朱春華,周先艷,李進(jìn)學(xué),杜玉霞,董美超,沈正松,高俊燕,潘思軼,岳建強(qiáng)
(1.云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶亞熱帶經(jīng)濟(jì)作物研究所,云南保山 678600)(2.華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,湖北武漢 430000)
檸檬是蕓香科柑橘屬的常綠果樹(shù),在世界柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)中,檸檬產(chǎn)量次于橙和寬皮橘,位居第三位。檸檬在大航海時(shí)代就用于治療壞血癥,不僅能夠補(bǔ)充人體必需的維生素C,而且具有美容養(yǎng)顏、清除自由基、降尿酸、降血脂、降血壓和防癌抗癌等功效[1~5]。檸檬果實(shí)中具有特殊功效的成分主要有圣草枸櫞苷、柚皮苷、多甲氧基黃酮、D-檸檬烯、橙皮苷、地奧司明、香豆素及單萜物質(zhì)橙皮油素類、檸檬醛和檸檬苦素類等物質(zhì)[6]。
檸檬苦素類化合物是引起蕓香科果實(shí)“后苦”的主要原因[7,8],存在于果實(shí)的不同部位[9],具有抗腫瘤[10]及白血病細(xì)胞[11]等功效。橙皮苷、地奧司明可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,引起細(xì)胞凋亡[12,13]、具有降血壓、降血脂等功效[14~16]、國(guó)外對(duì)檸檬、萊檬果實(shí)中黃酮物質(zhì)含量及功效研究有較多報(bào)道[2,13,17,18],黃酮含量與品種[19,20]、果實(shí)不同部位[21]、成熟度、生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境等因素有關(guān)[22~24]。于玉涵分析了四川安岳檸檬果實(shí)中 13種類黃酮含量[25],Wanpeng Xi報(bào)道了重慶5個(gè)檸檬品種不同部位的主要酚類物質(zhì)及其抗氧化能力[26],王紅靜建立了尿酸模型,驗(yàn)證了云南檸檬具有降尿酸的功效[27],云南德宏和四川安岳是國(guó)內(nèi)檸檬主產(chǎn)區(qū),瑞麗檸檬是國(guó)家地理標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品,檸檬鮮果較國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)提前1~2月上市,作者曾分析了德宏地區(qū)檸檬不同發(fā)育時(shí)期基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的變化[28~30],但對(duì)云南檸檬果實(shí)中檸檬苦素、圣草枸櫞苷、橙皮苷和地奧司明等具有特殊功效的功能成分未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文分析瑞麗三個(gè)不同生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育時(shí)期的檸檬果實(shí)中檸檬苦素及主要類黃酮物質(zhì)含量,可為檸檬深加工和健康飲食指導(dǎo)提供理論依據(jù)。
本文選擇云南省德宏州瑞麗市勐秀鄉(xiāng)勐典栽培的尤力克檸檬為研究對(duì)象,砧木為枳殼砧。種植地海拔950 mm,平均氣溫18.3~20 ℃,最高氣溫38.8 ℃,最低氣溫-2.1 ℃,1月份平均氣溫10.9 ℃~12.5 ℃,年均日照2218~2453 h,年均降雨量1400~1800 mm,年積溫6400~7300 ℃。樣品分析在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院柑桔研究所農(nóng)業(yè)部柑桔及苗木質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)測(cè)試中心完成。
1.2.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品溶液的制備
準(zhǔn)確稱取圣草枸櫞苷、蘆丁、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、地奧司明、甜橙黃酮、川皮苷、橘黃酮和檸檬苦素各 5.00 mg,分別用色譜純甲醇溶解并定容至10.00 mL容量瓶中,配成500 mg/L標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的母液備用。采用逐級(jí)稀釋法用色譜純甲醇溶液將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品溶液配制成一系列質(zhì)量濃度的混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品溶液。
1.2.2 樣品的制備
檸檬汁樣品:新鮮檸檬洗凈,采用手動(dòng)壓榨法制取新鮮檸檬汁,用雙層紗布過(guò)濾后備用。準(zhǔn)確吸取制好果汁樣品2.00 mL置于50 mL離心管中,加入10.00 mL甲醇振蕩1 min,以10000 r/min離心10 min,分離上清液,殘?jiān)?0 mL提取劑重復(fù)提取一次,合并上清液定容至25 mL,過(guò)0.22 μm微孔濾膜后待測(cè)。
