陳 蕓 周 紅 王辰龍
民航醫(yī)學(xué)中心(民航總醫(yī)院)神經(jīng)內(nèi)科 北京 100132
尿蛋白與急性缺血性腦梗死預(yù)后的相關(guān)性研究
陳 蕓 周 紅 王辰龍
民航醫(yī)學(xué)中心(民航總醫(yī)院)神經(jīng)內(nèi)科 北京 100132
目的 探討尿蛋白與急性缺血性腦梗死(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者短期預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法 連續(xù)收集2015-08—2016-08民航總醫(yī)院住院診斷為AIS患者386例(后期排除12例),回顧分析其入院后尿蛋白水平、入院及出院時(shí)生活活動(dòng)量表(ADL)得分。其中出院較入院評(píng)分改善≥5分者定義為短期預(yù)后改善,評(píng)分<5分者定義為短期預(yù)后不良。采用Logistic回歸方法分析尿蛋白與所評(píng)價(jià)的預(yù)后功能之間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 本研究374例患者中,預(yù)后改善319例,其中男225例(70.5%),女94例(29.5%);年齡≤65歲151例(47.3%),>65歲168例(52.7%);高血壓238例(74.6%),糖尿病128例(40.1%),高血脂274例(85.9%),尿蛋白陽(yáng)性者119(37.3%)。預(yù)后未改善55例,其中男34例(61.8%),女21例(38.2%);年齡≤65歲19例(34.5%),>65歲36例(65.5%);高血壓46例(83.6%),糖尿病26例(47.3%),高血脂73例(48.2%),尿蛋白陽(yáng)性31例(56.4%)。通過(guò)Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡>65歲(P=0.016)、尿蛋白陽(yáng)性者(P=0.009)急性缺血性腦梗死患者短期預(yù)后較差,提示尿蛋白是急性缺血性腦梗死患者短期預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論 尿蛋白提示急性缺血性腦梗死患者短期預(yù)后不良。
蛋白尿;急性缺血性腦梗死;預(yù)后;危險(xiǎn)因素
腦卒中是僅次于腫瘤的全球第2位死亡原因[1]。隨著我國(guó)逐漸步入老齡化社會(huì),其發(fā)病率、致死率呈逐年上升的趨勢(shì)。結(jié)合其高度致殘性,腦卒中的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)與資源投入與日俱增,給社會(huì)和家庭帶來(lái)巨大負(fù)擔(dān)[2]。腦卒中是一種多因素參與的病理生理過(guò)程,因此深入研究并控制其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素勢(shì)在必行。已有證據(jù)表明,慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[3]。腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率及尿蛋白水平作為腎功能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)也逐漸被神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師重視,本文進(jìn)一步探討尿蛋白及腦卒中預(yù)后相關(guān)性。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 回顧分析2015-08—2016-08民航總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科收治并確診為急性腦梗死患者374例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有患者均經(jīng)腦磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)證實(shí)為新發(fā)腦梗死。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)入院后病情危重死亡者;(2)已經(jīng)確診的慢性腎功能不全和接受透析患者;(3)患者一般資料及臨床數(shù)據(jù)不全。符合民航總醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)要求。本研究連續(xù)收集2015-08—2016-08民航總醫(yī)院住院診斷為AIS的患者386例,排除12例患者,包括5例死亡,7例確診為CKD,其中2例長(zhǎng)期透析。374例短期預(yù)后改善319例,短期預(yù)后不良55例。見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 研究方法 詳細(xì)收集患者臨床資料,包括患者的性別、年齡、是否有高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、高血脂等血管病危險(xiǎn)因素、入院及出院ADL評(píng)分,血尿常規(guī)及生化檢查,如血糖、糖化血紅蛋白、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、C反應(yīng)蛋白等。所有患者均行心電圖、超聲心動(dòng)圖、頸動(dòng)脈超聲及頭顱CT、 MRI、MRA 等檢查。其中尿蛋白監(jiān)測(cè)方法為干化學(xué)加流式細(xì)胞學(xué)技術(shù)。將尿蛋白微量、+、2+、3+定義為尿蛋白陽(yáng)性。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,性別、年齡、高血壓、糖尿病、高血脂、C反應(yīng)蛋白、肌酐及尿蛋白均作為二分類(lèi)變量,腦卒中預(yù)后的相關(guān)因素分析采用Logistic 回歸,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Logistic回歸發(fā)現(xiàn),尿蛋白和年齡均與AIS患者預(yù)后預(yù)關(guān),而性別、患者是否合并高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、血清肌酐和C反應(yīng)蛋白水平與急性腦梗死患者短期預(yù)后不相關(guān)。年齡≥65歲及尿蛋白陽(yáng)性均與出入院ADL評(píng)分下降呈正相關(guān),且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示尿蛋白是急性腦梗死患者預(yù)后不良的危險(xiǎn)因素。見(jiàn)表2。
表1 預(yù)后不佳與預(yù)后良好患者一般資料對(duì)比 [n(%)]
表2 預(yù)測(cè)因素的Logistic回歸分析
近年來(lái),研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CKD是腦血管病獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一。研究根據(jù)估算腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(eGFR)<60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)或存在白蛋白尿診斷CKD[4]。Nino-miya等通過(guò)病例對(duì)照研究的Meta分析提示,蛋白尿作為一個(gè)新的卒中危險(xiǎn)因素,可顯著增加卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)達(dá)71%[5]。國(guó)際腎臟病協(xié)會(huì)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,蛋白尿可顯著增加各卒中亞型的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其中缺血性梗死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高53%。蛋白尿不僅是腎臟功能損害的早期敏感指標(biāo)而且是缺血性腦梗死危險(xiǎn)因素[6]。
