張長堯 趙坤 祝筱姬
長期住院失能老年患者感染性疾病的調查分析
張長堯 趙坤 祝筱姬
目的 分析長期住院失能老年患者感染性疾病的發(fā)病情況,為有效防治提供參考。方法 回顧性調查2011-03—2015-12在某院住院的571例失能老年患者的感染發(fā)生率,對其進行統(tǒng)計學分析。結果 235例感染者中,失能老年患者男女感染率(41.89%,40.09%)和60~99歲各年齡段之間的感染率(38.89%~51.47%)均呈高水平。失能老年患者感染發(fā)生率性別之間以及各年齡段之間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,P>0.05。感染性疾病的構成比以上呼吸道感染最高(48.9%),之后依次為泌尿系感染(13.6%)、肺部感染(13.2%)和腸道感染(8.1%)等。結論 長期住院失能老年患者容易發(fā)生呼吸道、泌尿系和腸道感染,規(guī)范失能老年患者的呼吸道、尿道、腸道管理,可有望降低其感染的發(fā)生率。
老年人;失能;感染;發(fā)生率
老年人常患多種慢性疾病,且共存病和不利因素如失能、住院、功能衰退、死亡率之間呈線性關系[1-5]。老年人失能者約占全世界總人口的15%,其認知損害可能與失能有關[6]。薈萃分析表明,輕微認知損害到老年癡呆的年轉換率為5.2%(95%CI2.9%~8.0%)。相反,健康人到老年癡呆的年轉換率則為0.43%[7]。在我國,老齡化的問題已成為突出的社會問題,住院康復期間失能老年患者感染的發(fā)生對醫(yī)生來說是一種挑戰(zhàn)。本研究通過對長期住院失能老年患者感染性疾病的發(fā)病情況進行調查分析,旨在為有效的防治提供參考。
1.1 臨床資料 調查對象為2011-03—2015-12在我院住院治療的失能老年患者571例中發(fā)生感染的235例,其中男性142例,女性93例;年齡63~95歲,平均(81.9±5.2)歲?;寄X血管疾病82例次,冠心病62例次,高血壓病52例次,糖尿病49例次。住院32~183 d,平均103.8 d?;?種疾病者25例,占10.6%,患2種疾病者123例,占52.3%,患3種以上疾病者87例,占37.0%。所有患者生活不能完全自理,基礎疾病穩(wěn)定,按照《日常生活能力評定量表》評定<60分。感染標準以衛(wèi)生部頒布的《醫(yī)院感染診斷標準》(2001年版)為診斷依據。
1.2 方法 對235例長期住院失能老年患者感染相關資料進行列表分析,具體包括性別、年齡、感染部位。失能判斷標準:按Botoseneanu[8]和Murtagh[9]打分標準計算(0~12分)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計處理 使用SPSS 16.0軟件對數據進行統(tǒng)計學分析,數據資料以百分數表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
235例感染者中,失能老年患者男女感染率(60.4%,39.6%)和60~99歲各年齡段之間的感染率(15.3%、43.0%、26.8%、14.8%)均呈高水平。失能老年患者感染發(fā)生率與性別和各年齡段之間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。感染性疾病的構成比以上呼吸道感染最高,占48.9%,之后依次為泌尿系感染占13.6%,肺部感染占13.2%,腸道感染占8.1%,口腔感染占6.8%,其他感染占9.4%(表1)。
表1 235例失能老年患者感染相關資料及構成比
3.1 年齡和失能與感染率的關系 Shimada等[6]將老年人認知力分為:認知健康、輕微認知損傷、廣泛認知損傷、癡呆。統(tǒng)計4 290例[年齡(71.8±5.3)歲,51%為女性]老年人,廣泛認知損傷占13.9%,輕微認知損傷占17.4%。認為雖然輕微認知損害與失能之間的關系尚不清楚,但提示輕微認知損害是失能發(fā)展的一種危險因素[6]。Lopez等[10]和Rait等[11]調查2 470例和15 051例老年人中,輕微認知損害者占18.6%,廣泛認知損害者占18.3%。一組法國2 350例老年人調查資料顯示,70~79歲失能者為5.5%,80~89歲為14.1%,>90歲為33%[12]。研究顯示,老年失能發(fā)生率與性別無關,年齡是一項重要因素,每10年增加2%的相對風險[13]。本研究發(fā)現,在235例感染者中,失能老年患者男女之間和各年齡段之間感染的發(fā)生率均呈高水平(38.89%~51.47%),但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。這些結果表明,失能老年患者容易發(fā)生感染,但性別和年齡間與感染率不存在統(tǒng)計學的關聯(lián)性。文獻報道,>70歲老人失能衰退現象女性比男性出現快,但女性上、下肢體的活動能力比男性強[8],這足以解釋本研究結果中失能老年患者男性感染發(fā)生率略高于女性的緣故,本研究結果與Arnau報道一致[13]。失能老年患者共存病多,機體免疫力低下,加之院內交叉感染概率增加等不利因素,均可導致失能老年患者住院期間感染率增加的可能性[14]。
