,推遲和減少對患者的影響,以減少患者負擔(dān)。
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