構(gòu)建知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提高書面表達(dá)能力

林惠娟+周興旺

復(fù)習(xí)備考是個(gè)長期而艱巨的任務(wù)，其中最棘手的部分之一就是書面表達(dá)。沒有充足的詞匯量和短語積累，沒有扎實(shí)的英語語法知識(shí)，沒有廣博的課本以外的知識(shí)和信息，交出一份優(yōu)秀的書面表達(dá)是非常困難的。因此，只有從復(fù)習(xí)一開始就著手準(zhǔn)備，構(gòu)建“詞匯、短語—語法—銜接、過渡”的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我們才能逐步提高書面表達(dá)的能力。

詞匯是進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)。同學(xué)們的詞匯量大小直接影響書面表達(dá)的質(zhì)量。同學(xué)們積累的詞匯越豐富，表達(dá)也就會(huì)越準(zhǔn)確，句子也會(huì)寫得越生動(dòng)。詞匯量匱乏，會(huì)使同學(xué)們在書面表達(dá)中面臨詞不達(dá)意或者表達(dá)單調(diào)乏味的問題。所以，同學(xué)們要提高書面表達(dá)的能力，首先要攻克的就是單詞關(guān)，不僅在“量”上有所增加，更要在“質(zhì)”上有所突破。詞匯不僅要用得準(zhǔn)確無誤，更要用得生動(dòng)形象。下面以幾組例句來談?wù)勅绾卫迷~匯的升級來豐富句子的表達(dá)。

第一組

1. There is a river in the center of the city.

—There flows a river in the center of the city.

2. There was another famous building.

—There stood another famous building.

3. There was a train.

—There went a train.

4. Here is my advice.

—Here comes my advice.

5. There was a man on the ground， wounded badly.

—There lay a man， wounded badly.

將原句中的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be根據(jù)需要換成有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，使句子更加形象。

第二組

1. English is more and more important.

—English is increasingly important.

2. There is no doubt that Taiwan is part of China.

—Undoubtedly， Taiwan is part of China.

3. The trip is really wonderful.

—The trip is really enjoyable/unforgettable.

4. The activity was interesting.

—The activity was meaningful/entertaining.

5. He is a good student.

—He is a superior/promising/outstanding student.

6. The test was hard.

—The test was demanding/challenging .

原句的表達(dá)比較平實(shí)，詞匯過于平常，用高級一點(diǎn)的同義詞或者近義詞將原來的用詞置換，就有不同的效果。

第三組

1. A strong/big earthquake happened in Tangshan in the 1980s.

—A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tang Shan in the 1980s.

—1980s saw/witnessed a terrible earthquake in Tang Shan.

2. I think of a good idea.

—A good idea flashed across/into my mind.

3. I cant remember your name.

—Your name escaped me.

表達(dá)相同的意思，選用的詞匯以及運(yùn)用詞匯的方式不一樣，表達(dá)的效果截然不同。原句實(shí)事求是，陳述事實(shí)，表達(dá)平庸；將詞匯置換之后，表達(dá)動(dòng)態(tài)效果更好，讓人印象深刻。

很多同學(xué)的書面表達(dá)只是用簡單而無語法錯(cuò)誤的句子進(jìn)行寫作。但是，只達(dá)到簡單無誤這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的句子未免單調(diào)，偶爾出現(xiàn)那么幾句“別出心裁”的句子才能讓人耳目一新。

所謂的“別出心裁”，也就是同學(xué)們用心地把體現(xiàn)高中所學(xué)的重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)的句式結(jié)構(gòu)在合適的時(shí)候?qū)W以致用，而且用得恰到好處。要做到這點(diǎn)絕非易事，同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)語法時(shí)就要樹立一種意識(shí)：語法是為溝通交流、表達(dá)思想服務(wù)的。所以語法學(xué)習(xí)更多的是為語言輸出作準(zhǔn)備。

同學(xué)們在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，應(yīng)該不斷地應(yīng)用語法。平時(shí)下足了功夫，到寫作時(shí)，就不會(huì)言語生澀，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂。堅(jiān)持不懈地進(jìn)行遣詞造句的訓(xùn)練是提高書面表達(dá)能力的必經(jīng)之路，而在造句的同時(shí)，同學(xué)們一定要有意識(shí)地將高中所學(xué)的體現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)的高級句式（感嘆句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句、非謂語、定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、虛擬語氣）靈活變幻地使用出來。

下面用一篇實(shí)例來談?wù)勅绾卫盟鶎W(xué)語法知識(shí)，靈活變換句式，來增強(qiáng)句子的表達(dá)力度。

假如你叫李華，打算參加由英國Newcastle中學(xué)推出的為期半年的交換生項(xiàng)目（Student Exchange Program）。請給對方寫信簡要陳述參加該項(xiàng)目的理由。內(nèi)容包括：

