徐鴻鳴
名詞性從句包含主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,由于近年英語高考考試說明沒有把同位語從句納入其中,同學(xué)們應(yīng)著重掌握前三大名詞性從句的主要特點和用法。
1. Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue.
2. I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for his family might need.
A. whoever B. whatever
C. whichever D. whenever
3. As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
4. He turned around and found where his parents were missing.
5. My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
6. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
解析 1. what。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格后為賓語從句,該處引導(dǎo)詞相當(dāng)于the thing that,既需充當(dāng)found后的賓語,又要作appears的主語,故只有what可擔(dān)任。
2. B。根據(jù)句意“當(dāng)我把禮物卡交給他并告訴他可以用其買他的家人所需要的任何東西時,他哭了”,空格處需表示“任何東西”,whatever在此處相當(dāng)于everything that,在句中引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
3. how。普韋布洛印第安人精確地計算出土坯墻需要多厚才能確保在大多數(shù)日子里運轉(zhuǎn)正常。thick是形容詞,前面應(yīng)加上how修飾,how也充當(dāng)了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
4. 將where去掉或where→that。此處為賓語從句,從句內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)都完整。
5. that→where。此處為賓語從句,表示“距我所住的地方很近”,應(yīng)將that改為where。
6. how→what。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),how to do during the holiday充當(dāng)talking about的賓語從句,do是及物動詞,后面缺少賓語,而how為副詞,應(yīng)將how改為what。
同學(xué)們應(yīng)著重了解以下幾種英語高考名詞性從句??键c:
[what]
主要用法有兩個。一是意為“什么”,原本引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句,疑問句變?yōu)槊~性從句,從句使用陳述語序;二是相當(dāng)于something that,如同漢語中的兼語,身兼兩重功能。如:
例1 But every day, we would sit by the lake, looking at the house and dreaming of it would be like to live there.
A. which B. why C. that D. what
解析 D。根據(jù)句意“但是每天我們都會坐在湖邊,看著那棟房子,心里想象著住在里面會是什么樣子”選擇what,作介詞like的賓語。
例2 If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate is below the water surface.
解析 what。此處應(yīng)為賓語從句,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語,表示“在水面以下是什么”,應(yīng)使用what。
例3 Eventually, I decided to follow her and ________ happened truly amazed me.
解析 what。此處what相當(dāng)于the thing that,表示“所發(fā)生的事使我驚訝”。
例4 A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not ________ ships are built for.
解析 what。此處空格需要充當(dāng)上文is后的表語,又要充當(dāng)表語從句中介詞for的賓語,故只能使用what。
[that]
在名詞性從句中,that一般只起引導(dǎo)詞的作用,本身無詞義,在句中也不充當(dāng)成分,因此在句中??墒÷?,但引導(dǎo)主語從句,尤其位于句首時,不可省略。如:
例5 The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _______ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析 that??疾楸碚Z從句。句意:雨季最令人愉悅的就是人們可以完全不受沙塵的困擾。is后跟從句作表語,表語從句不缺少主語、謂語和賓語,that只起引導(dǎo)作用。
例6 _______ Li Bai is one of the greatest poets in the history of China is universally acknowledged by everyone.
解析 That。此句為主語從句,句中結(jié)構(gòu)和句意皆完整,只差一個引導(dǎo)從句的引導(dǎo)詞,應(yīng)使用that。
注意 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句較長時,此時可使用代詞it作形式主語,放于句首。上句例句可改為It is universally acknowledged (by everyone) that Li Bai is one of the greatest poets in the history of China。又如:endprint
例7 It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
解析 that。本句中it是形式主語,真正的主語是連接詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。
使用其他引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句也可使用此法。如:
It remains to be seen whether the method will really do good to the old couple.
It is still unknown when and where well go for the weekend.
注意 在使用it作形式主語時,要注意與強調(diào)句型區(qū)分。如:
It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
解析 that。此句使用了強調(diào)句型,句中when I got back to my apartment是被強調(diào)的部分。
[whether&if]
whether和if含有“是否”之意,除了if不可引導(dǎo)同位語從句外,可引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句。如:
例8 She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt.
解析 whether/if。根據(jù)句意“她問我是否把書還給了圖書館,我承認(rèn)沒有”,應(yīng)使用whether或if引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
注意 多數(shù)情況下,表示“是否”時,whether和if可通用,但下列情況下,不能使用if:
在介詞后的賓語從句不能使用if引導(dǎo);
引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句時不可使用if;
在不定式后面只能使用whether。如:
Whether the plan will be carried out is still under consideration.
Whats really important depends on whether you will truly do it as I have told you.
[疑問詞+ever]
“疑問詞+ever”的形式在高考中考得較為普遍,其中以疑問代詞如what/who/which+ever居多。如:
例9 ________ will not make any difference to our arrangements. (say)
無論他說什么,都是不會對我們的安排有影響。
解析 Whatever he says。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),這里是主語從句,“無論他說什么”應(yīng)表達(dá)成whatever he says。
縱觀歷年名詞性從句的考查,what可謂是頻率最高的詞匯,此外that由于其在從句和各種特殊句型中功能的復(fù)雜性和靈活性,需重點注意,不可混淆。endprint