席少枝 尹彤 陳韻岱
急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療術(shù)后抗栓與出血風(fēng)險評估
席少枝 尹彤 陳韻岱
急性冠狀動脈綜合征;經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療;抗栓治療;出血風(fēng)險;模型
隨著新型抗栓藥物和經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)的進(jìn)展,急性冠狀動脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)患者PCI術(shù)后缺血事件發(fā)生率顯著降低,但是出血發(fā)生率明顯上升,并且已經(jīng)成為ACS患者PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生率最高的并發(fā)癥之一[1]。近年來越來越多的研究證實,ACS患者PCI術(shù)后不同階段(圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi)、院外長期)的出血發(fā)生率以及其對死亡的影響存在一定的差異,ACS患者PCI術(shù)后出血多見于PCI術(shù)后30 d內(nèi),因出血引起患者死亡的多見于出血發(fā)生后30 d內(nèi)[2-4]。除外基線出血相關(guān)因素,不同階段的出血相關(guān)因素也存在一定差異。PCI圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi)出血的相關(guān)危險因素取決于圍術(shù)期抗栓治療策略及PCI術(shù)中相關(guān)因素[5-9];而院外長期出血取決于院外抗栓治療策略的選擇[不同的雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療(dual antiplatelet treatment,DAPT)組合方式、DAPT治療時長及三聯(lián)抗栓治療(DAPT+口服抗凝藥物治療等)][10-13]。上述研究表明,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)根據(jù)ACS患者PCI術(shù)后不同階段評估出血風(fēng)險,進(jìn)而采取相應(yīng)避免出血的策略,盡可能實現(xiàn)相對精準(zhǔn)的出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測以及實施干預(yù),達(dá)到改善ACS患者PCI術(shù)后臨床結(jié)局的目的。本文將針對ACS患者PCI術(shù)后不同階段出血發(fā)生率與臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸、出血相關(guān)危險因素及出血風(fēng)險評估模型進(jìn)行全面的綜述。
2003年GRACE研究[5]表明,有效的抗血小板治療救治大量ACS患者的同時亦增加了出血發(fā)生率。已有研究表明,ACS患者PCI圍術(shù)期出血約50%見于動脈穿刺部位,ACS患者出血風(fēng)險已受到關(guān)注[6]。隨著PCI技術(shù)發(fā)展及圍術(shù)期避免
出血策略(經(jīng)橈動脈入徑、血管封堵器使用、新型抗凝藥物等)的不斷出現(xiàn),出血發(fā)生率(尤其是穿刺部位出血)呈現(xiàn)明顯下降趨勢,但是ACS患者PCI圍術(shù)期主要出血發(fā)生率仍有0.7%~5.4%[2,4,14]。近年來,隨著新型 P2Y12受體抑制劑(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷等)問世及在國內(nèi)外相關(guān)指南包括2014歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(ESC)/歐洲心胸外科學(xué)會(EACTS)心肌血運重建指南[15],2015ESC非ST段抬高型急性冠狀動脈綜合 征(non-ST-segment elevation acute covonary syndrome,NSTE-ACS)管理指南[16],2016年中國 PCI指南[17],2016美國心臟病學(xué)會(ACC)/美國心臟協(xié)會(AHA)冠心病雙聯(lián)抗血小板指南(更新)[18]強(qiáng)調(diào)行PCI術(shù)的ACS患者院內(nèi)及院外 30 d 內(nèi)主要出血發(fā)生率為 0.7%~11.9%[2,4,9,14,19-20],院外長期出血發(fā)生率為 1.4%~14.9%[6-8,10,12,21-28]。