江文錦 朱娉婷 張怡元
[摘要] 目的 評價直接前側(cè)入路(DAA)人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中(THA)假體安放位置的準確性。方法 回顧性分析2012年4月~2017年2月期間廈門大學附屬福州第二醫(yī)院(福建中醫(yī)藥大學研究生培訓基地)的296例人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換病例。其中146例采用DAA,150例采用后外側(cè)入路(posterolateral approach,PLA)。全部病例均為初次髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。評估項目包括年齡、男性占比、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、術(shù)前髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris評分(HHS)、臼杯外展角誤差值、臼杯前傾角誤差值、雙下肢長度差異和術(shù)后HHS。 結(jié)果 DAA組與PLA組在年齡[(56.45±11.41)歲比(57.85±14.1)歲,P=0.83]、性別(60.1%比63.3%,P=0.40)、BMI[(22.9±1.39)kg/m2比(23.37±1.39)kg/m2,P=0.78]、術(shù)前HHS[(31±6.87)分比(29.85±7.18)分,P=0.57]的差異無統(tǒng)計意義。與PLA組相比,DAA組具有更小的臼杯前傾角誤差[(2.90±1.37)°比(1.00±0.83)°,P<0.05]、更小的臼杯外展角誤差[(3.47±1.94)°比 (1.77±1.16)°,P<0.05]、更小的雙下肢長度差異[(0.81±0.40)cm比(0.2±0.17)cm,P<0.05]和更高的術(shù)后HHS[(92.1±4.86)分比(94.4±3.09)分,P<0.05]。結(jié)論DAA THA術(shù)中采用仰臥位能減少骨盆傾斜和旋轉(zhuǎn),明顯提高了髖臼組件安放的準確性、減少雙下肢長度差異并增加了術(shù)后HHS。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 直接前側(cè)入路;全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換;假體位置;仰臥位
[中圖分類號] R737.31 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2017)15-182-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the components placement in direct anterior approach (DAA) of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods 296 patients primary performed unilateral total hip arthroplasties in orthopedic department of The Fuzhou Sceond Hospital Affiliated To Xiamen University (the bases for master degree of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) from April 2012 to February 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Among the 296 total hip arthroplasties cases,146 patients were treated with DAA,and the other 150 used posterolateral approach (PLA).All cases were primary hip replacement.The evaluation items included age,sex,body mass index (BMI),preoperative Harris hip score (HHS),the error values of the cup inclination,the error values of the cup anteversion,leg length discrepancy, and postoperative HHS. Results There were no statistical significance in mean age [(56.45±11.41) years vs (57.85±14.1) years,P=0.83],sex(60.1% vs 63.3%,P=0.40),BMI[(22.9±1.39) kg/m2 vs (23.37±1.39) kg/m2,P=0.78] and preoperative HHS(31±6.87 vs 29.85±7.18,P=0.57) between the two groups.However,compared with the PLA group,patients in DAA group had smaller error values of cup anteversion[(2.90±1.37) vs (1.00±0.83),P<0.05],smaller error values of the cup inclination[(3.47±1.94) vs (1.77±1.16),P<0.05],lesser limbs-length discrepancy[(0.81±0.40)cm vs (0.2±0.17)cm,P<0.05],and higher postoperative HHS (92.1±4.86 vs 94.4±3.09,P<0.05). Conclusions Operating in a supine position for the direct anterior approach in THA may reduce the intraoperative pelvic rotation and tilt,which in consequence can improve the accuracy of the acetabular component placement,and reduce leg length discrepancy,and postoperative HHS significantly.
