李 偉 姜永冬 龐 達
FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)與絕經前乳腺癌易感性的關聯(lián)研究
李 偉 姜永冬 龐 達
目的探討FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)(SNPs)與女性絕經前乳腺癌的風險關系。方法采用多重單堿基延伸SNP分型技術(Snapshot)檢測FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型在絕經前乳腺癌患者和絕經前正常女性人群中的頻率,并分析不同SNP基因型與絕經前乳腺癌發(fā)病的風險關系。結果FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型的頻率在乳腺癌與對照組間無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,對于rs2234909位點,相比較于TT基因型,TC和TC+CC基因型和乳腺癌的發(fā)病風險無顯著相關性(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874;OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945);對于rs3135848位點,相比較于TT基因型,TC、CC和TC+CC基因型與乳腺癌的發(fā)病風險無關(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846~1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287~3.137,P=0.931;OR=1.162,95%CI:0.548~1.112,P=0.360)。rs2234909位點突變的乳腺癌患者與未突變者相比,組織學分級(顯性模型:P=0.032;共顯性模型:P=0.024)以及Ki67指數(shù)(顯性模型:P=0.056;共顯性模型:P=0.044)顯著增高;rs3135848位點突變及兩位點均突變與乳腺癌患者臨床病理特征無顯著相關性(P>0.05)。結論FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848兩位點基因多態(tài)性與乳腺癌易感性無明顯相關性;而rs2234909位點突變在絕經前乳腺癌患者中與組織學分級和Ki67指數(shù)呈正相關,可能提示預后不良。
乳腺癌;FGFR3基因;單核苷酸多態(tài);遺傳易感性
乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率在世界范圍內逐年增加并呈現(xiàn)年輕化趨勢[1]。與歐美國家發(fā)病狀況相反,相比于絕經后乳腺癌患者,我國絕經前乳腺癌患者明顯占有更大的比例,這可能是中國人群乳腺癌的特點[2]。目前針對乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有大量研究報道,但其具體原因尚不明確。大量的研究結果顯示遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素的相互作用在乳腺癌的發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮著重要的促進作用。BRCA1和BRCA2等高外顯率易感基因在乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用[3]。此外,一些低外顯率的基因也同樣扮演著不可或缺的角色。成纖維生長因子受體3(Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3,F(xiàn)GFR3)是一種受體型酪氨酸激酶,其在調節(jié)細胞增殖、分化、血管形成以及某些惡性腫瘤的致瘤過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[4-6]。然而,有關FGFR3的基因多態(tài)性與乳腺癌易感性的研究國內外鮮有報道。因此,本研究選取FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848這兩個位點的單核苷酸多態(tài)作為研究對象,探索其與乳腺癌發(fā)病風險的關系。同時,因月經狀態(tài)也影響著乳腺癌的發(fā)生[7-8],所以本研究選取所有病例標本皆為絕經前女性患者。運用病例對照研究針對FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)在絕經前乳腺癌及正常女性人群的頻率進行分析,進而揭示FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848位點單核苷酸多態(tài)性與絕經前乳腺癌的發(fā)病風險關系,為乳腺癌發(fā)病機制研究提供更深層的證據(jù)。
本研究選取2008年11月—2011年4月在哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院就診的絕經前原發(fā)乳腺癌415例病例,所有患者均由兩名獨立病理科醫(yī)生經組織病理學確診。入組病例均未進行化療、放療以及內分泌治療,無其他腫瘤患病史和腫瘤遺傳史,平均年齡(43.53±7.01)歲。同時,在哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院體檢中心隨機選取457例健康普查絕經前女性作為對照組,對照組中所有樣本體檢合格,無乳腺疾病患病史,無惡性腫瘤及腫瘤遺傳史,平均年齡(43.14±6.16)歲。所有研究對象均獲取了知情同意書,本研究經哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學倫理委員會審批通過。
