吳澤生 郭智東 陳友雷 陳方慧
創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷與阿爾茨海默病發(fā)生關(guān)系的Meta分析
吳澤生 郭智東 陳友雷 陳方慧
目的 通過Meta分析探討創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷(TBI)與阿爾茨海默病(AD)發(fā)生的關(guān)系。方法 檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索截止至2016年9月已公開發(fā)表的所有分析TBI與AD發(fā)生的相關(guān)文獻,篩選文獻、提取資料、評價文獻質(zhì)量,使用統(tǒng)計軟件進行Meta分析。結(jié)果 本研究納入23項非隨機對照研究[9項病例對照研究,11項隊列研究,3項橫截面研究,總樣本量2 184 210例(病例組179 737例,對照組2 004 473例)]。對以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的18項研究進行合并后,結(jié)果顯示TBI為AD可疑危險因素(OR=1.362,95%CI:0.996~1.863,P>0.05)。而對以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的5項研究進行合并后,結(jié)果顯示TBI為AD的危險因素(OR=2.536,95%CI:1.763~3.648,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 TBI有增加AD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,但仍需更多中心、更大樣本的隨機對照研究進一步論證。
創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷 阿爾茨海默病 危險因素 Meta分析
隨著我國國民經(jīng)濟、交通、建筑等的快速發(fā)展,創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷(TBI)的發(fā)生率也逐年上升,嚴重威脅國民健康甚至生命[1]。1928年Martland等[2]首次提出“拳擊醉態(tài)”(punch drunk)后,大量臨床工作者均推測TBI與患者后續(xù)發(fā)生的認知、神經(jīng)、精神疾病密切相關(guān)[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),即使是輕微的TBI病史也可能導(dǎo)致機體病理上的改變,即慢性創(chuàng)傷性腦?。–TE),可致部分患者死亡,且病例逐年增加[4-7]。近年來,TBI與癡呆發(fā)生的關(guān)系受國內(nèi)外關(guān)注,有個案報道稱TBI合并意識障礙的患者進展為阿爾茨海默?。ˋD),并在其死亡后提供了病理學(xué)依據(jù)[8]。此外,流行病學(xué)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)TBI與精神認知及癡呆癥有明顯的相關(guān)性[9-10]。AD是目前最常見的癡呆癥亞分型,占所有癡呆癥的80%[11]。TBI后患者腦內(nèi)血管極易發(fā)生淀粉樣變性[12],但未有證據(jù)指出TBI會增加AD的發(fā)生風(fēng)險[13-16]。基于此,本研究通過Meta分析進一步探討TBI與AD發(fā)生的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1.1 文獻檢索 檢索截止至2016年9月已公開發(fā)表的所有分析TBI與AD發(fā)生的相關(guān)文獻。數(shù)據(jù)庫Embase、Pubmed、Cohorane library、medline、萬方、知網(wǎng)均被檢索,查閱相關(guān)的專題論文集、綜述、檢出論文的參考文獻、專著、近期出版的英文期刊資料等作為補充。根據(jù)不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫使用不同的檢索詞,檢索詞有traumatic brain injury、craniocerebral trauma、head injury、brain injury、Alzheimer、dementia、創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷、腦外傷、AD、老年癡呆。
1.2 文獻納排標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有已發(fā)表的關(guān)于TBI與AD發(fā)生的相關(guān)文獻。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)只對AD、TBI單獨作出分析或僅僅分析TBI與老年癡呆的關(guān)系。(2)文獻無法從原文中提取可用數(shù)據(jù)或無全文。由2位評價員獨立篩選檢索到的文獻,決定是否納入;如意見不統(tǒng)一,由雙方討論決定。
1.3 文獻質(zhì)量評估 對納入文獻采用Newcastle-Ottawa量表進行質(zhì)量評價[17-18],在此量表中除“可比性”這一項最高可獲得2顆星外,符合其他7項指標(biāo)均可獲得1顆星,評價結(jié)果所得到星越多表示文獻質(zhì)量越高[18]。文獻偏倚風(fēng)險采用漏斗圖及Egger’s檢驗評價。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用Stata 11.0統(tǒng)計軟件。二分類變量采用相對危險度(OR)進行比較。連續(xù)變量中,若度量單位相同則采用加權(quán)均數(shù)差表示,不同則采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差表示,均計算95%CI。統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì)性采用I-square及Q檢驗評估,若P<0.05,則表明異質(zhì)性較大,采用隨機模型分析并使用亞組分析,否則使用固定模型。