[Key words] Direct anterior approach;Total hip arthroplasty;Component placement;Supine
1881年Heuter首次闡述了髖關(guān)節(jié)的前側(cè)入路[1-2],隨后Smith-peterson改良了入路并首次應用于關(guān)節(jié)置換,但較多用于非關(guān)節(jié)置換[3]。近年來,隨著外科醫(yī)生快速康復理念不斷增強,直接前側(cè)入路開始被主張常規(guī)用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),外科醫(yī)生對直接前側(cè)
入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的興趣也愈來愈濃,開展的該入路手術(shù)實踐也與日俱增[4]。但一個成功的全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)是通過植入規(guī)格合適的關(guān)節(jié)假體并獲得最佳的假體位置從而恢復髖關(guān)節(jié)的生物力學。回顧性分析我院關(guān)節(jié)外科自2012年4月~2017年2月收治髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病行單側(cè)DAA THA的患者臨床及影像資料,研究直接前側(cè)入路THA髖關(guān)節(jié)假體位置的準確性,現(xiàn)報道分析如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
共收集296例單側(cè)THA病例。其中DAA組146例,男89例、女57例,體重指數(shù)(BMI)平均值(22.9±1.39)kg/m2,術(shù)前HHS[5]平均值(31±6.87)分,診斷為股骨頸骨折38例、股骨頭缺血性壞死63例、骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎30例、強直性脊柱炎7例和類風濕關(guān)節(jié)炎8例;PLA組150例,男95例、女55例,體重指數(shù)(BMI)平均值(23.37±1.39)kg/m2,術(shù)前HHS平均值(29.85±7.18)分,診斷為股骨頸骨折37例、股骨頭缺血性壞死68例、骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎30例、強直性脊柱炎8例和類風濕關(guān)節(jié)炎7例。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
直接前側(cè)入路髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)手術(shù)要點:所有病例均由全髖置換術(shù)實踐超過2000例的高年資醫(yī)生進行。術(shù)中采用仰臥體位,以髂前上嵴為參考,向外側(cè)2cm再向遠端2cm做一標記,自此沿闊筋膜張肌前緣向腓骨小頭方向做一長約8cm手術(shù)切口[6]。隨后暴露骨直肌和闊筋膜張肌,牽開后可看到旋股外側(cè)動脈的升支,確認后用電刀燒灼。隨后切開關(guān)節(jié)囊,找到合適的截骨水平。如果有必要的話可以術(shù)中透視來更好的確定截骨位置。使用擺鋸進行截骨,隨后股骨頭取出后,并充分暴露髖臼。清除骨贅后,進行髖臼的磨銼,試模滿意后外展40~45°、前傾15~20°置入臼杯。在臼杯未真正固定前,記錄下此時的計劃值。筆者建議此時可充分利用仰臥位的優(yōu)勢,使用重力式角度測量儀測量前傾角,使用簡易十字架或術(shù)中透視確定外展角的度數(shù),并記錄好外展角和前傾角的估計值。隨后進行股骨側(cè)的軟組織松解,松解到位后,將手術(shù)床患者恥骨聯(lián)合的上方后仰20°,下方下降20°,使術(shù)側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)保持后伸位,并極度內(nèi)收外旋。當股骨得到充分暴露后即可開髓、探測髓腔,隨后用髓腔銼依次擴髓。合適后可安裝試模,復位髖關(guān)節(jié),檢查髖關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性和雙下肢長度,C型臂X線透視觀察假體位置和小粗隆位置。
1.3 臨床和影像結(jié)果評定
根據(jù)術(shù)后骨盆前后位X線片和雙髖CT平掃圖像,測量出臼杯前傾角、外展角和雙下肢長度差異,并根據(jù)隨訪記錄術(shù)后1個月的HHS。臼杯外展角誤差值為計劃值與實際測量值差的絕對值,同理得出臼杯前傾角誤差值。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計量資料以()表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
