陸貝 于源泉 殷俊杰 蔡陽
[摘要] 目的 探討過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ激動劑對胰腺炎大鼠肺損傷的保護作用及調(diào)節(jié)機制。 方法 72只大鼠隨機分為假手術(shù)組、模型組和羅格列酮組,各組再分為術(shù)后6 h、12 h、24 h組。模型組采用兩次腹腔注射L-精氨酸制備SAP模型,羅格列酮組術(shù)后30 min靜脈注射10%羅格列酮6 mg/kg,假手術(shù)組腹腔注射等體積生理鹽水。觀察大鼠肺病理改變,測定肺TLR4、NF-κB、肺髓過氧化物酶活性、肺干/濕重比、血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量。使用重復(fù)測量方差分析,SNK-q檢驗比較差異。 結(jié)果 ROSI組大鼠肺組織病理損害較SAP組減輕;與SAP組比較,肺內(nèi)NF-κB、TLR4蛋白下降(P<0.05),髓過氧化物酶活性及肺干/濕重比降低(P<0.05);ROSI組外周血IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量與SAP組比較明顯下降(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 PPAR-γ激動劑能減輕急性胰腺炎大鼠肺組織的損傷,抑制NF-κB、TLR4表達,降低促炎細胞因子水平,推測PPAR-γ激動劑對NF-κB/TLR4通路的調(diào)節(jié)可能是胰腺炎的保護機制之一。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性胰腺炎;過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體;核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB;Toll樣受體
[中圖分類號] R576 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)18-0038-04
Protection of PPAR-γ agonists on lung injury in rats with acute pancreatitis
LU Bei1 YU Yuanquan2 YIN Junjie1 CAI Yang1
1.Department of HPB Surgery, Hangzhou First Peoples Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China; 2.Department of HPB Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
[Abstract] Objective To find the protection of PPAR-γ agonists on injured lung cells in rats and mechanism during acute pancreatitis. Methods Rats were divided randomly into three groups: sham operation group, SAP model group, rosiglitazone group. Each group was divided into 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h group after operation. SAP rats model were made via twice peritoneal injection of L-arginine. Rats in ROSI group were injected with 6 mg/kg of 10% rosiglitazone via femoral vein 30 min after operation. Sham operation group rats were peritoneally injected of same volume NS as SAP group. Pathological changes of lung tissue, TLR4, NF-κB, MPO, dry and wet ratio in lung tissue were tested. Serum TNF-α, interieukin-1β, interieukin-6 were also determined. Results The pathological injuries of lung cell were relieved in ROSI group compared with SAP group. There were statistic differences in TLR4, NF-κB, MPO, dry and wet ratio in lung between ROSI and SAP group, which were decreased in ROSI group compared with SAP group(P<0.05). TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were decreased in ROSI group compared with those in SAP group(P<0.05). Conclusion The lung tissue injury during SAP may relived by PPAR-γ agonists, and also decrease NF-kappa B, TLR4 and inflammatory cytokines. The probable reason is that PPAR-γ agonists protect pancreas by adjusting NF-κB/TLR4 signal pathway.
