潘珂
(四川省綿陽市婦幼保健院檢驗科,四川綿陽 621000)
63例特應性皮炎患者過敏原檢測結果分析
潘珂
(四川省綿陽市婦幼保健院檢驗科,四川綿陽 621000)
目的:分析本地區(qū)特應性皮炎(Atopic dermatitis,AD)患者過敏原檢測結果,為本地區(qū)AD的預防提供參考依據。方法:使用ELISA方法檢測我院2016年1月至2017年1月收治AD患者血清總免疫球蛋白E(IgE)及特異性IgE抗體(sIgE),并分析其過敏原表達情況。結果:63例患者中,36例<6歲,占57.14%,納入學齡前組,其余27例年齡6~15歲,占42.86%,納入學齡期組。學齡前組、學齡期組血清總IgE陽性率分別為55.56%、59.26%,其sIgE陽性率分別為58.33%、55.56%,組間比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)?;颊哌^敏原以點青霉/煙曲霉/交鏈胞霉、艾蒿、狗毛等吸入性過敏原以及芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓等食入性過敏原為主;學齡期組霉菌過敏原構成比高于學齡前組,其芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓過敏原構成比低于后者,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:AD患者血清總IgE及sIgE陽性率均較高且無年齡差異,學齡前患者過敏原以食入性為主,學齡期兒童以吸入性為主,據此實施食物回避與防護措施有望降低人群AD發(fā)生率。
特應性皮炎;過敏原;免疫球蛋白E
特應性皮炎(Atopic dermatitis,AD)好發(fā)于兒童并可持續(xù)至成年期,患者臨床癥狀以瘙癢、多形性皮損及滲出傾向為主,部分可出現哮喘或過敏性鼻炎[1]。AD的發(fā)病機制十分復雜,遺傳、皮膚屏障功能障礙、免疫、環(huán)境等因素均可能參與AD的發(fā)生發(fā)展,但目前尚未明確AD發(fā)病的確切誘因[2]。因此,當前臨床對于AD尚無理想的治療方法,而了解患者過敏原分布,對于避免接觸過敏原、改善患者臨床癥狀具有重要意義[3]。本研究對我院2016年1月至2017年1月收治的64例AD患者過敏原檢測結果進行匯總分析,旨在了解其過敏原分布,為臨床防治提供參考。
1.1 對象
入組患者既往無寄生蟲感染史,排除入組前2周內有糖皮質激素或免疫抑制劑使用史及入組前3 d內有抗組胺藥物使用史者[4]。64例患者中,男34例,女30例,年齡3~15歲,平均(7.12±1.64)歲,病程2~31個月,平均(17.26±3.95)個月;AD病情嚴重度Scorad評分[5]26~85分,平均(56.24±15.33)歲。
1.2 檢測方法
使用ELISA方法,以敏篩定量過敏原檢測系統(蘇州浩歐博生物醫(yī)藥有限公司),對患者血清總免疫球蛋白E(IgE)及特異性IgE抗體(sIgE)進行檢測,選用過敏原包括吸入性過敏原與食入性過敏原,總IgE<100 IU/mL為正常,總IgE≥100 IU/mL為異常,sIgE≥0.35 IU/mL為陽性[6]。其中,吸入性過敏原包括屋塵螨/粉塵螨、蟑螂、點青霉/煙曲霉/交鏈胞霉、梧桐、榆樹、葎草、艾蒿、豚草、貓毛、狗毛共10種,食入性過敏原包括蛋清/蛋黃、牛奶、鱈魚/鮭魚/鱸魚、蝦/蟹/扇貝、牛肉/羊肉、芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓、花生/開心果/腰果/榛子共7種。
1.3 統計學分析方法
對本臨床研究的所有數據采用SPSS18.0進行分析,按照患者年齡分布,將其分別納入學齡前組(<6歲)及學齡期組(≥6歲),比較兩組患者IgE、sIgE陽性率以及過敏原分布,采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。并總結63例患者的過敏原分布特點。
63例患者中,36例<6歲,占57.14%,納入學齡前組,其余27例年齡6~15歲,占42.86%,納入學齡期組。
學齡前組、學齡期組血清總IgE陽性率分別為55.56%(20/36)、59.26%(16/27),其sIgE陽性率分別為58.33%(21/36)、55.56%(15/27),組間比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
患者過敏原以點青霉/煙曲霉/交鏈胞霉、艾蒿、狗毛等吸入性過敏原,以及芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓等食入性過敏原為主;學齡期組霉菌構成比高于學齡前組,其芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓構成比低于后者,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表1、圖1。
表1 學齡前與學齡期患者過敏原分布比較(n/%)
圖1 63例AD患者過敏原檢測結果分布
AD發(fā)病機制主要為IgE介導的Ⅰ型變態(tài)反應,過敏原進入機體所致漿細胞大量分泌sIgE是引發(fā)機體致敏狀態(tài)及相關臨床癥狀的主要原因[7-8]。由于過敏原分布與環(huán)境、地理位置、生活習慣存在一定關聯,因此,了解當地患者過敏原分布,對于指導AD防治具有價值。我院過敏原檢測采用血清總IgE、sIgE表達方法,規(guī)避激發(fā)試驗風險較高、不易被接受的缺陷。結果表明,無論是學齡前還是學齡期患者,其血清總IgE、sIgE陽性率均超過50%,且組間比較差異無統計學意義,說明本地區(qū)AD患者中過敏現象占主導,即多數AD患者均有過敏體質,因此,檢測血清sIgE亦有助于相關過敏原的明確[9-11]。
