解答完形填空需考慮的十種邏輯關(guān)系

李進(jìn)才

語篇是由一些意義相關(guān)的句子根據(jù)一定的邏輯關(guān)系組織起來的語義整體。語篇銜接中的邏輯關(guān)系非常重要，因?yàn)樗苷宫F(xiàn)出作者的寫作思路和篇章的意義。

高考對(duì)邏輯關(guān)系的考查主要有兩種：一是考查表示邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞；二是考查通過邏輯關(guān)系來推斷出正確的答案。因此，解題時(shí)，一定要重視語篇中前后句或上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，由邏輯關(guān)系中已知的部分推斷出未知的部分，從而大幅提高正確率。

高考英語完形填空中主要有以下十種邏輯關(guān)系：

1. 因果關(guān)系

文中前后句之間是因果關(guān)系時(shí)，兩句之間往往有表示原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，如：because，so，as a result等；但是，有時(shí)兩句之間卻沒有表示因果的信號(hào)詞，這時(shí)前后句之間存在一種隱性的因果關(guān)系。

[例1] He might not have done this particularly well， 46 the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good ear and suggested that Gabriel go into the music store-room to see if any of the instruments there appealed to him. （2017年江蘇卷）

46. A. because B. but C. though D. so

解析：本題考查表示前后句之間邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞。句意：他也許彈（鋼琴）得并不特別好，因?yàn)槔蠋熣f他對(duì)音樂的領(lǐng)悟能力不錯(cuò)，并建議他去樂器貯藏室看看是否有令他喜歡的樂器。他彈得不夠好，也許是因?yàn)殇撉俨惶m合他，是因果關(guān)系，故選A。

[例2]They saw a man 36 out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. （2017年北京卷）

36. A. jumping B. eating C. crying D. waving

解析：后一句中的“the man was homeless and hungry（這個(gè)男人無家可歸且饑腸轆轆）”表示原因，本句表示結(jié)果，即前果后因。由因推果，可知“他們看見一個(gè)男人正在撿垃圾桶里的食物吃”，故選B。

2. 條件關(guān)系

表示條件的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if， unless， on condition that等。

[例3]“I can help， Mum！”James said.“ 44 I can make you and Dad feel better， can Brett come over？Please？”（2014年江西卷）

44. A. As B. If C. Since D. Before

解析：“如果我能讓你和父親感覺好一點(diǎn)兒”與“Brett能過來嗎？”是條件與結(jié)果的關(guān)系， 故選B。

[例4]The children of Nome would be 37 if it （a deadly infectious disease mainly affecting children） struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.（2016年北京卷）

37. A. harmless B. helpless C. fearless D. careless

解析：由從句條件推知主句結(jié)果。由 “如果這種（主要傳染給孩子的致命的）疾病襲擊了這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)”可推知，“Nome鎮(zhèn)的孩子們就會(huì)很無助了”，故選B。

3. 讓步關(guān)系

一般說來，讓步關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為介詞類和連詞類。介詞類的讓步關(guān)聯(lián)詞有despite，in spite of， regardless of等，連詞類有though，although，as和while以及even if， even though等。

[例5]Looking around， he continued，“Cathy has inspired us with her will and enthusiasm. 33 skills and talents bring great success， the most valuable asset（財(cái)富）one can hold is the heart.”（2016年天津卷）

33. A. Although B. Since C. Once D. Because

解析：由主句“the most valuable asset（財(cái)富）one can hold is the heart （然而，一個(gè)人擁有的最大財(cái)富是內(nèi)心）”可推知空格所在句句意為“雖然或盡管技巧和天賦能帶來巨大的成功”，故選A。

[例6]Hard though she tried to make the kids 40 ， the thunder won the battle for their attention. （2013年重慶卷）

40. A. concentrate B. change C. hide D. sit

解析：考查通過讓步關(guān)系推斷出正確答案。根據(jù)though可知，前后句為讓步關(guān)系。句意為“盡管她盡力讓孩子們集中注意力，雷聲卻吸引了孩子們的注意力”。故選A。

4. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系endprint

當(dāng)前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，前句往往提出某種事實(shí)或情況，后句陳述與前句相反或相對(duì)的意思， 即后句才是說話人所要表達(dá)的真正意圖。常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞有however， but， on the contrary等。

[例7] We went 10—1 and I was named most valuable player， 48 I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Millers accident. （2016年全國Ⅱ卷）

48. A. and B. then C. but D. thus

解析：“我被命名為最有價(jià)值的運(yùn)動(dòng)員”與“我常做惡夢(mèng)被責(zé)備”是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選項(xiàng)C正確。

[例8]Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. 38 ， the closest supply was over 1， 000 miles away， in Anchorage.（2016年北京卷）

38. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However

解析：因“韋爾奇醫(yī)生迫切需要藥品來預(yù)防小孩子們患病”與“最近的藥品供應(yīng)站也在一千英里之外的安克雷奇”為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選D。

[例9]The lessons they learned may not be 40 what they would have gotten in school，but are certainly more personal and meaningful，because they had to work them out on their own. （2015 年全國Ⅱ卷）

40. A. harmful to B. mixed with

C. different from D. applied to

解析：由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but后一分句可推知整句的句意為“她們學(xué)到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能與將在學(xué)校得到的并無區(qū)別（different from），但一定更加個(gè)性化，更有意義，因?yàn)樗齻儽仨毧孔约簛砼宄?，故選C。

5. 對(duì)比關(guān)系

當(dāng)前后句的邏輯關(guān)系為對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，兩句在意義上應(yīng)具有明顯的差異，以便進(jìn)行對(duì)照。常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞有while， whereas， not .... but， instead等。

[例10]The professor was deaf and any talking was prohibited. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. 58 ，if there had been any talking， it would have caused us to learn less. （2017年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）

58. A. Lastly B. Thus C. Instead D. However

解析：考查對(duì)比關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞?！癐 soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant（我很快意識(shí)到安靜不是不令人愉快的）”和“if there had been any talking， it would have caused us to learn less（如果當(dāng)時(shí)有口語交流，那只會(huì)造成我們學(xué)的手語更少）”是對(duì)比關(guān)系，故選C。

[例11]Northern Europeans usually do not like having bodily contact （接觸） even with friends， certainly not with strangers. People from Latin American countries， 45 ，touch each other quite a lot. （2012年全國Ⅰ卷）

45. A. in other words B. on the other hand

C. in a similar way D. by all means

解析：“拉丁美洲的人相互之間身體接觸較多”與前一句“北歐人通常不喜歡身體的接觸，即使是朋友，當(dāng)然更不用說陌生人了”之間為對(duì)比關(guān)系，用on the other hand（另一方面），故選B。

6. 并列關(guān)系

在用and或not only ... but also連接的并列成分中可以是同近義并列，也可以是反義并列。

[例12] Freddy was an average student， but not an average person. He had the rare balance of fun and compassion（同情）. He would laugh the loudest over fun and be the saddest over anyones 46 . （2017年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）

46. A. misfortune B. disbelief C. dishonesty D. mistake

解析：根據(jù)并列連詞and和前一分句中的fun以及46空前面的saddest不難判斷：兩個(gè)并列成分之間為反義并列，故選A。

[例13]Then came the final awards ceremony at the end of the year. Cathy didnt expect any award but was still there to 30 her friends and praise their accomplishments. （2016年天津卷）endprint

30. A. cheer on B. compete with C. respond to D. run after

解析：根據(jù)“and praise their accomplishments”可推知，30空應(yīng)為：為某人鼓勁加油，故選A。

7. 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

所謂遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，是指后一分句或短語是以前一分句或短語為基點(diǎn)，并在程度或范圍上比前一分句或短語有更進(jìn)一層的語義關(guān)系。常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞有even， besides， whats more等。

[例14]They had begun to integrate （融合） the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game. They played aggressively and 36 scored a goal. （2015年全國II卷）

36. A. even B. still C. seldom D. again

解析：前文說她們把前一天從對(duì)手身上“看到”的技巧和合作精神融入到自己的比賽中。由 “她們表現(xiàn)得很有進(jìn)攻性”與“（甚至）還進(jìn)了一球”是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，故選A。

