管陽 劉鳳永 樊慶勝 陳朔 付金鑫 陳現(xiàn)現(xiàn)
良性和惡性腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞的臨床應(yīng)用
管陽 劉鳳永 樊慶勝 陳朔 付金鑫 陳現(xiàn)現(xiàn)
目的:評價良性、惡性腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞的安全性及有效性,探討腹膜后腫瘤供血動脈特點。方法:選取2008年6月至2015年6月解放軍總醫(yī)院收治的241例患者,分為良性腹膜后腫瘤組和惡性腹膜后腫瘤組。各組依據(jù)腫瘤長徑分為A、B、C 3組,其中A組>10.0 cm,10.0 cm≥B組>5.0 cm,C組≤5.0 cm。比較各組患者的腫瘤體積、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸血量、手術(shù)時間及術(shù)后住院天數(shù)差異性。統(tǒng)計其中70例術(shù)前介入栓塞腹膜后腫瘤的供血動脈情況。結(jié)果:良性腫瘤組A、B、C組手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。惡性腫瘤組A、B組術(shù)中出血和術(shù)中輸血比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。腹腔腹膜后腫瘤的主要供血動脈為腰動脈、髂內(nèi)動脈、腎上腺動脈、膈下動脈、腸系膜動脈分支,盆腔腹膜后腫瘤的主要供血動脈為髂內(nèi)動脈分支。結(jié)論:術(shù)前介入栓塞能有效降低惡性腹膜后腫瘤外科術(shù)中出血風(fēng)險、減少輸血,提高患者圍手術(shù)期安全性。良性腹膜后腫瘤未見顯著效益,但可以為外科術(shù)前明確腫瘤供血情況。術(shù)前介入栓塞中重點為尋找腰動脈、髂內(nèi)動脈、腎上腺動脈、膈下動脈、腸系膜動脈分支。
術(shù)前介入栓塞 腹膜后腫瘤 外科手術(shù)
腹膜后腫瘤是一類少見生長在腹膜后間隙的腫瘤,原發(fā)性腹膜后腫瘤非常少見,70%~80%是惡性,占所有惡性腫瘤的0.1%~0.2%,手術(shù)切除是腹膜后腫瘤最主要的治療方法[1-2]。由于腹膜后間隙位置較深,潛在腔隙大,不易早期發(fā)現(xiàn),患者多因腹部明顯增大和腹部疼痛就診,此時腫瘤大多體積巨大,侵及和(或)壓迫周圍組織臟器,無法徹底手術(shù)切除,并且導(dǎo)致并發(fā)癥增多[3-5]。
腫瘤術(shù)前栓塞能夠減少術(shù)中出血,使術(shù)野更加清楚,幫助辨識病灶與組織關(guān)系,使手術(shù)腫瘤血管容易剝離,降低手術(shù)切除難度[6-11]。但腹膜后腫瘤因發(fā)病時間長、腫瘤巨大、有多支供血動脈、血供豐富且不恒定,使得術(shù)前介入栓塞難度較高[3,5]。原發(fā)性腹膜后腫瘤的動脈血供復(fù)雜,采用術(shù)前栓塞治療可明顯減少術(shù)中出血量,減少切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和住院時間,促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)[12]。但腹膜后腫瘤病理良性、惡性不同時,是否也會有相同結(jié)論,目前少有報道。本研究收集241例腹膜后腫瘤病例,探討術(shù)前栓塞在良性、惡性腹膜后腫瘤治療中的價值,及如何徹底、有效、安全地做好腹膜后腫瘤的術(shù)前栓塞。
本研究為單中心回顧性隊列研究,收集2008年6月至2015年6月就診于解放軍總醫(yī)院診斷為腹膜后腫瘤的836例患者資料,使用CHISS軟件隨機(jī)數(shù)生成的方法,從中隨機(jī)抽取400例,剔除其中未行手術(shù)治療110例、術(shù)后病理不明確25例、姑息性切除24例,納入病例241例;所有納入病例均為腹膜后腫瘤患者,術(shù)前檢查包含計算機(jī)斷層掃描(CT)和(或)磁共振成像,均行腹膜后腫瘤切除手術(shù),術(shù)后病理診斷明確。其中男性127例,女性114例?;颊咂骄挲g為(48.7±13.8)歲。手術(shù)切除腫瘤共290個,平均腫瘤體積(2 702.8±6 128.4)cm3,平均腫瘤長徑(15.7±9.9)cm(腫瘤長徑為術(shù)后病理送檢組織長徑,腫瘤體積為術(shù)后病理送檢組織3項徑長之積)。175例為原發(fā)性腫瘤,66例為復(fù)發(fā)性腫瘤。病理顯示惡性腫瘤包含脂肪肉瘤62例、平滑肌肉瘤23例、其他肉瘤16例、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤5例、惡性神經(jīng)鞘瘤8例、其他惡性腫瘤10例;良性腫瘤包含副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤45例、神經(jīng)鞘瘤17例、神經(jīng)纖維瘤17例、血管平滑肌瘤8例、脂肪瘤4例、間皮瘤2例、良性畸胎瘤2例、間質(zhì)瘤4例、其他良性腫瘤18例。平均手術(shù)時間(241.2±107.9)min,術(shù)中出血(1 289.5±1 339.3)mL,術(shù)中輸血(1 048.2±1 138.1)mL,術(shù)后平均住院天數(shù)(13.3±16.1)d,表1。
1.2.1 分組方法及數(shù)據(jù)收集將納入的241例病例按術(shù)后送檢病理組織結(jié)果的良惡性分為良性腹膜后腫瘤組和惡性腹膜后腫瘤組。各組以術(shù)后送檢病理組織的長徑為因素,分為良性腹膜后腫瘤A、B、C 3組和惡性腹膜后腫瘤A、B、C 3組,其中A組腫瘤組織長徑>10.0 cm,5.0 cm≥B組腫瘤組織長徑≤10.0 cm,C組腫瘤組織長徑≤5.0 cm。按術(shù)前介入栓塞與未栓塞情況收集各組患者的腫瘤體積(cm3)、術(shù)中出血量(mL)、術(shù)中輸血量(mL)、手術(shù)時間(min)及術(shù)后住院天數(shù)(d)。統(tǒng)計其中70例(惡性術(shù)前栓塞組+良性術(shù)前栓塞組)術(shù)前介入栓塞腹膜后腫瘤的供血動脈情況。