1.2.1 基因組DNA提取 所有入組的乳腺癌患者及正常女性人群抽取2 mL外周靜脈血,應用DNA提取試劑盒(AxyPrep血基因組DNA小量制備試劑盒,AP-MN-BL-GDNA)抽提基因組DNA,測定濃度及純度后,置于-20℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2.2 PCR及基因型的測序鑒定 應用多重單堿基延伸SNP分型技術(Snapshot)對FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP位點進行檢測分型。應用PCR擴增包含上述SNP位點的核酸片段,設計緊鄰SNP位點的延伸引物用于多重單堿基延伸(表1)。(1)PCR反應:PCR反應體系(總量20 μL):1×HotStarTaq buffer,dNTP 0.3 mmol/L,Mg2+3.0 mmol/L,上下游引物各0.1 μmol/L,HotStarTaq polymerase 1 U和樣本DNA 1 μL。運用Touch-down PCR對目的片段進行擴增,反應條件:95℃預變性15 min→94℃變性20 s,65℃退火40 s,72℃延伸90 s(共11個循環(huán),每個循環(huán)退火溫度降低0.5℃)→94℃變性20 s,59℃退火30 s,72℃延伸90 s(共24個循環(huán))→72℃延伸2 min→4℃。應用SAP/Exo I針對上述PCR產物進行純化,簡要步驟如下:10 μL PCR產物中加入SAP酶、Exonuclease I酶各1 U,37℃溫浴1 h后,75℃滅活15 min,產物置于-20℃保存;(2)Snapshot多重單堿基延伸反應:應用Snapshot Multiplex試劑盒針對上述純化后的PCR產物進行延伸反應并鑒定基因型。反應體系(總量10 μL):Snapshot Multiplex Kit 5 μL,純化后多重PCR產物2 μL,延伸引物混合物(正反引物濃度均為0.8 mmol/L)1 μL,超純水(PCR級別)2 μL。反應條件:96℃預變性1 min→96℃變性10 s,50℃退火5 s,60℃延伸30 s(共28個循環(huán))→4℃。應用酶法對延伸產物進行純化,體系如下:延伸產物10 μL,加入SAP酶1 U,37℃溫浴1 h后75℃滅活15 min;(3)實驗結果分析:取上述純化后的延伸產物0.5 μL與內標Liz120 0.5 μL、甲酰胺9 μL混勻,95℃變性5 min后,應用ABI 3130XL基因測序儀進行毛細管電泳,實驗結果應用GeneMapper 4.0軟件進行分析。
應用SPSS 18.0進行統(tǒng)計分析,基因型在病例組與對照組之間分布差異以卡方檢驗統(tǒng)計分析,各基因型和乳腺癌風險的關系采用Logistic回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
在415例乳腺癌病例組中,rs2234909位點的TT、CT和CC基因型頻率分別為89.6%、9.9%和0.5%;在457例對照組中,rs2234909位點的TT、CT和CC基因型頻率分別為89.5%、10.5%和0,其分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P=0.23)。上述3種基因型頻率分布在乳腺癌與正常女性人群中無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)(表2)。
表1 SNP位點PCR引物序列
表2 FGFR3基因型頻率在病例組和對照組的分布
在415例乳腺癌病例組中,rs3135848位點的TT、TC和CC基因型頻率分別為76.9%、21.9%和1.2%;在457例正常對照組中,rs3135848位點的TT、TC和CC基因型頻率分別為79.4%、19.3%和1.3%,其分布同樣符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P=0.79)。rs3135848位點的上述3種基因型頻率分布在乳腺癌與正常女性人群中無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)(表2)。
在共顯性模型下,與野生純合型TT相比,rs2234909位點的CT雜合型與乳腺癌的患病風險無顯著相關性(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874);與TT基因型相比,CT+TT基因型與乳腺癌的患病風險無顯著相關性(OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945),在共顯性模型下,與野生純合型TT相比,rs3135848位點CT雜合型和突變純合型CC均與乳腺癌的患病風險無顯著相關性(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846~1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287~3.137,P=0.931);與TT基因型相比,CT+TT基因型與乳腺癌的患病風險無顯著相關性(OR=1.162,95%CI:0.842~1.603,P=0.360)(表2)。
在415例乳腺癌患者中,與未突變者相比,F(xiàn)GFR3基因SNP位點rs2234909突變的乳腺癌患者組織學分級更高(顯性模型:P=0.032;共顯性模型:P=0.024),Ki67指數(shù)更高(顯性模型:P=0.056;共顯性模型:P=0.044),均具有統(tǒng)計學差異(表3);FGFR3基因SNP位點rs3135848位點突變及兩位點均突變與乳腺癌患者臨床病理因素無關(P>0.05)(表4,表5)。
表3 FGFR3基因rs2234909位點與乳腺癌臨床病理因素的相關性
Note:P1 represents comparison of genotype TT、TC and CC;P2 represents comparison of genotype TT and TC+CC.
表4 FGFR3基因rs3135848位點與乳腺癌臨床病理特征的關系
Note:P1 represents comparison of genotype TT、TC and CC.P2 represents comparison of genotype TT and TC+CC.