3.2 感染部位與失能的關系 目前,對高齡老人的研究主要聚焦在人口學特征、住院前、并存病、老人狀況、功能評價[14]。急性心肌梗死、心衰、肺炎是導致老年人死亡的主要因素[15]。住院老人多患獲得性肺炎,肺炎球菌是其主要致病菌之一[15]。其次為吸入性肺炎,其中老年胃反流性疾病是一種隱患[16-17]。在老年失能和共存病的情況下,肺炎的死亡率明顯增加[18]。過去認為,獲得性肺炎的高死亡率與低營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)呈相關性,改善營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)可降低肺炎的死亡率[19-21],但現在通過回歸方程分析發(fā)現,營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)和住院時間與肺炎的嚴重性無相關性[22]。研究發(fā)現,血清乙酰膽堿水平與肺炎的嚴重性呈負相關。乙酰膽堿可抑制巨噬細胞和其他免疫細胞中的細胞因子產生,并通過神經遞質和巨噬細胞的通路發(fā)揮其調節(jié)作用[23]。文獻報道,80歲女性老年人尿路感染發(fā)生率為20%,男性則為5%~10%[24]。長期留置導尿管老年人尿路感染發(fā)生率為5%~10%,且女性居多[25-27]。經飲食攝入腸內的微生物含有遺傳和免疫信號,可影響宿主的代謝、免疫及炎癥。若先天性免疫系統(tǒng)和腸微生物畸變,則可導致復雜疾病的發(fā)生。因此,腸內的微生物被稱為信號中樞[28]。腸道炎癥與微生物的失調有關,可謂生態(tài)失調[29]。本研究顯示,失能老年患者感染部位構成比以上呼吸道感染最高,占49%,之后依次為泌尿系感染占13.6%,肺部感染占13.2%,腸道感染占8.1%等。上呼吸道是呼吸系統(tǒng)的門戶,來自外界的病毒或細菌等病原微生物對呼吸系統(tǒng)的損害以鼻、咽、喉器官首當其沖,自然上呼吸道也就成為炎癥反應的重要場所。因此,對失能老年患者來講,自身抵抗力下降和缺乏有效的防護成為肺部感染發(fā)生的必要條件。此外,氣管切開、反復吸痰、留置胃管等侵入性損傷也增加了獲得性肺炎的易感因素。失能老年患者長期留置導尿管,即使2周更換一次和經常膀胱沖洗,尿路感染發(fā)生率仍居高不下。腸道感染可能與營養(yǎng)攝入不足或長期應用抗生素及糖皮質激素導致菌群失調有關。
綜上所述,長期住院康復失能老年患者的感染相關資料表明,失能老年患者感染發(fā)生率呈高水平,但與性別和年齡無直接相關性,而是取決于失能老年患者的自身免疫力、共存病、營養(yǎng)狀況以及醫(yī)院的護理和抗生素應用的管控。有效地控制失能老年患者感染的發(fā)生率,可延長其生存率。把規(guī)范呼吸道、尿道、腸道的管理作為重點,有望降低失能老年患者感染的發(fā)生率。
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Objective To analyze the morbidity of infectious diseases among long-stay senile patients with disability,so as to provide reference for effective prevention and treatment.Methods The incidence rates of infectious diseases among 571 long-stay senile patients with disability at a certain hospital from March 2011 to December 2015 were investigated retrospectively and analyzed statistically.Results In the 235 infected patients,the infection rates in the senile patients with disability between men and women(41.89%,40.09%)and between 60~99 years old(38.89%~51.47%)took on very high level.The infection rates in the senile patients with disability had no difference of statistical significance in different sexes and ages(P>0.05).The constituent ratio of infectious diseases showed that the upper respiratory tract infection was the highest(48.9%),then followed by urinary infection(13.6%),pulmonary infection(13.2%),and intestinal infection(8.1%),and so on.Conclusion Long-stay senile patients with disability are likely to have the upper respiratory tract infection,urinary infection,and intestinal infection.Regulation on the respiratory,urinary and intestinal tract management can help decrease the incidence rate of infection.
The senile;Disability;Infection;Incidence rate
2016-12-21)
1005-619X(2017)06-0656-03
10.13517/j.cnki.ccm.2017.06.045
266071 濟南軍區(qū)青島第二療養(yǎng)院慢性病康復科
祝筱姬