王錦妮
介詞是英語中虛詞的一種,其搭配能力很強(qiáng)。但不能在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成分,而總是后面加名詞、代詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從
句,一起構(gòu)成介賓短語,在句子中充當(dāng)成分。
I was born in April in a small village.(名詞)
I owe my success to her.(代詞)
He devoted himself to teaching.(動(dòng)名詞)
He was busy in writing his homework.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)
He lives in what we now call California.(賓語從句)
一、介詞短語的構(gòu)成
英語介詞短語可分為四類:即簡單介詞+賓,如:before、since等;合成介詞+賓,如:throughout、without等;短語介詞+賓,如:with
regard to、apart from等;分詞介詞+賓,如:considering、concerning等。
二、介詞短語的語法功能
1.作狀語,修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞或者整個(gè)句子,作狀語,表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、條件、方式、目的、伴隨、方向及程度等。
(1)修飾動(dòng)詞。
The girl died in the accident as a result of his carelessness.(原因狀語)
He got up late. As a result, he was late for work.(結(jié)果狀語)
Despite the bad weather, they went out anyway.(讓步狀語)
Without water, fish can not live.(條件狀語)
They crossed the river by means of a bridge.(方式狀語)
He lives for nothing but money.(目的狀語)
The teacher came in with a book under his arm.(伴隨狀語)
They moved towards the end of the street.(方向狀語)
He is older than his brother by two years.(程度狀語)
(2)修飾副詞。
John is now somewhere on the high seats.(地點(diǎn)狀語)
(3)修飾整個(gè)句子。
On the whole, Jack has been a good friend.(邏輯狀語)
2.作定語,通常放在名詞或代詞后作后置定語。
He is a man of enterprise.(有事業(yè)心的人)
I found a part-time job of being a volunteer.(一份志愿者的兼職工作)
3.作表語,放在系動(dòng)詞后,構(gòu)成主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
The boy remained in the university for another year.
4.引出賓語,用在不及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞短語或形容詞后。
They have been waiting for you all the time.(wait vi.,加賓語需補(bǔ)for)
The parents gave in to their kid finally.(give in 不及物短語,加賓語需補(bǔ)to)
The professor asked the student about his financial situation.(ask b. about sth.)
He was not aware of my presence in the room.(be aware of nth.形容詞賓語)
5.作賓補(bǔ)
We made the sofa in the center of the room.(make nth.+prep.+n.;動(dòng)詞賓補(bǔ))
The woman sat there with a baby in her arms.(with+n.+ prep.+n;介詞賓補(bǔ))
6.如果想作主語或賓語,換成being+prep.+n. 形式。
Being at school all day really makes me bored and tired.(作主語)
He enjoyed being in the library when he was at college.(作動(dòng)賓)、 The man was fond of being by himself.(作介賓)
三、介詞短語詞塊在長難句斷句中的應(yīng)用
英語中很多長難句都是簡單句基礎(chǔ)上的介詞短語和引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的從句串聯(lián)而成,因此。了解介詞短語的用法,輔之以從句知識(shí),有助于拆分句
子,更好地理解句意。如:
Scientists believe/that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait/in the Arctic/
(賓語從句) (后置定語)
to America/by means of a land bridge/which existed/in prehistoric times.
(方向狀語) (方式狀語) (定語從句) (時(shí)間狀語)
四、鞏固練習(xí)
1. Dont confuse yourself/by living/for nothingness/on Sunday morning/or
(方式狀語) (目的狀語) (時(shí)間狀語) (并列詞組)
2.living/for self/for the rest of the week.
(目的狀語)(時(shí)間狀語)
3. This technology did not spread/to Europe/until the 19th century, and it was/
(地點(diǎn)狀語) (時(shí)間狀語) (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
4.by using the technology/that/the Americans drilled the first oil well/in
(方式狀語) (強(qiáng)調(diào)句) (地點(diǎn)狀語)
5.Pennsylvania/in 1859.
(時(shí)間狀語)
掌握了介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)特征與語法功能,除了劃分長難句,有助于理解閱讀篇章,也可以在寫作中大量使用該結(jié)構(gòu),使文章更地道。