1.2.2 栓塞方法所有術(shù)前栓塞患者對位于上腹部的腹膜后腫瘤行腹腔干、肝動脈、脾動脈、膈下動脈、腸系膜上動脈、腎動脈、腎上腺動脈、腎包膜動脈、腰動脈進(jìn)行造影;對下腹部的腹膜后腫瘤行腸系膜上動脈、腸系膜下動脈、腎動脈、腎上腺動脈、腎包膜動脈、腰動脈、髂腰動脈、髂內(nèi)動脈進(jìn)行造影,分析可能的供血動脈。栓塞材料使用明膠海綿顆粒(1 mm×1 mm×1 mm)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)顆粒(350~500 μm或500~700 μm)和(或)各類型號的微鋼圈。超選至腫瘤供血動脈,注入明膠海綿顆粒、PVA顆粒和(或)微鋼圈進(jìn)行栓塞,栓塞至腫瘤供血動脈形成栓塞劑“鑄形”,無造影劑通過。栓塞后1~2 d行腫瘤手術(shù)切除。大部分腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前栓塞材料使用明膠海綿,對于合并較大的動脈瘤和存在瘤體出血或出血風(fēng)險較大時,應(yīng)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用PVA顆?;蛭撊M(jìn)行栓塞。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理,結(jié)果以x±s表示,計量資料的比較在數(shù)據(jù)滿足正態(tài)分布前提下采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗,正態(tài)性檢驗方法使用Kolmogo?rov-Smirnov檢驗。若計量資料不滿足正態(tài)分布,采用非參數(shù)檢驗,檢驗方法為Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗。檢驗水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
良、惡性腫瘤A、B、C各組的腫瘤體積、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸血量、手術(shù)時間及術(shù)后住院天數(shù)以是否術(shù)前介入栓塞為因素比較差異性,數(shù)據(jù)均未通過Kol?mogorov-Smirnov檢驗(P>0.05),不滿足正態(tài)分布,采用非參數(shù)檢驗Mann-Whitney U檢驗。在以是否術(shù)前介入栓塞為因素比較各指標(biāo)差異性中,良性腫瘤A、B、C各組在腫瘤體積、手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)中輸血除A組差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),B、C組差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。惡性腫瘤組腫瘤體積在A、B、C各組中差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);手術(shù)時間在A組中差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),B、C組中差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)中出血和術(shù)中輸血在A、B組中差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),在C組中差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后住院天數(shù)在A、B、C各組中差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2,3)。
其中70例(惡性術(shù)前栓塞組+良性術(shù)前栓塞組)腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞過程中,未出現(xiàn)鄰近組織損傷,造影證實栓塞血管完全堵塞,栓塞術(shù)中及術(shù)后無不良并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)。腫瘤位于上腹部腹膜后腫瘤主要供血動脈為腰動脈(62.3%)、髂內(nèi)動脈(32.1%)、腎上腺動脈(18.9%)、腸系膜下動脈(17.0%)、膈下動脈(15.1%)、腎動脈(13.2%)、髂腰動脈(13.2%)、腸系膜上動脈(11.3%)分支供血;腫瘤位于下腹部附近的盆腔腹膜后腫瘤,主要供血動脈為髂內(nèi)動脈及其分支(100%)(表4)。大部分血管分支可以完全栓塞,而腸系膜動脈分支、腎動脈分支栓塞應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎,因其栓塞后易發(fā)生相關(guān)臟器缺血性壞死[13-14]。腫瘤血管栓塞區(qū)域與相鄰組織血供交通是栓塞相關(guān)并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)的主要原因[15-17]。栓塞前確定是否有任何血管與重要血管交通是必要的,必須注意重要功能區(qū)域的異位栓塞[10]。所有供血動脈均成功栓塞,無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,患者耐受性良好,腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞安全性值得肯定。
表2 良性腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞與未栓塞比較情況Table 2 Comparison of preoperative interventional embolization with non-embolization in benign retroperitoneal tumors
表3 惡性腹膜后腫瘤術(shù)前介入栓塞與未栓塞比較情況Table 3 Comparison of preoperative interventional embolization with non-embolization in malignant retroperitoneal tumors
表4 腹膜后腫瘤供血動脈情況Table 4 Retroperitoneal tumor blood supply arteries
外科手術(shù)術(shù)中出血影響手術(shù)視野及操作,并導(dǎo)致大量輸血,延長手術(shù)和術(shù)后恢復(fù)時間,同時增加嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)風(fēng)險[18]。術(shù)后再出血的幾率也會增加[19-20]。腫瘤的術(shù)前介入栓塞是一種成熟的外科切除術(shù)前輔助治療方法。