在本次研究中,狗毛是AD患者最常見的吸入性過敏原,芒果/菠蘿/蘋果/桃/草莓是最常見的食入性過敏原,與大量臨床研究結果一致[12-15],說明吸入性、食入性過敏原均可誘發(fā)AD發(fā)生,而空氣干燥、越來越多的家庭飼養(yǎng)寵物與監(jiān)護人盲目給予兒童水果,均是造成兒童AD發(fā)生的重要誘因。與此同時,不同年齡段患者過敏原分布存在一定差異,學齡期組吸入性過敏原中霉菌占比較高,考慮與該年齡段人群戶外活動增多有關,霉菌大量漂浮于戶外空氣中,可隨呼吸進入人體,誘發(fā)特異性變態(tài)反應[16],相較于成人而言,兒童對外界環(huán)境中的各類抗原因素有著更高的敏感性,故其不僅更易因過敏原引發(fā)AD,且臨床癥狀也易因外界感染、季節(jié)及氣候變化、刺激性物質等原因進一步加重。學齡前組經典性食入性過敏原占比較高,可能與這一階段,人體在胸腺發(fā)育成熟的過程中對體內外抗原的識別逐漸建立導致學齡期兒童對過敏原反應性較高有關[17]。
由于目前AD的治療尚無特別有效的藥物,而長期激素治療的不良反應較為明顯,可能對患者生長發(fā)育造成明顯影響。因此,在今后的臨床實踐中,應根據AD患者的年齡特點及所處環(huán)境提出針對性臨床建議,做到個體化診治,如對過敏體質學齡前兒童,應謹慎給予水果等副食品,并做到逐個給予,以早期發(fā)現可能誘發(fā)過敏反應的變應原,并避免AD的誘發(fā)與加重[18],而學齡期兒童戶外活動前應做好保護措施,日常生活環(huán)境中需注重塵螨的清除,并避免皮膚的過度清洗與不潔衣物的長期皮膚接觸,從而完善發(fā)病因素環(huán)節(jié)的預防,從根本上降低AD發(fā)生率。
總體而言,AD患者普遍存在過敏體質,且其過敏原分布與年齡相關,學齡前患者更易因食物刺激發(fā)生AD,而學齡期患者戶外活動的增加使其霉菌致敏風險顯著提高,應針對患者年齡特點予以綜合防治。
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The analysis of allergen on 63 cases of atopic dermatitis patients
PAN Ke. (Department of laboratory,Mianyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital,Mianyang 621000 china)
Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the allergen of AD (atopic dermatitis, AD) patients and provide reference for the prevention of AD of local region. Methods: The igE (immunoglobulin e, igE) and antibiotic of slgE of AD patients treated in our hospital from Jan 2016 to Jan 2017 were tested by means of ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, ELISA) and their allergen were analyzed. Results: A total of 63 cases were collected, of whom 36 cases were less than 6 years old, accounting for 57.14% and were classif i ed as preschool group and the rest 27 cases aging from 6 to 15, accounting for 42.86% were classif i ed as schooling group. The positive rate of serum igE of two groups were 55.56% and 59.26% respectively and the positive rate of serum igE of them were 58.33% and 55.56%, and the difference was not statistically signif i cant(P>0.05). The most common allergen were allergen of inhalation as penicillium notatum, aspergillus fumigatus, mugwort, dog hair and allergen of edibility as mango, pineapple, apple, peach and strawberry; the constituent ratio of fugous allergen of preschool group was higher than that of schooling group while their constituent ratio of mango, pineapple, apple, peach and strawberry was lower than that of latter group and the difference was statistically signif i cant(P<0.05). Conclusions: The positive rate of both serum igE and slgE of AD patients are high and the age has no difference. The common allergens of preschool patients are edible while the schooling patients are inhaling. It is expected to decrease the AD rate through the avoidance of allergic food and prevention measurements.
atopic dermatitis; allergen; immunoglobulin e
R446
A
2095-5200(2017)04-085-03
10.11876/mimt201704035
潘珂,本科,檢驗主管技師,研究方向:檢驗臨床,Email:dcq023186@126.com。