DAA組與PLA組在年齡(P=0.83)、性別(P=0.40)、BMI(P=0.78)、術(shù)前HHS(P=0.57)的差異無統(tǒng)計意義。DAA組臼杯前傾角誤差值小于PLA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);DAA組臼杯外展角誤差值小于PLA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);DAA組的術(shù)后雙下肢長度差小于PLA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);DAA組的術(shù)后HHS高于PLA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
3 討論
THA是髖關(guān)節(jié)疾患晚期行之有效的治療方法,能明顯提高患者生活質(zhì)量[7-8]。髖關(guān)節(jié)置換中有多種手術(shù)入路,目前比較常見的是后側(cè)入路[9]。但近年來外科醫(yī)生對前側(cè)入路的興趣愈來愈濃。許多外科醫(yī)生在發(fā)表的文章中闡述了其在患者術(shù)后快速康復[10-11]、降低住院費用[12]和減少出血量[13]等方面的優(yōu)勢。不僅如此,在髖關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能上DAA入路表現(xiàn)出了更低的脫位率、更加準確的假體位置以及更加可靠的下肢長度恢復[14-17]。準確的假體位置是減少THA術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的重要影響因素[18]。在本次研究中,在兩種入路當中我們均未采用術(shù)中導航系統(tǒng),但不限制采用術(shù)中測量輔助工具,也不限制某個患者采用。我們目的是基于兩種不同手術(shù)體位下,采取術(shù)中導航以外的任何辦法最終達到盡量準確的定位。
DAA組所有患者利用仰臥位優(yōu)勢,在前傾角定位中我們采用了重力式角度測量儀,仰臥位下患者的冠狀面與水平面平行,因此重力式角度測量儀可以精確測量出髖臼磨銼和假體植入前傾角的大小。且在自然平躺仰臥位下骨盆穩(wěn)定,不易發(fā)生旋轉(zhuǎn)和傾斜而影響前傾角定位[22]。即使發(fā)生體位變化,仰臥下也更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正。但在側(cè)臥位下術(shù)中維持患者體位顯得困難的多。理想狀態(tài)下,患者體位應持續(xù)維持軀干冠狀面垂直于水平面的標準側(cè)臥位置,而由于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)操作動作幅度和力度較大,患者軀干晃動的自由行程亦較大[20]。此時,骨盆的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度也越大,且術(shù)中由于覆蓋多層無菌單,不輕易發(fā)覺和糾正異常體位[21]。而骨盆的旋轉(zhuǎn)、傾斜對于前傾角判斷或包括使用輔助工具測量在內(nèi)的影響都非常大[19]。在臼杯外展角的測量中,DAA組平躺仰臥位使患者的軀干維持在穩(wěn)定位置,即使有發(fā)現(xiàn)體位偏斜也更容易糾正,更重要的是在平躺下用軀干中線或手術(shù)床緣作為參照,去判斷1/2的直角顯得更符合視覺習慣、更加直觀。PLA組中的外展角采用的是重力式角度測量儀,盡管有精確、直觀的測量儀器輔助,但軀干無法維持標準側(cè)臥體位仍是外展角定位的主要的影響。當骨盆和肩膀的長徑差距較大時,如果不進行準確的布單高度補償,人體軀干正中線不能保持水平狀態(tài),造成了骨盆矢狀面的旋轉(zhuǎn)移動干擾了外展角的定位[20,23]。
在評估患者雙下肢長度中,患者仰臥位下使術(shù)者擁有直觀的視覺可以進行便捷、清晰而準確的長度對比[24]。因為在仰臥位下雙下肢自然伸直,通過比較踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)髁頂點能達到準備判斷。而側(cè)臥下,術(shù)中為保持骨盆穩(wěn)定往往采取側(cè)臥雙下肢屈曲45度狀態(tài),因此很難進行準確的雙下肢對比。在C臂X線機透視中,平臥位下雙下肢自然伸直時的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相似,更容易判斷小轉(zhuǎn)子頂點到雙坐骨連線的垂直距離[25],且此時的骨盆穩(wěn)定而不發(fā)生旋轉(zhuǎn),對前傾角和外展角的判斷也更加準確。DAA中臼杯角度較少偏差和雙下肢盡可能等長恢復,減少了術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的同時也提高了患者的HHS[26]。
DAA中仰臥體位維持骨盆在手術(shù)全程中較少的旋轉(zhuǎn)變異,是臼杯植入準確性較高的重要保障[27]。仰臥使軀干四肢冠狀面與水平面平行,水平面是最穩(wěn)定、最便捷的參照,更符合視覺習慣的同時,也更方便測量、輔助定位工具的使用,因此,提高了DAA假體置入的準確性。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-25)