田本強(qiáng)
在語(yǔ)法填空中,年年都有要求考生使用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空的題目。所謂動(dòng)詞的正確形式,是指時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、虛擬語(yǔ)氣和非謂語(yǔ)形式等。所給動(dòng)詞都是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞,而且空格所在的句子經(jīng)常是含有另外一個(gè)或多個(gè)動(dòng)詞的簡(jiǎn)單句或從句。這時(shí)我們?cè)撌褂脛?dòng)詞的哪種適當(dāng)形式呢?下面的口訣可以輔助你解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
一句多個(gè)動(dòng)詞間,不是非謂就是連。
這里的“一句”,是指一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句、一個(gè)主句或一個(gè)從句。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句只能有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu);如果是主從復(fù)合句,則主句與從句各有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,多個(gè)動(dòng)詞同在一句中出現(xiàn)時(shí),其中一個(gè)是謂語(yǔ)形式(時(shí)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)),其余的動(dòng)詞不是非謂語(yǔ)形式,就是有并列連詞,構(gòu)成并列的謂語(yǔ)形式。如:
[例1](2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)A study of travelers__________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
該句有兩個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)是提示詞conduct,另一個(gè)是names。names是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,且為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。conduct與name之間沒(méi)有并列連詞,所以conducted應(yīng)使用非謂語(yǔ)形式。又因conduct與名詞study(研究)在語(yǔ)義上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且空格后有by的提示,所以conduct應(yīng)使用-ed形式:conducted。
[例2](2016·全國(guó)III卷)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and__________(be)too violent for use at the table.
本句中believed后面是個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,在賓語(yǔ)從句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞would remind,另一個(gè)是提示詞be,兩者之間有并列連詞and,所以be也應(yīng)該使用謂語(yǔ)形式:was。
那么問(wèn)題又來(lái)了:非謂語(yǔ)形式有三種基本形式,填空時(shí)該選擇哪一種呢?涉及這個(gè)問(wèn)題的試題根據(jù)考查的能力層次可分為識(shí)記能力類和分析能力類。
一、識(shí)記能力類
這類試題主要考查考生是否準(zhǔn)確地記住了一些動(dòng)詞的慣用法和常見(jiàn)句型中的非謂語(yǔ)形式。
(一)使用-ing形式的情況
1. 在某些動(dòng)詞后只能接-ing形式。
后跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有include, enjoy, finish, practice, imagine, consider, mind, keep, miss, admit, deny, risk, avoid,suggest, allow, cant help等。
[例3](2016·全國(guó)I卷)My ambassadorial duties will include__________(introduce)British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析:在include后只能接-ing形式,故填introducing。
[例4](2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept__________ (ride).
解析:因keep后只能接-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),即keep doing,故填riding。
[例5](2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) This included digging up the road,__________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
解析:與digging和building并列,即A, B and C,三個(gè)要形式一致,故填laying。
2. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞用-ing形式。
[例6](2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)... by__________(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (eating)
[例7](2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __________(be) late for school.(being)
[例8](2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term __________(rest).(這是spending... in doingsth句型,本題中的in省略了,故填resting)
(二)使用to do的情況。
1. 在某些動(dòng)詞后只能接to do形式。
后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有want, hope, wish, agree, promise(三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng));manage, learn, decide (設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定);ask, demand, refuse(兩個(gè)要求莫拒絕);pretend, choose(不要假裝在選擇)等。
[例9](2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants __________(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with hereducation.(to prove)
2. 在序數(shù)詞后或受序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞后作定語(yǔ),通常用to do。
[例10](2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) In 1931, Addams became the first American woman __________(win)the Nobel Peace Prize.(to win)
3. 在be likely to do sth等固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,用to do。
[例11](2016·全國(guó)II卷) If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely__________(bring) your work home. (to bring)
4.在adj. /adv. enough to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中,用to do。
[例12](2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough__________(cool) the house during the hot day. (to cool)
5. 在it takes sb some time to do sth句型中,用to do。
[例13](2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ卷) It took years of work __________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. (to reduce)
6. 在tell /ask / want /require /urge /encourage sb to do sth句型中,用to do。
[例14](2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)They are required__________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(to process)
[例15](2016·江蘇卷)Parents should actively urge their children__________(take) advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. (to take)
二、分析能力類
這類試題主要考查考生的分析能力。
首先牢記下面關(guān)于三種非謂語(yǔ)形式的基本用法:
(1)-ing形式:表主動(dòng)或同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
(2)-ed形式:表被動(dòng)或完成。
(3)不定式:表目的或?qū)?lái)(也表主動(dòng),但動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生)
然后根據(jù)句意判斷空格處是哪種基本用法,選用相應(yīng)的非謂語(yǔ)形式。
分別舉例如下:
[例16](2015·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people__________(live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:says的賓語(yǔ)從句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arranges了,live應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;又因people與live之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用-ing形式作定語(yǔ),填living。
[例17](2016·全國(guó)III卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots,__________(use)twigs(樹枝)to remove it.