本研究中惡性腹膜后腫瘤外科切除術(shù)前栓塞能有效減少患者的術(shù)中出血、術(shù)中輸血和手術(shù)時間,特別在大腫瘤組(腫瘤長徑>10.0 cm)中差異性更顯著。而良性腹膜后腫瘤外科切除術(shù)前栓塞在患者術(shù)中出血、術(shù)中輸血和手術(shù)時間上未見明顯的差異性。術(shù)前介入栓塞能使惡性腹膜后腫瘤血供減少、手術(shù)術(shù)中出血減少,使得手術(shù)切除的難度降低,提高了患者圍手術(shù)期安全性。在良性腹膜后腫瘤應(yīng)用中,雖然未見顯著的效益,但是可以明確腫瘤供血情況,為外科醫(yī)生提供參考。由于腹膜后腫瘤較難發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)后多數(shù)需要行手術(shù)切除治療,術(shù)中或術(shù)后需送檢病理,部分腹膜后腫瘤患者經(jīng)相關(guān)實驗室、影像學(xué)檢查后仍不能確定良、惡性。所以,本研究認(rèn)為術(shù)前介入栓塞是腹膜后腫瘤外科切除術(shù)前的有效輔助應(yīng)用,應(yīng)在腹膜后腫瘤手術(shù)切除前考慮使用。術(shù)前介入栓塞中腹腔腹膜后腫瘤要重點尋找腰動脈、髂內(nèi)動脈、腎上腺動脈、膈下動脈、腸系膜動脈分支;盆腔腹膜后腫瘤重點找尋髂內(nèi)動脈分支。
綜上所述,因腹膜后腫瘤較難早期發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)時往往體積巨大,本研究抽取病例中C組(腫瘤長徑≤5.0 cm)樣本數(shù)量較少,C組統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果存在局限性和偏差,有待進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量、合理分組(根據(jù)腫瘤長徑)完善本研究。
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(2017-01-13收稿)
(2017-04-28修回)
(編輯:楊紅欣 校對:鄭莉)
Clinical application of preoperative interventional embolization for benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumor
Yang GUAN,Fengyong LIU,Qingsheng FAN,Shuo CHEN,Jinxin FU,Xianxian CHEN
Fengyong LIU;E-mail:fengyongliu@aliyun.com
Department of Interventional Radiology,Clinical Division of Internal Medicine,Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital,Beijing 100853,China
Objective:Characteristics of the retroperitoneal tumor blood supply arteries were analyzed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of preoperative interventional embolization for benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors.Methods:A total of 241 cases were divided into benign retroperitoneal tumor group and malignant retroperitoneal tumor group.Each group was divided into groups A,B,and C according to the long diameter of the tumor tissue.Group A>10.0 cm,5.0 cm<group B≤10.0 cm,and group C≤5.0 cm.Tumor volume,intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative blood transfusion,operation time,and hospitalization days were compared with 70 cases of preoperative interventional embolization of retroperitoneal tumor blood supply artery.Results:No significant difference in the operation time,intraoperative bleeding,and postoperative hospital stay was found in groups A,B,and C of the benign tumor group(P>0.05).Significant differences in intraoperative bleeding and intraoperative blood transfusion were found between groups A and B(P<0.05).Main arteries of the abdominal retroperitoneal tumor are the lumbar,internal iliac,and adrenal arteries.The main artery of pelvic retroperitoneal tumor is the internal iliac artery.Conclusion:Preoperative interventional embolization can effectively reduce the risk of bleeding during malignant retroperitoneal tumor surgery and improve the perioperative safety of patients.No significant benefit of benign retroperitoneal tumors and no increased risk of bleeding during surgery were observed.Retroperitoneal tumor preoperative embolization should focus on investigating the lumbar,internal iliac,and adrenal arteries.
preoperative interventional embolization,retroperitoneal tumor,surgery
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.15.059
·讀者·作者·編者·
解放軍總醫(yī)院介入放射科(北京市100853)
劉鳳永fengyongliu@aliyun.com
管陽專業(yè)方向為介入放射學(xué)。
E-mail:597788540@qq.com