1. 結(jié)識(shí)朋友，相互介紹文化

2. 家庭住宿（homestay），體驗(yàn)生活，提高口語能力endprint

3. 觀光旅游，增長見識(shí)，了解風(fēng)土人情

分析 第一段簡要地介紹自己和要參加的活動(dòng)。

1. I am Li Hua， a student who is interested in the Student Exchange Program carried out by Newcastle Middle school. （定語從句+非謂語）

2. So eager am I to participate in the program which will last half a year that I cant wait to apply for it. （狀語從句+倒裝+定語從句）

第二段陳述參加項(xiàng)目的理由。

1. There are several reasons accounting for my participation. （非謂語）

2. I will make the acquaintance of many new friends， with whom I can exchange cultures in both countries./from whom I can learn more about English culture. In turn， they will also have a clear idea of Chinese culture. （介詞+關(guān)系代詞：定語從句）

3. Homestay is worth trying. Not only does it provide me with a chance to experience a new life， but it also helps to improve my spoken English. （倒裝）

4. I can go sightseeing there， thus broadening my horizon and promoting my understanding of English customs. （非謂語）

第三段表明意向，請求加入該項(xiàng)目。

1. It is Newcastle Middle school that arouses my interest. （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

2. How excited I am to be involved in such a meaningful program. （感嘆句）

3. Should you grant me an opportunity to participate in it， I would be grateful. （虛擬語氣）

書面表達(dá)句子可長可短，長短句交替使用，讀起來抑揚(yáng)頓挫，短句突出高級詞匯短語的應(yīng)用，長句突出高級語法結(jié)構(gòu)的學(xué)以致用和句式的靈活變換。

一篇好的作文絕不僅僅是句子的簡單堆砌。為了使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，增強(qiáng)說服力和感染力，同學(xué)們寫作時(shí)應(yīng)該在句子與句子之間，段落與段落之間恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┻^渡性詞語。文章缺乏銜接，再好也不過是散落的珍珠，沒有串在一起，就不能拿來當(dāng)作項(xiàng)鏈欣賞。

一個(gè)思維清晰的作者是不難分析出他用來表達(dá)思想的句子之間的邏輯的：

圍繞某一要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行多個(gè)方面的正面闡述是并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，就可以用到in addition， additionally， furthermore， moreover， more importantly ...；

對某一要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反面的闡述或提出對立觀點(diǎn)是轉(zhuǎn)折， 就可以用到 however， nevertheless， on the contrary ...；

有因果關(guān)系， 就可以用到now that， thanks to， due to， owing to， on account of， as a result/consequence of， in consequence of ...；

概括總結(jié)，就可以用到in a word， in general， generally speaking， to sum up， finally， at last， in conclusion， in summary等等過渡詞。

前文中交換生項(xiàng)目的申請信這篇書面表達(dá)，要點(diǎn)之間基本上是并列或者遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，所以我們可以巧妙地用過渡詞把句子連接起來，組成一篇有思想有邏輯的文章。

Dear Sir，

I am Li Hua， a student who is interested in the Student Exchange Program carried out by Newcastle Middle school. So eager am I to participate in the program which will last half a year that I cant wait to apply for it.

There are several reasons accounting for my participation. To begin with， I will make the acquaintance of many new friends， with whom I can exchange cultures in both countries./from whom I can learn more about English culture. In turn， they will also have a clear idea of Chinese culture. In addition/Additionally， homestay is worth trying. Not only does it provide me with a chance to experience a new life， but it also helps to improve my spoken English. Last but not the least， I can go sightseeing there， thus broadening my horizon and promoting my understanding of English customs.

It is Newcastle Middle school that arouses my interest. How excited I am to be involved in such a meaningful program. Should you grant me an opportunity to participate in it， I would be grateful. Looking forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours，

Li Hua

書面表達(dá)是最能考查同學(xué)們語言運(yùn)用能力一種形式，因?yàn)閺闹R(shí)的積累到學(xué)以致用有一個(gè)漫長的過程。它貫穿整個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)始末。

從詞匯短語積累到語法結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用再到銜接過渡，這是個(gè)龐大的知識(shí)體系。同學(xué)們們除了平時(shí)要注重積累，加強(qiáng)遣詞造句的訓(xùn)練，熟練掌握各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)，并靈活應(yīng)用，每次書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練后，還要將提供的范文和同學(xué)們優(yōu)秀作文，進(jìn)行背記，做好語言積累，構(gòu)建知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，才能逐步地提高書面表達(dá)能力。endprint