2.1 文獻納入情況 共檢索到相關(guān)文獻112篇。閱讀題目、摘要、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),初篩出59篇有關(guān)TBI與AD發(fā)生關(guān)系的全文文獻,逐步排除36篇文獻,最終23篇非隨機對照文獻進入Meta分析[19-41],文獻檢索流程圖見圖1。其中包括9項病例對照研究,11項隊列研究,3項橫截面研究,總樣本量2 184 210例(病例組179 737例,對照組2 004 473例),以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的有18項研究,以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的有5項研究。納入文獻的基本資料及質(zhì)量評估結(jié)果見表1。
表1 納入文獻的基本資料及質(zhì)量評估結(jié)果
2.2 納入文獻偏倚風(fēng)險評價 在23項研究中22項(95.7%)比較了病例組與對照組的年齡及性別比例,15項(65.2%)研究有足夠的隨訪時間。除Schofield等[22]、O′Meara 等[24]、Mehta 等[26]、Plassman 等[28]的研究,其他研究均對兩組的基礎(chǔ)疾?。ㄖ酗L(fēng)、高血壓病、糖尿?。?、吸煙飲酒史、家族史等資料進行了匹配。本研究納入文獻均行Egger’s檢驗,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯發(fā)表偏倚(均P>0.05)。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
圖1 文獻檢索流程圖
2.3.1 病例組與對照組一般資料比較 對納入研究的病例組與對照組一般資料合并分析,顯示兩組在年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾?。ㄖ酗L(fēng)、高血壓病、糖尿?。?、家族史等方面比較均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(均P>0.05)。
2.3.2 TBI與AD發(fā)生關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果 共18項研究[19-36]以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ),因各研究間有明顯的異質(zhì)性(I2=85.8%,P<0.05),遂采用隨機模型分析,結(jié)果顯示,雖然TBI有增加AD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,但差異并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(OR=1.362,95%CI:0.996~1.863,P>0.05),見表2、圖2。Egger’s檢驗未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯發(fā)表偏倚(P>0.05),Begg’s圖分布基本對稱,見圖3。根據(jù)發(fā)表年份進行亞組分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性有所下降,但I2>50%,合并后均P>0.05。根據(jù)TBI是否合并LOS進行亞組分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性明顯下降(I2=38),且TBI并發(fā)LOS亞組合并后P<0.05。
有5項隊列研究以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ),因各研究有明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=98.5%,P<0.05),遂采用隨機模型分析,合并后結(jié)果顯示TBI與AD的發(fā)生有明顯相關(guān)性(OR=2.536,95%CI:1.763~3.648,P<0.05),見表 2、圖4。Egger’s檢驗未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯發(fā)表偏倚(P >0.05),Egger’s圖分布基本對稱,見圖5。
表2 TBI與AD發(fā)生關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果
圖2 以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的研究合并后的Meta分析森林圖
本研究結(jié)果顯示,TBI有增加AD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,且在合并以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的5項隊列研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),TBI與AD的發(fā)生有明顯的相關(guān)性。已有Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)TBI與AD的關(guān)聯(lián)性[42-43],但因為Fleminger等[42]的研究較早,且只納入了15項研究,Perry等[43]的研究并不是針對AD分析,而是泛指的精神類、神經(jīng)類疾?。ˋD、帕金森、失憶、癡呆)。而 Dams-O′Connor等[44]的研究認為由于各個研究對TBI的定義及影響AD發(fā)生的因素太多,并不能明確TBI與AD的關(guān)系。Mortimer等[45]的Meta分析并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)TBI與AD有相關(guān)性,但發(fā)現(xiàn)在男性群體中TBI與AD有明顯的相關(guān)性。在本文中對各研究性別進行合并分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)病例組男性明顯高于對照組。
圖3 以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的研究合并后的Begg’s分析圖
