玄香蘭,安昌善
(延邊大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院,吉林延吉133000)
c-MET抑制劑聯(lián)合EGFR-TKI對耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡的影響及其機(jī)制
玄香蘭,安昌善
(延邊大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院,吉林延吉133000)
目的觀察c-MET抑制劑SU11274聯(lián)合表皮生長因子-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKI)吉非替尼或埃羅替尼對人肺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)C9/R(PC9細(xì)胞的獲得性吉非替尼EGFR-TKI耐藥株)增殖、凋亡的影響,并探討其作用機(jī)制。方法培養(yǎng)人肺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)C9/R,將PC9/R細(xì)胞分為對照組(C組)、SU11274組(S組)、吉非替尼組(G組)、埃羅替尼組(E組)、吉非替尼聯(lián)合SU11274組(GS組)、埃羅替尼聯(lián)合SU11274組(ES組)。S組、G組、E組、GS組、ES組分別加入SU11274 5 μmol/L、吉非替尼1 μmol/L、埃羅替尼1 μmol/L、吉非替尼1 μmol/L+SU11274 5 μmol/L、埃羅替尼1 μmol/L+SU11274 5 μmol/L,C組不加藥物。于給藥72 h后采用MTT法檢測細(xì)胞增殖活力,流式細(xì)胞儀技術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞凋亡情況。采用Western blotting法檢測各組細(xì)胞中的p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT3蛋白。結(jié)果GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率分別低于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組細(xì)胞存活率均低于S組(P均<0.05),G組、E組、GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率均低于C組(P均<0.05)。GS組、ES組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例分別高于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例均高于S組(P均<0.05),GS、ES、S組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例均高于C組(P均<0.05)。GS組、ES組p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白相對表達(dá)量分別低于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白相對表達(dá)量均低于S組(P均<0.05),G組、E組、GS組、ES組蛋白相對表達(dá)量均低于C組(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論SU11274聯(lián)合吉非替尼或埃羅替尼可抑制EGFR-TKI耐藥的肺癌細(xì)胞增殖并促進(jìn)其凋亡,作用機(jī)制可能與抑制EGFR信號通路功能有關(guān)。
非小細(xì)胞肺癌;肺癌細(xì)胞;耐藥;表皮生長因子-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;c-MET抑制劑;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞凋亡
肺癌是發(fā)病率與病死率非常高的惡性腫瘤,其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)占總數(shù)的85%~90%[1]。NSCLC治療除了傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)、化療、放療外,還有靶向藥物治療。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),表皮生長因子(EGFR)在NSCLC組織中的陽性率為53.1%~69.7%[2]。30%~40%的NSCLC患者存在EGFR突變[3],多數(shù)為腺癌患者,合并EGFR突變者預(yù)后往往不良。吉非替尼和埃羅替尼是第一代EGFR-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKI),已成為EGFR突變的晚期NSCLC患者的首選治療方案,然而在治療后期仍會不可避免地出現(xiàn)耐藥。研究[4,5]表明,c-MET通路異常激活是EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥的重要機(jī)制之一,因此c-MET成為了逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥的新靶點(diǎn)。本研究將c-MET抑制劑SU11274與吉非替尼或埃羅替尼聯(lián)合作用于人肺腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)C9/R(PC9細(xì)胞的獲得性吉非替尼EGFR-TKI耐藥株),觀察細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡的變化,并探討其機(jī)制。