1.2.3 色譜條件
色譜柱:ACQUITY UPLC BEH C1 8分析柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm);流動(dòng)相:甲醇和0.2%乙酸溶液,采用梯度洗脫(見(jiàn)表1);柱溫:35 ℃;流速:0.3 mL/min;定量波長(zhǎng)為283 nm和330 nm,波長(zhǎng)掃描范圍200~400 nm,進(jìn)樣量為3.0 μL。以保留時(shí)間結(jié)合光譜掃描圖定性,采用外標(biāo)法定量。
表1 流動(dòng)相及流速Table 1 Mobile phase and flow rate
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPASS 20.0,圖形制作采用origin 8.0完成。
圖1 類黃酮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)色譜圖Fig.1 HPLC chromatogram of 9 flavonoids standards
圖2 花后60 d檸檬果實(shí)類黃酮色譜圖Fig.2 HPLC chromatogram of flavonoids in lemon fruit in 60 days
圖3 花后150 d檸檬果實(shí)類黃酮色譜圖Fig.3 HPLC chromatograms of flavonoids in 150 days
圖4 花后210 d檸檬果實(shí)類黃酮色譜圖Fig.4 HPLC chromatogram of flavonoids in lemon fruit in 210 days
圖5 檸檬苦素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)色譜圖Fig.5 HPLC chromatogram of limonin standard
檸檬果實(shí)中類黃酮混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的HPLC色譜圖見(jiàn)圖1。混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品中各類黃酮成分目標(biāo)峰形尖銳,對(duì)稱性好。
檸檬果實(shí)中主要類黃酮成分含量結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2,由表中可見(jiàn),不同發(fā)育時(shí)期檸檬果實(shí)中類黃酮種類和含量差異顯著。隨著檸檬果實(shí)的成熟,類黃酮含量總體呈下降趨勢(shì),花后60 d總含量為83.15 mg/g,花后210 d下降至20.94 mg/g。檸檬果實(shí)中地奧司明含量最高,含量占總類黃酮含量的83.26%~84.61%、其次為黃烷酮類,占14.18%~15.45%,含量最低的為多甲氧基黃酮,含量?jī)H為0.01%~0.89%。4種黃烷酮在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期均達(dá)到極顯著水平(p<0.01),橙皮苷、新橙皮苷隨著果實(shí)的成熟,含量呈下降趨勢(shì),從花后60 d至花后210 d,分別下降了85.74%和76.11%;圣草枸櫞苷、柚皮苷則與之相反,隨著成熟度的增加,其含量增多,圣草枸櫞苷從0.02 mg/g增加至0.98 mg/g;柚皮苷在花后60 d未檢出,花后210 d含量為0.01 mg/g。
在柑橘中,柚皮素及產(chǎn)物在7-O-葡萄糖苷轉(zhuǎn)移酶的作用下先形成7-O-葡萄糖苷類,經(jīng)1,2-鼠李糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶催化形成帶苦味的柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、新圣草次苷和枳屬苷,然后在1,6-鼠李糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的作用下分別形成無(wú)苦味的柚皮蕓香苷、橙皮苷、圣草次苷和香風(fēng)草苷[31,32]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,新橙皮苷在花后150 d、210 d分別下降了75.6%、76.14%,圣草枸櫞苷在花后150 d、210 d分別增加了61.1%、64.2%,推測(cè)可能是新橙皮苷轉(zhuǎn)化為圣草枸櫞苷。
蘆丁在不同果實(shí)發(fā)育時(shí)期均達(dá)到了極顯著水平(p<0.01),含量隨著果實(shí)的成熟逐漸降低,花后60 d含量為1.31 mg/g,花后210 d下降至0.25 mg/g,降幅為81.02%。地奧司明是檸檬果實(shí)中含量最高的黃酮類物質(zhì),花后60 d含量為69.69 mg/g,占總類黃酮含量的83.81%,花后150 d降至14.91 mg/g,但仍是同一時(shí)期含量最高的物質(zhì),發(fā)育至花后210 d,含量為17.72 mg/g,占總類黃酮含量的84.61%。檸檬果實(shí)中未檢測(cè)出橘黃酮,甜橙黃酮和川皮苷均呈現(xiàn)先升后降的趨勢(shì),花后150 d均達(dá)到最高值,二者均為0.01 mg/g。甜橙黃酮含量在不同時(shí)期達(dá)到了極顯著水平(p<0.01),花后60 d未檢出,花后150 d增至0.01 mg/g,花后210 d降低至0.001 mg/g,川皮苷未達(dá)到顯著水平。