圖4 以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的研究合并后的Meta分析森林圖
圖5 以TBI群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的研究合并后的Egger’s分析圖
在合并以AD群體為研究基礎(chǔ)的研究時,結(jié)果顯示雖然TBI有增加AD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,但并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。但根據(jù)TBI是否合并LOS進行亞組分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),TBI合并LOS與AD的發(fā)生明顯相關(guān)。Gardner等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡>55歲合并中重度TBI或年齡>65歲合并輕度TBI是發(fā)生AD的高危因素。Mehta等[26]的研究也表明TBI合并LOS與發(fā)生AD風(fēng)險密切相關(guān),在Plassman等[20]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)中度及重度TBI可明顯增加AD的風(fēng)險,而輕度TBI則與AD無明顯相關(guān)性。故可以初步認為TBI的嚴重程度與AD的相關(guān)性有密切聯(lián)系。
本文中納入了11項隊列研究,這些研究均控制了包括年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病、家族史、吸煙飲酒史等在內(nèi)的混雜因素。11項研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)TBI可增加AD風(fēng)險,11項研究隨訪最長達40年[41],Barnes等[38]研究顯示TBI后9年可明顯增加AD風(fēng)險。故對于TBI與AD發(fā)生和時間的相關(guān)性仍然需要進一步探討。本研究中一些因素會影響TBI與AD相關(guān)性結(jié)論的準(zhǔn)確性。首先,每項研究對于TBI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一致,Whiteneck等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)大約只有30%患者頭部外傷后有過正規(guī)的診療過程,故大部分研究中的TBI診斷是根據(jù)隨訪者回憶自己外傷史來判斷的[47]。此外,納入的每項研究對病例組和對照組的篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一樣,對照組更傾向排除那些認知評分低或有臨床癡呆前癥狀的病例,這些均導(dǎo)致對照組中可能遺漏了有TBI病史并合并相關(guān)認知障礙而無AD的病例,進而增加了兩組的均衡性。
關(guān)于TBI與AD相關(guān)性方面的Meta分析筆者也查閱到3篇,F(xiàn)leminger等[42]發(fā)表年份較早,另2篇納入文獻數(shù)量均沒有本研究全面,且本研究納入多篇近期發(fā)表的文獻。當(dāng)然,本文也有諸多不足,在合并分析時發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性較高,再行亞組分析時,發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性仍較高,這可能與納入的各文獻對TBI診斷及病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同有一定關(guān)系。
綜上所述,TBI有增加AD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,但由于相關(guān)局限性及文獻之間的較大異質(zhì)性,需更多中心、更大樣本的隨機對照研究進一步論證。
[1] 馬迎,劉紹明.顱腦創(chuàng)傷后腦缺血性損傷研究進展[J].中華神經(jīng)外科疾病研究雜志,2015,12(1):84-86.
[2]Martland H S.Punch drunk[J].JAMA,1928,91(15):1103-1107.
[3] Omalu B I,Dekosky S T,Hamilton R L,et al.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player:part II[J].Neurosurgery,2006,59(5):1086-1092.
[4] McKee A C,Cantu R C,Nowinski C J,et al.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes:progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury[J].J NeuropatholExp Neurol,2009,68(7):709-735.
[5] Omalu B I,Dekosky S T,Minster R L,et al.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player[J].Neurosurgery,2005,57(1):128-134.
[6] Bieniek K F,Ross O A,Cormier K A,et al.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy path-ology in a neurodegenerative disorders brain bank[J].Acta Neuropathol,2015,130(6):877-889.
[7] Omalu B I,Fitzsimmons R P,Hammers J,et al.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a professional American wrestler[J].J Forensic Nurs,2010,6(3):130-136.