1.1 細(xì)胞與主要實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 PC9、PC9/R均由上海市肺科醫(yī)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供。吉非替尼和鹽酸埃羅替尼原料購自濟(jì)南匯豐達(dá)化工有限公司。SU11274購自美國Sigma公司。MTT試劑購自美國AMRESCO公司。細(xì)胞凋亡檢測試劑盒(FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit 1)購自美國BD公司。兔抗人c-MET、p-EGFR,p-AKT、p-STAT3、GAPDH購自美國EPITMICS公司。辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔購自美國JECTION公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞分組與給藥方法 將PC9/R細(xì)胞分為對照組(C組)、SU11274組(S組)、吉非替尼組(G組)、埃羅替尼組(E組)、吉非替尼聯(lián)合SU11274組(GS組)、埃羅替尼聯(lián)合SU11274組(ES組)。S組、G組、E組、GS組、ES組分別加入SU11274 5 μmol/L、吉非替尼1 μmol/L、埃羅替尼1 μmol/L、吉非替尼1 μmol/L+SU11274 5 μmol/L、埃羅替尼1 μmol/L+SU11274 5 μmol/L,C組不加入藥物。
1.3 細(xì)胞增殖觀察 取對數(shù)生長期的細(xì)胞用胰酶消化,將100 μL(含5×103個細(xì)胞)懸液接種于96孔板。待細(xì)胞貼壁后,各組加入相應(yīng)藥物。72 h后,每孔內(nèi)加入20 μL的MTT(5 mg/mL),放入細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育。4 h后,1 200 r/min離心10 min,棄上清液。每孔加入200 μL的DMSO,搖床上混勻30 min至結(jié)晶完全溶解。用酶標(biāo)儀測量波長530 nm時的OD值。細(xì)胞存活率=(實(shí)驗(yàn)組OD值-空白組OD值)/(對照組OD值-空白組OD值)×100%。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.4 凋亡細(xì)胞檢測 取1×105個對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞接種于6孔板,培養(yǎng)24 h。貼壁后棄原培養(yǎng)液,各組加入相應(yīng)藥物。72 h后,胰酶消化并收集全部細(xì)胞到5 mL試管,1 500 r/min離心5 min,去上清液,生理鹽水洗滌1次。加入1×Binding Buffer調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×106/mL,取100 μL(1×105個細(xì)胞)到新的5 mL試管。各管內(nèi)加入5 μL的FITC和5 μL的PI,室溫、避光15 min。上機(jī)前加入400 μL的1×Binding Buffer,1 h內(nèi)上流式細(xì)胞儀觀察細(xì)胞凋亡情況。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.5 細(xì)胞p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT3蛋白檢測 取對數(shù)生長的細(xì)胞,各組分別加藥處理48 h,后立即冰上裂解細(xì)胞,4 ℃下12 000 r/min離心30 min,收集各組蛋白裂解液。用BCA蛋白定量法對蛋白定量。取30~40 μg蛋白經(jīng)8%~10% SDS-PAGE電泳分離后,轉(zhuǎn)印至NC膜上,用5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h,一抗孵育4 ℃過夜,TBST洗膜10 min×3次,二抗室溫?fù)u床孵育1 h,TBST洗膜5 min×5次,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑顯色、曝光成像。以目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白灰度值的百分比表示蛋白相對表達(dá)量。
2.1 各組細(xì)胞存活率比較 C組、S組、G組、E組、GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率分別為100%、99.5%±2.0%、82.5%±4.2%、60.2%±3.2%、68.0%±5.3%、45.6%±3.3%,GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率分別低于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組細(xì)胞存活率均低于S組(P均<0.05),G組、E組、GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率均低于C組(P均<0.05),但S組與C組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。
2.2 各組細(xì)胞凋亡率比較 C組、S組、G組、E組、GS組、ES組早期凋亡細(xì)胞比例分別為2.7%±0.3%、10.2%±1.2%、5.1%±0.2%、3.3%±0.7%、39.3%±3.5%、23.4%±2.9%,晚期凋亡細(xì)胞比例分別為3.6%±1.0%、7.6±1.4%、4.5%±0.9%、8.4%±2.3%、6.5%±1.8%、12.0%±4.7%。GS組、ES組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例分別高于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例均高于S組(P均<0.05),GS組、ES組、S組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例高于C組(P均<0.05),但G組、E組與C組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P均>0.05)。
2.3 各組細(xì)胞p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白表達(dá)比較 GS組、ES組p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白相對表達(dá)量分別低于G組、E組(P均<0.05),聯(lián)合組p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白相對表達(dá)量均低于S組(P均<0.05),G組、E組、GS組、ES組蛋白相對表達(dá)量均低于C組(P均<0.05),但S組與C組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。詳見圖1、表1。