ACS 患者 PCI圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi)、院外長期主要出血均會增加患者院內(nèi)、院外30 d內(nèi)、院外1年以及遠(yuǎn)期的死亡風(fēng)險,且死亡多見于出血發(fā)生后 30 d 內(nèi)(表 1)[2-7,12,14,20,24-25,28-34]。出血增加死亡風(fēng)險的可能原因是出血引起貧血、休克、輸血以及暫停DAPT的發(fā)生,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致缺血、炎癥以及支架內(nèi)血栓形成,從而增加死亡的發(fā)生率[3]。但是目前少有研究報道出血事件與死亡風(fēng)險之間是否存在直接的因果關(guān)系。
ACS患者PCI圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi)出血相關(guān)的危險因素主要包括兩個方面:(1)基線出血相關(guān)因素例如年齡、女性、低體重、高血壓病史、慢性腎功能不全、既往PCI史、貧血、ST段抬高型心肌梗死( ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)/非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)及白細(xì)胞升高[5-9];(2)PCI術(shù)中出血相關(guān)因素例如經(jīng)股動脈入徑行PCI術(shù)、慢性完全閉塞性病變、術(shù)中緊急使用主動脈內(nèi)球囊反搏術(shù)(intraaortic balloon pump, IABP)、術(shù)中低血壓、使用阿昔單抗、使用肝素+血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)IIb/IIIa受體拮抗劑、手術(shù)時長>1 h及手術(shù)起始至鞘管移除時長>6 h等[31]。而院外長期出血相關(guān)危險因素不同于急性期(圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi))出血相關(guān)危險因素,除了基線出血相關(guān)因素(年齡、女性、低體重、貧血、白細(xì)胞升高、高血壓病史、外周動脈疾病、既往出血病史,慢性腎功能不全、鈣化病變、冠狀動脈分叉病變),亦包含院外抗栓治療相關(guān)因素[(氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性、強(qiáng)效抗栓藥物(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷等)、DAPT治療時長、長期口服抗凝藥物、出院時三聯(lián)抗栓治療[10-13])]。
當(dāng)前的出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型主要是基于大規(guī)模隨機(jī)對照研究(randomized controlled trial, RCT)[35-48]和觀察性注冊研究[26,49-50],分別針對特定ACS患者PCI術(shù)后不同階段(圍術(shù)期、院內(nèi)及院外30 d內(nèi)、院外長期)預(yù)測出血的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(表2)。下面將針對三個不同階段的出血預(yù)測模型從適用人群、模型的優(yōu)缺點角度進(jìn)行闡述。
3.1.1 經(jīng)股動脈入徑行PCI術(shù)的圍術(shù)期出血預(yù)測模型 2007年基于 REPLACE-2 研究[35]以及 REPLACE-1研究[36],建立經(jīng)股動脈入徑的PCI患者圍術(shù)期出血預(yù)測模型[51],納入6項參數(shù):年齡、女性、肌酐清除率、貧血、PCI術(shù)前48 h使用低分子肝素及使用IABP。隨后,2011年基于STEEPLE研究[37],建立經(jīng)股動脈入徑的擇期PCI患者圍術(shù)期出血預(yù)測模型[52],納入3項參數(shù):女性、使用普通肝素(與使用依諾肝素對比)及使用GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa 拮抗劑(與未使用GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa 拮抗劑對比)。然而,經(jīng)橈動脈入徑行PCI術(shù),血管并發(fā)癥少、出血發(fā)生率低、患者痛苦少,已優(yōu)于股動脈入徑成為PCI相關(guān)指南推薦入徑[8,15-16],2016年 China PEACE 研究[34]結(jié)果表明:國內(nèi)PCI術(shù)經(jīng)橈動脈入徑的比例高達(dá)79%。并且上述研究均是基于RCT研究,納入的患者均無法代表臨床實際工作中的情況,在很大程度上限制了上述兩個出血預(yù)測模型的應(yīng)用。