[8] Rudelli R,Strom J O,Welch P T,et al.Posttraumatic premature Alzheimer's disease.Neuropathologic findings and pathogenetic considerations[J].Arch.Neurol,1982,39(9):570-575.
[9] Molgaard C A,Stanford E P,Morton D J,et al.Epidemiology of head trauma and neurocognitive impairment in a multi-ethnic population[J].Neuroepidemiology,1990,9(5):233-242.
[10] Graves AB,White E,KoepsellT D,et al.The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease[J].Am J Epidemiol,1990,131(3):491-501.
[11]Alzheimer's Association.What We Know Today About Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia(2016).www.alz.org/research/science.
[12] Johnson VE,Stewart W,Smith D H,et al.Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-beta pathology:a link to Alzheimer's disease?[J].Nat Rev Neurosci,2010,11(5):361-370.
[13]Katzman R,Aronson M,Fuld P,et al.Development of dementing illnesses in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort[J].Ann Neurol,1989,25(4):317-324.
[14] Williams D B,Annegers J F,Kokmen E,et al.Brain injury and neurologic sequelae:a cohort study of dementia,parkinsonism,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J].Neurology,1991,41(10):1554-1557.
[15] Broe G A,Henderson A S,Creasey H,et al.A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia[J].Neurology,1990,40(11):1698-1707.
[16] Launer L J,Andersen K,Dewey M E,et al.Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease:results from EURODEM pooled analyses.EURODEM Incidence Research Group and Work Groups[J].European Studies of Dementia Neurology,1999,52(1):78-84.
[17] Wells G A,Shea B J,O'Connell D,et al.The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)for assessing the quality of nonrandomi-sed studies in meta-analyses[J].2014,18(6):727-734.
[18] Higgins J,Green S R.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews ofInterventions[J].City:The Cochrane Collaboration,2011.
[19] Forster D P,Newens A J,Kay D W,et al.Risk factorsin clinically diagnosed presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type:a casecontrol study in northern England[J].J Epidemiol Community Health,1995,49(3):253-258.
[20] Rasmusson D X,Brandt J,Martin D B,et al.Head injury as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease[J].Brain Inj,1995,9(3):213-219.
[21] Salib E,Hillier V.Head injury and the risk of Alzheimer's ndisease:a case control study[J].Int J Geriatr Psychiatry,1997,12(3):363-368.
[22] Schofield P W,Tang M,Marder K,et al.Alzheimer's disease after remote head injury:an incidence study[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,1997,62(2):119-124.
[23] Tsolaki M,Fountoulakis K,Chantzi E,et al.Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease:a case-control study of a Greek population[J].Int Psychogeriatr,1997,9(3):327-341.
[24] O'Meara E S,KukullW A,Sheppard L,et al.Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype[J].Am J Epidemiol,1997,146(5):373-384.
[25] Boston P F,Dennis MS,Jagger C.Factors associated with vascular dementia in an elderly community population[J].Int J Geriatr Psychiatry,1999,14(9):761-766.
[26] Mehta K M,Ott A,Kalmijn S,et al.Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease:The Rotterdam Study[J].Neurology,1999,53(9):1959-1962.
[27] Guo Z,Cupples L A,Kurz A,et al.Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study[J].Neurology,2000,54(6):1316-1323.
[28] Plassman B L,Havlik R J,Steffens D C,et al.Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias[J].Neurology,2000,55(8):1158-1166.
[29] Tyas S L,Pederson L L,Koval J J,et al.Is smoking associated with the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?Results from three Canadian data sets[J].Ann Epidemiol,2000,10(7):409-416.
[30] Lindsay J,Laurin D,Verreault R,et al.Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease:a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging[J].Am J Epidemiol,2002,156(5):445-453.
[31] Bachman D L,Green R C,Benke K S,et al.Comparison of Alzheimer's disease risk factors in white and African American families[J].Neurology,2003,60(8):1372-1374.
[32] Guskiewicz K M,Marshall S W,Bailes J,et al.Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players[J].Neurosurgery,2005,57(4):719-726.