圖1 各組細(xì)胞中p-EGFR、p-AKT、p-STAT蛋白表達(dá)情況
組別p-EGFR蛋白p-STAT3蛋白p-AKT蛋白C組79.5±3.450.7±4.851.0±6.8S組70.1±4.545.3±6.655.1±5.0G組67.1±3.333.0±2.857.6±7.2GS組49.9±2.9*24.8±4.7*42.8±6.4*E組69.6±4.636.8±5.852.8±3.6ES組44.4±5.1#26.2±3.7#39.4±2.5#
注:與G組相比,*P<0.05;與E組相比,#P<0.05。
EGFR是細(xì)胞表面跨膜蛋白,以同源或異源二聚體形式活化,通過激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)PI3K-AKT、MEK/ERK、STAT3等信號通路,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、分化、發(fā)育[6]。c-MET是由MET編碼的一類具有自主磷酸化活性的跨膜受體,可激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種信號通路,如PI3K-AKT、Ras-MAPK、STAT3通路等[7,8],從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞間的相互作用、基質(zhì)黏附、細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲和血管生成。約25%的NSCLC患者存在c-MET蛋白過表達(dá),2%~4%的肺腺癌和肺鱗癌患者存在c-MET擴(kuò)增[9,10],而c-MET擴(kuò)增或過表達(dá)均與NSCLC的不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[11]。
吉非替尼和埃羅替尼用于治療EGFR突變的NSCLC患者,已取得良好的療效,但最終可因耐藥導(dǎo)致腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)展。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在EGFR突變的EGFR-TKI獲得性耐藥的NSCLC患者中,約20%的患者存在MET擴(kuò)增[12],且往往伴隨著c-MET蛋白高表達(dá)[13]。SU11274可選擇性抑制c-MET活化,對其他酪氨酸激酶無作用。據(jù)研究[15]報道,在c-MET擴(kuò)增的耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞中,c-MET抑制劑可明顯提高EGFR-TKI耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞的敏感性,但單用c-MET抑制劑無明顯作用。
本研究所用的人肺腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)C9/R具有EGFR 19外顯子E746~A750的缺失突變,是由PC9細(xì)胞株進(jìn)行誘變和篩選獲得的耐藥性細(xì)胞株[14]。本研究將c-MET抑制劑與吉非替尼或埃羅替尼聯(lián)合作用于PC9/R細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示,GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率分別低于G組、E組,聯(lián)合組細(xì)胞存活率均低于S組,G組、E組、GS組、ES組細(xì)胞存活率均低于C組,而S組與C組無差異。GS組、ES組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例分別高于G組、E組,聯(lián)合早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例均高于S組,GS組、ES組、S組早期細(xì)胞凋亡比例高于C組,而G組、E組與C組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。這說明單用SU11274對PC9/R細(xì)胞株的增殖抑制和促凋亡作用并不明顯,但與吉非替尼或埃羅替尼聯(lián)用可顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,提示SU11274可增強(qiáng)EGFR-TKI對獲得性耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞的敏感性。
腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展通過多種信號的作用,下游信號分子可以重疊,所以抑制單一信號通路在實(shí)體腫瘤可能不會產(chǎn)生明顯的抑瘤作用[16]。EGFR突變及EGFR活化,激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)PI3K/AKT、STAT3、MEK/ERK等EGFR下游信號通路,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、血管生成。本研究結(jié)果顯示,單用吉非替尼、埃羅替尼或SU11274對EGFR、AKT、STAT3的磷酸化無明顯影響,吉非替尼或埃羅替尼聯(lián)合SU11274能夠顯著抑制EGFR及下游信號分子AKT及STAT3的磷酸化,提示吉非替尼或埃羅替尼聯(lián)合SU11274對PC9/R的細(xì)胞增殖抑制作用可能與抑制EGFR信號通路功能有關(guān)。
總之,SU11274聯(lián)合吉非替尼或埃羅替尼對PC9/R細(xì)胞具有顯著抑制增殖和促凋亡作用,可阻斷EGFR通路下游分子AKT、STAT3的活化。上述研究結(jié)果為c-MET抑制劑聯(lián)合EGFR-TKI方案的應(yīng)用研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。有研究[17,18]表明,c-MET抑制劑對于原發(fā)MET擴(kuò)增的患者效果明顯,與EGFR-TKI聯(lián)合用藥的效果并不優(yōu)于c-MET抑制劑單藥方案[19~21]。對于EGFR-TKI耐藥后MET擴(kuò)增,患者的EGFR通路功能仍然活躍,需要采取與EGFR-TKI聯(lián)合用藥。目前c-MET抑制劑及MET單克隆抗體如Capmatinib(ICN280)聯(lián)合吉非替尼[22]、Emibetuzumab(LY2875358)聯(lián)合埃羅替尼[23]的臨床試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行中。