表5 FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848位點共同突變與乳腺癌臨床病理特征的關系
FGFR3基因位于人染色體4p16.3,堿基長度約16.5 kb,含有19個外顯子和18個內含子[9]。FGFR3通常以兩種形式存在:FGFR3Ⅲc和FGFR3Ⅲb[10]。以往的研究主要集中在FGFR3基因突變與骨發(fā)育不良相關的人類遺傳性疾病的相關性,例如軟骨發(fā)育不全或致死性骨發(fā)育不全等先天性異??赡芘cFGFR3基因的某些位點的突變存在相關性[11-15]。近期有研究證明,人類某些腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展同F(xiàn)GFR3的突變同樣存在相關性:在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)FGFR3基因點突變[16-17],在尿路上皮腫瘤、膀胱癌、口腔癌和大腸癌等中發(fā)現(xiàn)FGFR3基因的體細胞激活突變[18-21]。
Zammit等[22]通過對80例乳腺癌樣本和32例非惡性組織樣本應用免疫組織化學染色檢測FGFR3的表達情況,結果顯示,在惡性及非惡性上皮細胞中FGFR3的表達水平無顯著差異;然而,他們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)在人乳腺癌細胞內發(fā)生以細胞核染色為主的FGFR3定位的改變。對于造成FGFR3在惡性細胞細胞核中聚積的可能原因,Johnston等[23]研究者認為可能存在外顯子缺失的FGFR3基因型,導致信號多肽及跨膜區(qū)的缺失。Penault-Llorca等[24]通過對103例經手術治療的原發(fā)性乳腺癌樣本進行RT-qPCR及Northern blot分析,在乳腺癌樣本中未檢測到FGFR3的表達上調。本研究拋開FGFR3的表達差異,選擇FGFR3的兩個位點進行基因多態(tài)性檢測,期許能夠從基因多態(tài)性角度解釋FGFR3與乳腺癌易感性的相關性。同時,本研究選取了絕經前乳腺癌患者及正常女性人群作為研究對象,從而排除月經狀態(tài)對乳腺癌易感性的影響。本研究結果顯示,F(xiàn)GFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848位點最小等位基因頻率分別為0.054和0.122,與女性絕經前乳腺癌的發(fā)病風險無顯著相關性。與此結果類似,在2014年Agarwal等[25]通過對53 835例乳腺癌患者及50 156例正常女性(包括46 450例乳腺癌歐洲女性及45 600例正常的歐洲女性)進行FGFR3的SNPs分析,結果顯示歐洲女性中FGFR3的rs2234909和rs3135848位點與乳腺癌風險同樣無顯著相關性。此外,本研究針對FGFR上述位點的分布頻率與乳腺癌臨床病理因素的相關性進行分析,F(xiàn)GFR3基因SNP位點rs2234909突變與絕經前乳腺癌的組織學分級和Ki67指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)顯著正相關,這一結果為FGFR3基因SNP位點在乳腺癌中占據(jù)的角色提供了初步證據(jù),但尚需深層次機制的研究以進一步揭示其具體作用與功能。
綜上所述,本研究針對FGFR3基因的遺傳多態(tài)性與女性絕經前乳腺癌易感性進行關聯(lián)研究,結果提示rs2234909和rs3135848兩個位點未增加其發(fā)病風險,但rs2234909突變與絕經前乳腺癌的組織學分級和Ki67指數(shù)顯著相關。然而,SNP因人群種族的不同可能存在不同結果和意義。因此,本研究結果尚需擴大樣本量以及擴展至不同種族人群進行進一步研究以獲取更多證據(jù)。
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AssociationbetweensinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinFGFR3geneandriskofbreastcancer
LIWei,JIANGYongdong,PANGDa
Department of Breast Surgery,Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in FGFR3 gene and the risk of breast cancer.MethodsThe frequency of SNP genotypes rs2234909 and rs3135848 of FGFR3 gene in premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal normal females were detected by multiple clonal extension SNP typing technique.The SNP genotypes were compared with different SNP genotypes and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer.ResultsThere was no difference in the genotype frequencies of SNP rs2234909 and rs3135848 between breast cancer and control groups(P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between TC and TC +CC genotype and risk of breast cancer(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874;OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945).For the rs3135848 locus,the genotypes of TC,CC and TC+CC were not associated with the risk of breast cancer(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846-1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287-3.137,P=0.931;OR=1.162,95%CI:0.548~1.112,P=0.360).Histological grade was significantly higher in breast cancer with rs2234909 mutation than that of the non-mutation group(dominant model:P=0.032,co-dominant model:P=0.024).The Ki67 index of FGFR3 gene locus rs2234909 mutation was higher than that of the non-mutation(dominant model:P=0.056;co-dominant model:P=0.044).There was no difference between rs3135848 mutation and both site mutation with clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients(P>0.05).ConclusionThe SNP genotypes of rs2234909 and rs3135848 of FGFR3 gene were not associated with susceptibility to breast cancer in premenopausal women in North of China.Rs2234909 mutation was positively correlated with histological grade and Ki67 index in premenopausal breast cancer patients.
Breast cancer;FGFR3 gene;Single nucleotide polymorphism;Genetic susceptibility
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺外科(哈爾濱 150081)
李偉,男,(1991-),碩士研究生,從事乳腺癌基礎與臨床的研究。
龐達,E-mail:pangdasir1@sina.com
R737.9
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.05.006
(收稿:2017-03-13)