[Key words] Severe acute pancreatitis; Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor; Nuclear factor-kappa B; Toll-like receptor
由重癥急性胰腺炎引發(fā)的胰外損害中急性肺損傷較為常見,嚴重者可發(fā)生呼吸衰竭甚至死亡。胰腺連鎖炎癥反應(yīng)與核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(nuclear transcription factor-κB,NF-κB)關(guān)系密切,其中過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ,PPAR-γ)激動劑如羅格列酮可能與NF-κB活化抑制以及AP進展有關(guān)。本研究證明羅格列酮能減輕SAP大鼠肺損害,其機制可能與NF-κB/TLR4相關(guān)。
1 材料與方法
1.1實驗材料
選擇72只SD大鼠,體質(zhì)量269.7~320.4 g(浙江省中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供)。戊巴比妥鈉、L-精氨酸針(Sigma,USA),羅格列酮(Cayman,USA),NF-κB、TLR4抗體(Santa Cruz,USA)、MPO等ELISA試劑盒購自R&D公司(R&D,USA)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 建模與分組 大鼠隨機平均分為三組:模型組(SAP組)、羅格列酮組(ROSI組)、假手術(shù)組(SO組)(n=24),術(shù)后每組再隨機平均分為三組:6 h、12 h、24 h組(n=8)。2.5%戊巴比妥鈉0.2 mL/100 g腹腔內(nèi)注射麻醉成功。SAP組:腹腔內(nèi)注射濃度為20 g/L的L-精氨酸兩次,間隔1 h,每次2.0 g/kg,制模成功。SO組:腹腔內(nèi)注射等體積生理鹽水兩次,間隔1 h。ROSI組:術(shù)后30 min股靜脈注射10%羅格列酮溶液6 mg/kg。
1.2.2 肺組織病理 取右肺前葉HE染色制備組織切片。
1.2.3 肺TLR4、NF-κB檢測 取右肺中葉參照試劑盒說明書檢測TLR4、NF-κB。結(jié)果判定:光鏡下隨機取5個視野,陽性單位(positive unit)=陽性細胞平均光密度×陽性細胞面積比[3]。
1.2.4 肺髓過氧化物酶活性 取右肺后葉組織,制成組織勻漿后用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗檢測MPO活性,具體操作參照MPO ELISA試劑盒說明書。
1.2.5 肺含水量(干/濕重比) 取左肺葉組織,去除脂肪,濾紙吸干表面液體,置電子天平稱量左肺濕重。置80℃烤箱干燥48 h,稱量干重,計算肺組織干/濕重比。
1.2.6 細胞因子檢測 心臟采血后,用ELISA試劑盒測定血清腫瘤壞死因子及白細胞介素1β、白介素6的含量。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
使用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件分析,用SNK-q檢驗及重復(fù)測量方差分析比較結(jié)果。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 肺組織病理變化
SO組肺組織病理無明顯改變,見封三圖3;SAP組肺組織肉眼可見明顯點狀出血斑,光鏡下肺間質(zhì)、肺泡、氣管出血,間質(zhì)及血管內(nèi)中性粒細胞浸潤明顯,肺泡隔增寬,肺泡破裂、塌陷,見封三圖4。與SAP組相比,ROSI組給藥12 h后病理改變程度減輕,見封三圖5。
2.2 肺組織TLR4、NF-κB比較
SAP組肺泡上皮細胞TLR4、NF-κBp65比SO組升高明顯(P<0.05)。ROSI組比SAP組降低明顯(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 肺髓過氧化物酶活性
SAP組肺組織MPO活性較SO組明顯升高(P<0.05),ROSI組MPO活性不同程度低于SAP組(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,見表2。
2.4 各組肺干/濕重比(含水量)比較
SAP組肺臟干/濕重比較SO組增高(P<0.05),并隨時間延長逐漸遞增,ROSI組干/濕重比與SAP組比較有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P<0.05)(除6 h),見表3。
2.5 各組血清炎癥細胞因子比較
SAP組、ROSI組TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等細胞因子均有不同程度升高,但兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(除6 h),見表4。
3討論