3.1.2 美國國家心血管注冊數(shù)據(jù)庫風(fēng)險評分體系(NCDR CathPCI)出血預(yù)測模型 2013年基于NCDR CathPCI數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù),納入美國1000多個中心的1 043 759例行PCI治療的患者,建立用于預(yù)測PCI術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)出血發(fā)生風(fēng)險的NCDR CathPCI 出血預(yù)測模型[53-54]。納入10項參數(shù) :女性、年齡、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、STEMI、既往 PCI史、慢性腎病、休克、24 h內(nèi)心搏驟停史、血紅蛋白及PCI狀態(tài)(擇期PCI、急診PCI、緊急或補救性PCI)。該模型是建立在美國臨床實際工作中1000多個中心的,近百萬PCI患者的基礎(chǔ)上,預(yù)測相關(guān)因素容易獲知,具有廣泛適用性。但由于未納入PCI術(shù)當(dāng)天死亡的患者,在一定程度上影響對此類患者的預(yù)測精準(zhǔn)性。
目前針對這個階段的出血預(yù)測模型主要有CRUSADE、ACUITY以及ACTION出血預(yù)測模型,其中CRUSADE及ACUITY出血預(yù)測模型已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。
表1 ACS患者PCI術(shù)后主要出血對不同階段死亡的影響
表2 ACS患者PCI術(shù)后不同階段出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型
3.2.1 CRUSADE出血預(yù)測模型 2009年基于納入89 134例高危 NSTEMI患者的CRUSADE注冊研究[49-50],建立CRUSADE院內(nèi)出血預(yù)測模型[55],納入8項參數(shù):血細(xì)胞比容、肌酐清除率、心率、女性、心力衰竭、既往血管病史、糖尿病史及收縮壓?;颊呔驮\數(shù)小時內(nèi)可根據(jù)基線信息獲取所有評分參數(shù),算法簡便,且可以有效識別是接受兩種及兩種以上抗血小板藥物治療還是少于兩種抗血小板藥物治療,可有效評估接受有創(chuàng)或保守治療患者的出血風(fēng)險,非常便于早期指導(dǎo)治療,臨床實用性強(qiáng)。近年來,一些研究亦證實 ,CRUSADE對ACS或PCI患者院內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險具有良好預(yù)測價值(C值約為 0.7)[58-66];2011ESC NSTE-ACS 管理指南[67]首次推薦CRUSADE評分用于評估NSTE-ACS患者院內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險;目前國內(nèi)已廣泛應(yīng)用CRUSADE評分預(yù)測ACS患者院內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險。然而CRUSADE評分的建立是基于給予氯吡格雷患者,并未納入合并口服抗凝藥物患者,故其對于服用新型抗血小板藥物(普拉格雷、替格瑞洛等)以及合并口服抗凝藥物患者的出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測價值有待驗證。
3.2.2 ACUITY出血預(yù)測模型 2010年基于納入13 819例ACS患者的ACUITY研究[38]和納入3602例STEMI+PCI患者的HORIZONS-AMI研究[39],建立 ACUITY出血預(yù)測模型[56],用于預(yù)測30 d內(nèi)主要出血發(fā)生風(fēng)險,包括7項參數(shù)、女性、年齡、血肌酐、白細(xì)胞升高、貧血、ACS亞型[STEMI、NSTEMI、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(unstable angina,UA)]及抗凝策略(普通肝素+GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑 、單用比伐蘆定)。驗證研究亦證實,ACUITY評分對ACS/PCI患者院內(nèi)出血具有良好預(yù)測價值(C值約為 0.74)[60-61,64-66]。前期研究顯示,ACS 患者 PCI術(shù)后出血主要見于PCI術(shù)后30 d內(nèi),故ACUITY評分有利于指導(dǎo)個體化抗栓治療,改善出血與缺血風(fēng)險[2]。2015ESC NSTE-ACS管理指南[16]再次推薦CRUSADE評分以及ACUITY評分可用于評估行冠狀動脈造影的NSTE-ACS患者的院內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險。然而ACUITY評分的建立同樣主要基于給予氯吡格雷患者,且未納入合并口服抗凝藥物患者,故其對于服用新型抗血小板藥物(普拉格雷、替格瑞洛等)以及合并口服抗凝藥物患者的出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測價值亦有待驗證。
