龔磊
where在英語語法中,where可以用來引導(dǎo)定語從句、同位語從句、賓語從句和狀語從句等。不少同學(xué)經(jīng)常混淆where在不同從句中的含義和語法,導(dǎo)致在考試中失分。筆者在此對該詞引導(dǎo)的三大從句易混點(diǎn)做一剖析。
易混點(diǎn)一 where引導(dǎo)的定語從句和同位語從句
一些名詞如position,condition,situation,scene,case,stage,point,degree在句中表示做抽象地點(diǎn)時(shí),可接where引導(dǎo)定語從句。而不少抽象名詞后同樣可以使用where引導(dǎo)同位語從句。試比較:
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. (定語從句)
I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. (同位語從句)
例1 (2017·浙江卷) Paulson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長) through it.
解析 64. where。本題較復(fù)雜,同學(xué)們?nèi)菀赘鶕?jù)先行詞garden誤填which。根據(jù)從句句意和句子成分可知,此處64題應(yīng)在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,表示“在花園里”,故填where相當(dāng)于in which。
點(diǎn)撥 where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)是關(guān)系副詞, 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語, 其前有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞, 從句修飾先行詞;where在同位語從句中是連接副詞,作地點(diǎn)狀語,對前面的抽象名詞起解釋或說明的作用。
易混點(diǎn)二 where引導(dǎo)的定語從句和狀語從句
1. where引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)屬連詞,從句修飾主句的謂語動(dòng)詞, where前面沒有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞。例如:
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.
I found my books where I had left them.
有時(shí), where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引導(dǎo)的定語從句則不能。如:
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Where there is water, there is life.
有水的地方就有生命。
2. 在有些情況下, where引導(dǎo)的定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句。例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (定語從句)
=A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. (狀語從句)
在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。
易混點(diǎn)三 where引導(dǎo)的定語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句
例2 Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?
解析 將第二個(gè)where改為that,與前面的could it be共同構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。本題解題的關(guān)鍵在于搞清楚句子中兩個(gè)where究竟哪一個(gè)才是定語從句。根據(jù)句意,本句的意思應(yīng)該為:可能正是在你昨天和我吃飯的那家館子丟失的手提包?
點(diǎn)撥 在被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分后接定語從句,往往使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。針對這種從句套從句的情況,同學(xué)們一定要仔細(xì)辨別,搞清楚到底哪一個(gè)才是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的固定搭配。
易混點(diǎn)四 where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
1. what在名詞性從句當(dāng)中可以充當(dāng)主語、表語和賓語,表示“……的地方”(what=the place that)。
In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America.
=In 1492, Columbus reached the place that is now called America.
1492年哥倫布到達(dá)了現(xiàn)在所稱的美洲大陸。
2. where在賓語從句中是連接副詞,作地點(diǎn)狀語。如:
I dont know where Jim once lived.
我不知道吉姆曾經(jīng)住的地方。
例3 (2017·北京卷) Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing _______ she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
解析 B。句意:Jane漫無目的地走在兩旁栽樹的街道上,不知道她將去往何方。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)用where在賓語從句中充當(dāng)連接副詞,作地點(diǎn)狀語。
點(diǎn)撥 要區(qū)別where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,關(guān)鍵是看題中所缺成分是什么。如缺少地點(diǎn)狀語,則使用where;如所缺成分是主語、表語和賓語,則可能是what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。endprint
易混點(diǎn)五 where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句和wherever 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句
wherever引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句和讓步狀語從句。
1. 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句,表示“在……的任何(所有)地方”,與where, anywhere, everywhere用法相似。如:
You cant camp wherever(where/anywhere)you like these days.
如今你可不能隨便在哪兒宿營。
2. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示“不管在(到)哪里”,相當(dāng)于no matter where。如:
Wherever you find high wages, you will generally find high prices.
哪里有高工資,哪里一般就有高物價(jià)。
例4 Communicate with people ______ you go—English is spoken in more than 100 countries.
解析 wherever。設(shè)空前后兩句都是完整的句子,故設(shè)空處應(yīng)填連詞或從句引導(dǎo)詞。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示“無論哪里”,故填wherever。
易混點(diǎn)六 from where和where引導(dǎo)的定語從句
from這個(gè)介詞有一種比較特殊的用法——其后可以再加上一個(gè)介詞短語。如:
from under the table 從桌子底下
from behind the door 從門后面
from where這個(gè)形式是from的特殊用法。試比較:
She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town.
=She climbed up to the top of the hill, and from on the top of the hill she could have a good view of the whole town.
她登上山頂,從那里她可以一覽全城風(fēng)光。
She climbed up to the top of the hill, where she felt very excited.
=She climbed up to the top of the hill, on which she felt very excited.
她登上山頂,在山頂她感到很興奮。
例5 Look over there! Some people are standing under the big tree, where you can enjoy the whole view.
解析 where前添加from。句意:看那邊!一些人正站在一棵大樹下,從那里你可以欣賞到全景。此處from where相當(dāng)于from under the big tree。要判斷究竟是用from where還是用where,關(guān)鍵是看句子所要表達(dá)的含義。from where表示“從某個(gè)區(qū)域”,而where僅表示“在某個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)”。endprint