重癥急性胰腺炎除自身的出血壞死以外,早期胰外器官損傷中急性肺損傷(acute lung injury,ALI)的比例超過50%,早期因呼吸衰竭死亡患者比例高達60%[1-2]。但SAP引起ALI的具體機制比較復(fù)雜,可能與中性粒細胞、巨噬細胞、肥大細胞等炎癥反應(yīng)細胞有關(guān),或者與TNF-α、IL等炎癥因子和趨化因子的作用有關(guān),也可能與血小板活化因子、核因子-κB、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶等有關(guān)。核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB控制多種炎癥因子,如TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的表達,介導(dǎo)多種組織細胞凋亡,過度表達可對胰腺及胰外組織細胞造成不可逆損傷,因此被認為是SAP炎癥級聯(lián)瀑布反應(yīng)的上游靶點。抑制NF-κB活化后,胰腺及胰外器官的損害減輕,炎癥細胞因子含量降低[3-9]。Jiang C等[10]在上世紀末第一次證實PPAR-γ激動劑對炎癥細胞因子有調(diào)節(jié)作用,具體與NF-κB基因表達抑制和細胞因子降低密切相關(guān)。Hashimoto等[11]通過對AP大鼠注射PPAR-γ激動劑,證實能降低NF-κB活性,首次在動物層面證明PPAR-γ激動劑對AP治療有效。大多數(shù)實驗研究表明抑制NF-κB對AP有利,但同時也可能加重AP,并且該雙重作用可能與抑制劑的劑量相關(guān),當(dāng)大劑量使用NF-κB抑制劑時,細胞凋亡過程被同時阻斷,導(dǎo)致組織損傷加重[12]。
本實驗中SAP組大鼠肺組織有明顯的急性損傷病理改變,ROSI組大鼠在SAP造模后30 min通過股靜脈注射10%羅格列酮,大體及鏡下肺病理損傷有減輕,肺組織NF-κB、TLR4活性下降,外周血IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α下調(diào),肺組織MPO活性及肺含水量(干/濕重比)下降,對比差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,羅格列酮的抑制作用與其他學(xué)者研究結(jié)果一致,并且羅格列酮的作用機制與NF-κB/TLR4通路相關(guān),降低外周血細胞因子水平,減輕胰腺炎造成的肺損害。
羅格列酮是高選擇性PPAR-γ激動劑,已廣泛投入臨床用于治療糖尿病等疾病,同時它也發(fā)揮著獨特的抗炎作用[13-22]。裴紅紅等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)羅格列酮能抑制NF-κB表達,減輕AP大鼠胰腺損傷,羅格列酮抑制劑可加重胰腺損傷,NF-κB表達增加。Ivashchenko等[24]對去除PPAR-γ表達的AP大鼠注射羅格列酮,發(fā)現(xiàn)其保護作用減弱明顯,間接證實PPAR-γ在AP過程中的重要作用。本研究進一步證實羅格列酮對AP大鼠的肺損傷有保護作用,NF-κB/TLR4通路與此過程密切相關(guān),抑制NF-κB/TLR4通路能調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng),減輕組織器官損傷,希望不久的將來能為SAP肺損傷患者提供確切的治療。
[參考文獻]
[1] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會胰腺疾病學(xué)組,《中華胰腺病雜志》編輯委員會,《中華消化雜志》編輯委員會.中國急性胰腺炎診治指南(2013,上海)[J].中華胰腺病雜志,2013,13(2):73-78.
[2] Shields CJ,Winter DC,Redmond HP. Lung injury in acute pancreatitis:Mechanisms,prevention,and therapy[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2002,8(2):158-163.
[3] Kan SH,Huang F,Tang J,et al.Role of intrapulmonary expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene ang nuclear factor kappa B activation in severe pancreatitis associated lung injury[J]. Inflammation,2010,33(5):287-294.
[4] Yang R,Uchiyama T,Alber SM,et al. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates distant organ injury in a urine model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Crit Care Med,2004,32(7):1453-1459.
[5] Letoha T,Somlai C,Takacs T,et al. A nuclear import inhibitory peptide amcliorates the severity of cholecystokinin indeced acute pancreatitis[J]. World J Gastroenterol,2005,11(7):990-999.
[6] Masamune A,Shimosegawa T,Satoh A,et al.Nitric oxide decreases endothelial activation by rat experimental severe pancreatiti associated ascitic fluids[J]. Pancreas,2000,20(3):297-304.