3.2.3 ACTION出血預(yù)測模型 2011年基于美國251家醫(yī)院的90 273例急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者的ACTION Registry-GWTG數(shù)據(jù)庫[68]數(shù)據(jù),建立ACTION院內(nèi)出血預(yù)測模型[57]。與CRUSADE、ACUITY出血評分相比,ACTION評分亦具有良好預(yù)測價值(C值約為0.7)[60-61,64-66]。ACTION 評分中首次納入“既往在家服用華法林治療”為參數(shù),充分考慮到合并口服抗凝藥物治療的高危出血風(fēng)險人群。ACTION評分中的參數(shù)均為入院基線信息,容易獲取,但納入變量較多(共12項),且計算相對繁雜,故限制了其在臨床上的推廣應(yīng)用。
目前針對這個階段的出血預(yù)測模型主要有DAPT、PRECISE-DAPT及PARIS出血預(yù)測模型,上述出血預(yù)測模型均問世不久,在國內(nèi)尚無大規(guī)模型研究人群驗證且在臨床上尚未廣泛應(yīng)用。
3.3.1 DAPT 預(yù)測模型 2016 年建立 DAPT 預(yù)測模型[69],用于評估PCI術(shù)后12~30個月內(nèi)出血(GUSTO標(biāo)準(zhǔn))與缺血(心肌梗死和支架內(nèi)血栓形成)綜合獲益風(fēng)險,包括9項參數(shù):年齡、當(dāng)前吸煙史、糖尿病史、心肌梗死、既往PCI或心肌梗死(myocardial infraction, MI)史、紫杉醇洗脫支架、支架直徑<3 mm、心力衰竭或心臟射血分?jǐn)?shù)<30%及靜脈旁路移植血管干預(yù)。DAPT預(yù)測模型是基于DAPT注冊研究[40],該研究納入11個國家11 648例行PCI術(shù)+藥物洗脫支架(drug eluting stents, DES)或裸金屬支架(bare metal stents,BMS)+ DAPT治療1年后的患者,隨機(jī)分為延長阿司匹林+噻氫吡啶類抗血小板藥物治療18個月組和單獨阿司匹林治療18個月組)。該模型是首個預(yù)測PCI術(shù)后12~30個月內(nèi)發(fā)生主要出血與缺血綜合獲益風(fēng)險模型,旨在評估PCI術(shù)后12個月延長DAPT治療是否會帶來出血與缺血風(fēng)險的綜合獲益。然而,該研究排除了在PCI術(shù)后12個月內(nèi)發(fā)生主要出血和缺血事件的患者;該模型并未納入同時是缺血和出血的獨立預(yù)測因素(外周動脈疾病、腎功能不全和高血壓?。荒P偷慕⑹且约僭O(shè)主要缺血和出血對臨床結(jié)局影響一致為前提,但在實際臨床工作過程中并非如此。因此,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇該模型應(yīng)用的適宜人群,且仍需在大樣本人群驗證。
3.3.2 PRECISE-DAPT及PARIS出血預(yù)測模型 2017年基于全球12個國家的8個多中心臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗[41-48],納入行PCI術(shù)+支架置入+DAPT治療的14 963例冠心病患者(其中88%患者給予阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治療),建立用于預(yù)測冠心病+支架置入患者院外7 d以后DAPT治療期間(中位隨訪期為552 d)出血發(fā)生風(fēng)險(TIMI標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的PRECISE-DAPT出血預(yù)測模型[70],包括5 項參數(shù):年齡、肌酐清除率、血紅蛋白、白細(xì)胞升高及既往出血病史。該模型適用于預(yù)測PCI術(shù)后接受不同時長DAPT治療患者的出血風(fēng)險,且納入“既往出血病史”為參數(shù),充分考慮高危出血患者PCI術(shù)后不同時長DAPT治療的出血風(fēng)險,彌補了DAPT出血預(yù)測模型無法預(yù)測PCI術(shù)后12個月內(nèi)發(fā)生出血風(fēng)險的缺點,為臨床醫(yī)師針對此類高危出血患者的抗栓治療提供參考;作為首個納入新型抗血小板藥物治療(替格瑞洛、普拉格雷)患者的前瞻性隊列研究[PLATO[71]和BernPCI(NCT02241291)注冊研究]中進(jìn)行驗證的出血預(yù)測模型,其對于接受新型抗血小板治療的PCI患者亦具有良好的預(yù)測出血的價值。