[33] Ogunniyi A,Hall K S,Gureje O,et al.Risk factors for incident Alzheimer's disease in African Americans and Yoruba[J].Metab Brain Dis,2006,21(2):235-240.
[34] Rippon G A,Tang MX,Lee J H,et al.FamilialAlzheimer disease in Latinos:interaction between APOE,stroke,and estrogen replacement[J].Neurology,2006,66(1):35-40.
[35] Suhanov A V,Pilipenko P I,Korczyn A D,et al.Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Russia:a case-control study[J].Eur J Neurol,2006,13(9):990-995.
[36] Fischer P,Zehetmayer S,Jungwirth S,et al.Risk factors for Alzheimer dementia in a community-based birth cohort at the age of 75 years[J].Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2008,25(2):501-507.
[37] Lee YK,Hou S W,Lee C C,et al.Increased risk of dementia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury:a nationwide cohort study[J].PLoS ONE,2013,8(5):e62422.
[38] Barnes D E,Kaup A,Kirby K A,et al.Traumatic brain injury and risk of dementia in older veterans[J].Neurology,2014,83(4):312-319.
[39] Gardner R C,Burke J F,Nettiksimmons J,et al.Dementia risk after traumatic brain injury vs nonbrain trauma:the role of age and severity[J].JAMANeurol,2014,71(12):1490-1497.
[40] Wang H K,Lin S H,Sung P S,et al.Population based study on patients with traumatic brain injury suggests increased risk of dementia[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr,2012,83(11):1080-1085.
[42] Fleminger S,Oliver D L,Lovestone S,et al.Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease:the evidence 10 years on;a partial replication[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2003,74(7):857-862.
[43] Perry D C,Sturm VE,Peterson M J,et al.Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease:a meta-analysis[J].J Neurosurg,2016,124(2):511-526.
[44] Dams-O'Connor K,Guetta G,Hahn-Ketter A E,et al.Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease:current knowledge and future directions[J].Neurodegener Dis,2016,6(5):417-429.
[45] Mortimer J A,Van Duijn C M,Chandra V,et al.Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease:a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies[J].Int J Epidemiol,1991,20(suppl 2):S28-35.
[46] Whiteneck G G,Cuthbert J P,Corrigan J D,et al.Risk of negative outcomes after traumatic brain injury:a statewide population-based survey[J].J Head Trauma Rehabil,2016,31(1):E43-E54.
[47] Dams-O'Connor K,Cantor J B,Brown M,et al.Screening for traumatic brain injury:findings and public health implications[J].J Head Trauma Rehabil,2014,29(6):479-489.
Relationship between traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease:a Meta-analysis
WU Zesheng,GUO Zhidong,CHEN Youlei,et al.
Emergency Department,Hangzhou First People's Hospital,Hangzhou 310006,China
Objective To evaluate the relationship between traumatic brain injury(TBI)and Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods The studies related the relationship TBI and AD were retrieved from database till September 2016,the quality of the literature was evaluated and analyzed with Stata 11.0. Results Twenty three non-randomized controlled trials(9 case-control studies,11 cohort studies and 3 cross-sectional studies)were included in the study.The total sample size was 2 184 210 cases(179 737 cases,2 004 473 controls).After 18 AD population-based studies were pooled,the results showed that TBI was a suspected risk factor for AD(OR=1.362,95%CI:0.996-1.863,P>0.05).After 5 TBI population based studies were pooled,the results showed that TBI was a risk factor for AD(OR=2.536,95%CI:1.763-3.648,P<0.05). Conclusion TBI is associated with the occurrence of AD,and further large scale randomized controlled trials are needed for confirm the results.
Traumatic brain injury Alzheimer's disease Risk factors Meta-analysis
10.12056/j.issn.1006-2785.2017.39.24.2017-712
浙江省中醫(yī)藥科技計劃項目(2015ZA123)
310006 杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院急診外科
陳方慧,E-mail:chenfhui2014@sina.com
2017-03-31)
李媚)