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Effectsofc-METinhibitorcombinedwithEGFR-TKIonproliferationandapoptosisofdrug-resistantlungcancercells
XUANXianglan,ANChangshan
(TheAffiliatedHospitalofYanbianUniversity,Yanji133000,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the effects of c-MET inhibitor SU11274 combined with the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) gefitinib or erlotinib on the proliferation and apoptosis of human lung cancer cell line PC9/R (acquired gefitinib EGFR-TKI-resistance cell line PC9 cells) and to investigate the mechanism.MethodsWe cultured the human lung cancer cell line PC9/R and divided them into six groups: the control group (group C) , SU11274 group (group S), gefitinib group (group G), erlotinib group (group E), gefitinib combined with SU11274 group (group GS), and erlotinib combined with SU11274 group (group ES). The groups S, G, E, GS, and ES were added with 5 umol/L SU11274, 1 umol/L gefitinib, 1 umol/L erlotinib, 1 μmol/L gefitinib+5 μmol/L SU11274, and 1 μmol/L erlotinib+5 μmol/L SU11274; group C was not added any drugs. At 72 h after administration, the cell proliferation was detected by using MTT method, and the apoptosis was detected by using flow cytometry. The protein expression of p-EGFR, p-STAT3, and p-AKT was detected by Western blotting.ResultsThe cell survival rates were lower in the groups GS and ES than in the groups G and E, and the cell survival rates of the combination groups were lower than that of group S (allP<0.05). The cell survival rates of groups G, E, GS, and ES were lower than that of group C (allP<0.05), The early apoptosis rates of the groups GS and ES were higher than those of the groups G and E respectively, and both groups were lower than group S (allP<0.05). The early apoptosis rates of groups GS, ES, and S were higher than that of the group C (allP<0.05). The protein expression of p-EGFR, p-STAT3, and p-AKT of the groups GS and ES were lower than those of the groups G and E, respectively (allP<0.05). The protein expression of p-EGFR, p-STAT3, and p-AKT of the combination group was lower than that of the group S, and the protein expression of p-EGFR, p-STAT3, and p-AKT of the groups G, E, GS, and ES was lower than that of the group C (allP<0.05).ConclusionsSU11274 combined with gefitinib or erlotinib can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of the EGFR-TKI resistance lung cancer cells by inhibiting the function of EGFR pathway.
non-small-lung cancer; lung cancer cells; drug resistance; epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; c-MET inhibitor; cell proliferation; apoptosis
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2017.39.004
R734.2
A
1002-266X(2017)39-0015-04
玄香蘭(1983-),女,碩士,主要研究方向?yàn)榉伟┑幕A(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: xuanxianglan101@hotmail.com
2017-08-25)