在PLATO研究中驗證時,因為數(shù)據(jù)庫本身的問題,既往出血病史僅納入消化道出血病史,因此可能低估了PLATO研究人群的出血風(fēng)險;由于普拉格雷只應(yīng)用于低出血風(fēng)險的患者,導(dǎo)致模型對于接受普拉格雷治療患者的預(yù)測能力欠佳;未納入合并口服抗凝藥物治療的患者,故對其預(yù)測價值有待驗證。2016年基于納入美國和歐洲國家中4190例行PCI術(shù)+DES治療的患者PARIS注冊研究[26],建立了用于預(yù)測行PCI術(shù)+DES患者院外2年內(nèi)發(fā)生出血風(fēng)險(BARC標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的PARIS出血預(yù)測模型[11],該模型包括6 項參數(shù):年齡、BMI、當(dāng)前吸煙史、貧血、肌酐清除率及出院時接受三聯(lián)抗栓治療。經(jīng)過在 ADAPT-DES[72]及 PLATO[71]注冊研究中的驗證,其具有可接受的預(yù)測價值(C值≥0.64)。作為首個預(yù)測PCI患者院外2年內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險模型,同時建立了缺血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型,旨在初步探索根據(jù)出血與缺血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型選擇DAPT治療時長。然而,該研究中患者采用不同的非隨機(jī)化的DAPT停藥模式,無法代表臨床實際工作中不同的DAPT停藥模式,一定程度上限制了其臨床應(yīng)用。
綜上所述,不同的出血預(yù)測模型側(cè)重預(yù)測的人群、出血發(fā)生階段不同,適用的臨床情況也存在差異,故臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)根據(jù)特定的行PCI術(shù)的ACS患者的不同階段選擇適合的出血預(yù)測模型,同時除DAPT預(yù)測模型(僅適用于預(yù)測行PCI術(shù)治療12個月后是否適合延長DAPT治療),均需結(jié)合臨床缺血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型,如GRACE評分[73]和PARIS缺血預(yù)測模型[11],盡可能權(quán)衡出血與缺血風(fēng)險,指導(dǎo)臨床個體化抗栓及其他相關(guān)治療策略。
針對行PCI術(shù)的ACS患者的出血風(fēng)險評估,目前國內(nèi)主要存在的問題:缺乏基于中國多中心、大樣本行PCI術(shù)的ACS患者的出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型; 對ACS患者PCI術(shù)后出血風(fēng)險評估的意識不足、實踐不足。目前臨床上多數(shù)仍依靠醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗與直覺判斷患者的出血風(fēng)險,而這種“臨床直覺”評估會低估患者的臨床風(fēng)險[74]。目前國內(nèi)僅對CRUSADE、ACUITY以及ACTION出血預(yù)測模型在小規(guī)?;騿蝹€臨床中心人群中進(jìn)行評估和驗證[66,75],故上述出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型均有待于在中國大規(guī)模、多中心的人群中進(jìn)行驗證,進(jìn)而探索適合中國行PCI術(shù)的ACS患者的不同階段出血風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型。
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R541.4
10. 3969/j. issn. 1004-8812. 2017. 11. 007
“十三五”國家重點研發(fā)計劃(2016):冠狀動脈粥樣硬化病變早期識別和風(fēng)險預(yù)警的影像學(xué)評價體系研究(2016YFC1300300)
100853 北京,中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科
陳韻岱,Email:cyundai@vip.163.com
2017-07-23)