[7] Mia ZH,Mia QY,Wang LC,et al.Effect of resveratrol on peritoneal macrophages in rats with severe acute pancreatitis[J]. Inflamm Res,2005,54(12):522-527.
[8] Letoba T,Kusz E,Papai G,et al. In vitro and in vivo nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitory effects of the cell-penetrating penetratin peptide[J]. Mol Pharmacol,2006,69(6):2027-2036.
[9] Ceyhan GO,Timm AK,Bergmann F,et al. Prophymlamctic glycine administration attenuates pancreatic damage and inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis[J]. Pancreatology,2011,11(1):57-67.
[10] Jiang C,Ting AT,Seed B.PPAR gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines[J].Nature,1998,391(6662):82-86.
[11] Hashimoto K,Ethridge RT,Saito H,et al. The PPAR gamma ligand,15d-PGJ2,attenuates the severity of cerulean-induced acute pancreatitis[J]. Pancreas,2003, 27(1):58-66.
[12] Rakonczay Z,Jdrmay K,Kaszaki J,et al.NF-kappa B activation is detrim ental in arginine-induced acute pancreatitis[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2003,34(6):696-709.
[13] Ewald N,Hardt PD,Kloer HU. Severe hypertglyceridemia and pancreatitis:Presentation and management[J]. Curt Opin Lipidol,2009,20(6):497-504.
[14] Czako L,Szabolcs A,Vajda A,et al.Hyperlipidemia induced by acholesterol-rich diet aggravates necrotizing pancreatitis in rats[J]. EurJ Pharmacol,2007,572(1):74-81.
[15] Zhang H,Cai CZ,Zhang XQ,et al.Breviscapine attenuates acute pancreatitis by inhibitin g expression of PKC alpha and NF-kappa B in pancreas[J].World J Gastroenterol,2011,17(14):1825-1830.
[16] Wang YZ,Wang SW,Zhang YC,et al.Protective effect of exogenous IGF-I on the intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with severe acute pancreatitis[J]. World J Emerg Med,2012,3(3):213-220.
[17] Zhou M,Chen B,Sun H,et al.The protective effects of Lipoxin A(4) during the early phase of severe acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol,2011,46(2):211-219.
[18] Luan ZG,Zhang J,Yin XH,et al.Ethyl pyruvate significantly inhibits tumour necrosis factor-d,interleukin-1B and high mobility group box 1 releasin g and attenuates sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis associated with acute lung injury[J]. Clin Exp Immunol,2013,172(3):417-426.
[19] Kimr IH,Bae GS,Oh HJ,et al. 2,4,6 Tris (methoxy-methoxy)chalcone(TM MC) attenuates the severity of cerulean-induced acute panereatitis and associated lung injury[J]. Am J Physiol Gastreintest Liver Physiol,2011, 301(4):G694-G706.
[20] Yin K,Dang SC,Zhang JZ.Relationship between expression of triggring receptor-1 on myeloid cells in intestinal tissue and intestinal barrier dysfunction in severe acute pancreatitis[J]. World J Emerg Med,2011,2(3):216-221.
[21] Bemot D,Peiretti F,Canauh M,et al.Upregulation of TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1 surface expression by adenylate cyclasedependent pathway in human endothelial cells[J]. J Cell Physiol,2005,202(2):434-441.
[22] Hsu WY,Chao YW,Tsai YL,et al.Resistin induces monocyte-endoth elial cell adhesion by increasing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells via p38 MAPK-dependent pathway[J]. J Cell Physiol,2011, 226(8):2181-2188.
[23] 裴紅紅,喬萬海,柏玲.過氧化物酶體增殖劑激活受體-γ對實驗性胰腺炎大鼠核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB表達的影響[J].中國危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué),2008,20(5):297-298.
[24] Ivashchenko CY,Duan SZ,Usher MG,et al.PPAR-γ knockout in pancreatic epithelial cells abolishes the inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2007,293(4):G319-G326.
(收稿日期:2017-02-24)