[例15]Whatever failures I suffer in my life，an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something. 46 ，through ironing Ive learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems. （2014年湖南卷）

46. A. Instead B. Besides C. Otherwise D. However

解析：“無論我在生活中遇到什么失敗，熨燙衣服說明我還有某種強(qiáng)項(xiàng)”與“（而且）通過熨燙衣服，我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了解決最難問題的方法”之間為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，故選B。

8. 解釋關(guān)系

解釋關(guān)系是指一個(gè)句子對(duì)另一個(gè)句子、短語或單詞進(jìn)行解釋或說明。解釋的方法既可通過某些動(dòng)詞（mean， be和suggest等），也可通過某些符號(hào)（破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)和括號(hào)等），或者關(guān)聯(lián)詞（for example/instance， namely等）。 這里只討論句子之間的解釋關(guān)系。

[例16] In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities， she has received a lot of 51 . For example， she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the efforts of young people to change the world. （2017年北京卷）

51. A. praises B. invitations C. replies D. appointments

解析：由for example可知，兩句之間為解釋關(guān)系。并且由后一句的句意“例如，她獲得2007年度的BRICK Award大獎(jiǎng)”可知，51空處應(yīng)表示“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”，故選A。

[例17]On January 31，a musher named Seppala had to cross a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most 48 part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice， which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened， Seppala might fall into the icy water below. （2016年北京卷）

48. A. shameful B. boring C. dangerous D. foolish

解析：空后的句子“Norton Sound was covered with ice， which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened， Seppala might fall into the icy water below. ”是對(duì)48空所在句子的解釋，由這一解釋可知“這是旅途中最危險(xiǎn)的一部分”，故選C。

9. 順序關(guān)系

當(dāng)前后句之間的邏輯關(guān)系為順序關(guān)系時(shí)，它們往往表示某一事件或動(dòng)作的連續(xù)發(fā)生。值得注意的是，順序關(guān)系有時(shí)不是指前后句之間，而是存在于上下段或上下文之間。常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞有to begin with， first of all， first（ly）， second（ly）， then， next， in the end， finally， last but not least 等。

[例18]In 1973， I was teaching elementary school. Each day， 27 kids entered “The Thinking Laboratory.”... Before the school year 47 ，I gave the kids a special gift， ... （2017年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）

47. A. changed B. approached C. returned D. ended

解析：前文說作者正在教小學(xué)，根據(jù)“I gave the kids a special gift ”，可知從句應(yīng)表示“在本學(xué)年結(jié)束之前”，故選D。endprint

[例19]And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making. I must have talked for ten minutes. Kurt listened patiently， but then he 42 smiled and said， “You dont have a personal plan for growth， do you？”（2016江蘇卷）

42. A. eagerly B. gradually C. gratefully D. finally

解析：由信號(hào)詞then可知，前后分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系為順序關(guān)系。根據(jù)語境可知：耐心聽完之后，Kurt才最后微笑著說“You dont have a personal plan for growth， do you？”。故選D。

10. 時(shí)間關(guān)系

時(shí)間狀語從句常由when， while， after， before， as soon as等引導(dǎo)。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真研究前后句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)合語境推斷出最佳選項(xiàng)。

[例20]The race began on January 27. The first musher， Shannon， picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night. 46 he handed the medicine to the next musher， Shannons face was black from the extreme cold.（2016年北京卷）

46. A. Though B. Since C. When D. If

解析：句意為“當(dāng)他把藥給下一位趕狗拉雪橇的人的時(shí)候，Shannon的臉因極度的寒冷而凍得發(fā)黑”。由此來判定46空處應(yīng)為：當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，故選C。

[例21]In his first years of high school， Gabriel would look pityingly at music students， struggling across the campus with their heavy instrument cases，turning up at school for practice hours 38 anyone else had to be there. （2017年江蘇卷）

38. A. before B. after C. until D. since

解析：根據(jù)38空的前后句可知Gabriel不喜歡音樂，其中的一個(gè)原因就是學(xué)音樂的學(xué)生要比規(guī)定的到校時(shí)間早幾個(gè)小時(shí)到校去練習(xí)音樂，故選A。

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