解析:句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞cooked,所給動(dòng)詞use前又沒(méi)有連詞,故use為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;又因people與use之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,use與cooked同時(shí)進(jìn)行,故填using。
[例18](2016·全國(guó)I卷)But my connection with pandas goes backtomy days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, whenI was the first Western TV reporter__________(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析:因when從句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was,所以permit為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;又因I與permit之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填permitted。順便說(shuō)說(shuō),本空前的名詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾,所以也可填to be permitted。
[例19](2016·全國(guó)III卷)Skilledworkers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs.
解析:因句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞combine,所以create為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;因create special designs是combine的目的,故用to do,填to create。
[例20]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________(take)placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.
解析:因the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar將于2022年舉行,用不定式表將來(lái),故填to take。
所謂“主動(dòng)”與“被動(dòng)”,是指非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。它們之間的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)關(guān)系是決定使用何種非謂語(yǔ)形式的重要依據(jù)之一。所以尋找邏輯主語(yǔ)是決定使用何種非謂語(yǔ)形式的一個(gè)重要步驟,也是一大難點(diǎn)。
1. 非謂語(yǔ)形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是被修飾的名詞或代詞。如:
[例20](2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence__________(suggest)that the trend is growing.(evidence是suggest的邏輯主語(yǔ),它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填suggesting)
[例21](2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)__________(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by eventhe most modern of architects and engineers.(dwellings是build的邏輯主語(yǔ),它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填built)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)是該句主語(yǔ)。如:
[例22](2016·全國(guó)III卷)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs. (skilled worker是create的邏輯主語(yǔ),兩者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,作目的狀語(yǔ),填to combine)
[例23](2016·天津卷)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, __________(make) air conditioning unnecessary.(the cooling wind是make的邏輯主語(yǔ),兩者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填making,作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))
3. 非謂語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是賓語(yǔ)。
[例24](2015·陜西卷)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother __________(take)good care of at home.
解析:his mother就是take的邏輯主語(yǔ),兩者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填taken。
[例25](2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) I heard a passenger behind me __________ (shout)to the driver, but he refused tostop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept riding.
解析:a passenger就是shout的邏輯主語(yǔ),兩者之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填 shouting。
還有三種特殊情況,但在全國(guó)卷中尚未考查過(guò):
(1)帶有連詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。如:
[例26](2015·北京卷)If __________ (accept)for the job, youll be informed soon.
解析:accept的邏輯主語(yǔ)是you,兩者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填accepted。
(2)自帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。如:
[例27]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________ (take) placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.
解析:take place的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar,兩者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示將來(lái),用不定式,故填to take。
(3)自帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。如:
[例28]Weather __________(permit),we will go on a picnic the day after tomorrow.
解析:因permit的邏輯主語(yǔ)是weather,兩者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填permitting。
總之,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用哪種形式,主要根據(jù)該動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)關(guān)系,以及所表示的動(dòng)作行為是同時(shí)進(jìn)行、已經(jīng)完成還是尚未進(jìn)行,來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。