CKD不僅是腦梗死危險(xiǎn)因素,還與腦梗死預(yù)后存在一定相關(guān)性。Oksala等研究提示,腎功能不全[肌酐清除率60 mL(min·1.73 m2)]提示腦梗死后死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[7]。本研究提示,入院時(shí)尿常規(guī)組項(xiàng)中尿蛋白陽(yáng)性者出院時(shí)ADL評(píng)分較尿蛋白陰性者改善不明顯。本研究顯示,尿蛋白陽(yáng)性的AIS患者短期預(yù)后不佳,與國(guó)外結(jié)果一致。蛋白尿的產(chǎn)生和腦梗死的發(fā)生存在高齡、高血壓、糖尿病、高膽固醇血癥、吸煙等多種共同的危險(xiǎn)因素[8]。蛋白尿是由于腎小球毛細(xì)血管壁滲透性增加或(和)近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞重吸收受損引起,反映了腎小球和諸多血管床內(nèi)膜受損,廣義內(nèi)皮功能障礙常提示動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[7,9]。另外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CDK常合并腦白質(zhì)病變(white matter lesions,WMLs),腦白質(zhì)病變是腦小血管病變的標(biāo)志之一[7,10],腦白質(zhì)病變患者卒中發(fā)生率及病死率較高[8]。腎功能不全和腦血管病變存在共同的病理生理過(guò)程。分析其可能機(jī)制是,腎臟和腦均屬于血管高度集中的終末期官,其豐富的血管床具有低阻抗和高血流等特點(diǎn)[11]。腎臟功能受損??赏ㄟ^(guò)尿蛋白、血肌酐、血胱蛋白酶抑制劑C等生物指標(biāo)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)[12],而腦血管病變常表現(xiàn)出神經(jīng)功能的缺乏,因此關(guān)注腎功能等于關(guān)注腦血管,常規(guī)篩查尿常規(guī),尋找尿蛋白為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腎損傷、預(yù)防腦卒中有重要臨床意義[13]。另外,ADL作為一種日常生活能力測(cè)定的有效方法,其內(nèi)容比較全面,記分簡(jiǎn)便、明確,可以敏感地反映出急性腦梗死患者病情或神經(jīng)功能的變化,適于作為療效觀察及預(yù)后判斷的手段。本人通過(guò)測(cè)評(píng)患者入院及出院ADL評(píng)分,評(píng)價(jià)卒中對(duì)患者的影響,判斷患者卒中后康復(fù)情況。
本研究存在以下局限性:(1)本研究為單中心研究,樣本代表性可能不足;(2)蛋白尿檢測(cè)采用試紙測(cè)試法較定量檢測(cè)精確性略顯不足;(3)本研究的目標(biāo)人群是急性腦梗死患者,并未涉及到卒中其他亞型,尚需不同人群全面細(xì)致的大樣本研究;(4)ADL量表測(cè)定容易受到測(cè)試者主觀因素的影響,難免影響測(cè)定結(jié)果。
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(收稿2016-12-25)
Study on the relationship between urinary protein and prognosis of acute ischemic cerebral infarction
ChenYun,ZhouHong,WangChenlong
DepartmentofNeurology,CivilAviationMedicalCenter(CivilAviationGeneralHospital),Beijing100132,China
Objective To determine if there was an association of stroke recurrence with proteinuria.Methods A total of 386 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS) were admitted to hospital from August 2015 to August 2016.Urinary protein level and ADL scores at admission and at discharge were reviewed.Patients with a improved score of ≥ 5 at discharge were defined as good short-term prognosis,and those with a improved score of <5 were classified as poor short-term prognosis.Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between proteinuria and the evaluated prognostic function.Results A total of 374 patients were enrolled in this study.Among them,319 patients had improved prognosis,including 225 males(70.5%),94 females(29.5%),151(47.3%) younger than 65 years old,168(52.7%) older than 65 years old,238(74.6%) with hypertension,128(40.1%) with diabetes,274(85.9%) with hyperlipidemia and 119(37.3%) with urine protein positive.There were 55 patients with poor prognosis,including 34 males(61.8%),21 females(38.2%),19(34.5%) younger than 65 years old,36(65.5%) older than 65 years old,46 patients(83.6%) with hypertension,26 patients(47.3%) with diabetes,73 patients(48.2%) with hyperlipidemia and 31 patients(56.4%) with positive urine protein.Logistic regression analysis showed that patients at the age of over 65 years(P=0.016) and those with positive urinary protein(P=0.009) had a poorer short-term prognosis with acute ischemic stroke.Proteinuria and age were independent risk factors of poor short-term prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Conclusion Urinary protein suggests short-term adverse effects in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Proteinuria;Acute ischemic stroke;Prognosis;Risk factors
R743.33
A
1673-5110(2017)05-0023-03