本文中除了圣草枸櫞苷、柚皮苷在果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中含量呈上升趨勢(shì),檸檬苦素、地奧司明和橙皮苷等物質(zhì)伴隨果實(shí)的發(fā)育和成熟其含量總體呈現(xiàn)下降的趨勢(shì),這與Kim等人研究結(jié)果相似[33,34],J Chen等也表明4種甜橙中盡管黃烷酮在果實(shí)的綠熟期和轉(zhuǎn)色期其積累量有少許波動(dòng),但黃烷酮糖苷類在不同種質(zhì)果實(shí)的不同組織中都呈現(xiàn)總體下降的趨勢(shì)[12],說(shuō)明黃酮類在柑橘果實(shí)中的代謝存在明顯的規(guī)律性變化,但檸檬果實(shí)中黃酮物質(zhì)具體代謝途徑有待進(jìn)一步研究。
J Chen表明,橘、甜橙和檸檬中無(wú)苦味的蕓香糖苷類尤其是橙皮苷異常豐富[35],Delourdesmatabilbao指出蘆丁是柑橘中含量最為豐富的黃酮醇糖苷,且以檸檬中的含量居高[36],Escriche等也指出黃酮醇則主要存在于檸檬中[37],于玉涵表明四川尤力克檸檬果實(shí)中含量最高的類黃酮物質(zhì)為橙皮苷和圣草枸櫞苷[16],Wanpeng Xi也報(bào)道了四川檸檬果實(shí)中橙皮苷是主要的黃酮類物質(zhì)[17],Vincenzo Sicari指出意大利卡拉布里亞區(qū)檸檬果實(shí)中新橙皮苷含量最高、柚皮苷次之[16]。本文檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明,在整個(gè)檸檬果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,地奧司明含量最高,其次為橙皮苷和新橙皮苷為主的黃烷酮類,含量最低的為多甲氧基黃酮,但未檢出橘黃酮,蘆丁為代表的黃酮醇類物質(zhì)含量在檸檬果實(shí)中并不高,該結(jié)果與現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的差異可能由于地理氣候、土壤條件有關(guān),推測(cè)云南德宏氣候條件下更有利于地奧司明成分積累,具體原因有待進(jìn)一步研究。
表2 檸檬果實(shí)中主要功能成分含量Table 2 The content of main functional components in lemon fruit
三個(gè)不同時(shí)期的檸檬果實(shí)中均檢測(cè)到檸檬苦素,含量隨著果實(shí)的成熟而逐漸降低,如圖5所示。檸檬苦素在檸檬果實(shí)中含量見(jiàn)圖 9,檸檬苦素在果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中呈下降趨勢(shì),含量差異達(dá)到顯著水平(p<0.05),花后60 d含量為0.11 mg/g,花后150 d下降至0.05 mg/g,花后210 d含量最低,僅為0.04 mg/g。
圖6 花后60d檸檬果實(shí)檸檬苦素色譜圖Fig.6 HPLC chromatogram of limonin in lemon fruit in 60 days
圖7 花后150d檸檬果實(shí)檸檬苦素色譜圖Fig.7 HPLC chromatogram of limonin in lemon fruit in 150 days
圖8 花后210d檸檬果實(shí)檸檬苦素色譜圖Fig.8 HPLC chromatogram of flavonoids in lemon fruit in 210 days
圖9 不同時(shí)期檸檬苦素含量變化圖Fig.9 Limonin content in lemon fruit at different mature stages
根據(jù)人口感檸檬苦素閾值在6 mg/L以下,花后210 d時(shí)仍有較明顯的苦味。今后應(yīng)完善和深入其在代謝及調(diào)控方面的研究,為高效提升檸檬果實(shí)特殊功效成分調(diào)控提供便捷之徑,并為果實(shí)品質(zhì)的提升提供理論依據(jù)。
本文研究表明,在檸檬果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,類黃酮含量總體呈下降趨勢(shì),花后60 d總含量為83.15 mg/g,花后210 d下降至20.94 mg/g。檸檬果實(shí)中含有大量類黃酮,尤其是地奧司明和橙皮苷,地奧司明含量占總類黃酮含量的83.26%~84.61%,其次為黃烷酮類(橙皮苷和新橙皮苷為主),占14.18%~15.45%,含量最低的為多甲氧基黃酮,含量?jī)H為0.01%~0.89%,未檢測(cè)出橘黃酮。除了川皮苷,其余物質(zhì)均達(dá)到極顯著水平(p<0.01)。花后 210 d時(shí),檸檬苦素含量仍為 0.04 mg/g,有較明顯的苦味。
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