梁海燕 張?zhí)K偉 陳曉紅
[摘要] 目的 分析潮汕地區(qū)體重指數(shù)(BMI)和乳腺癌患者預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系。 方法 回顧性收集2008年1月~2010年12月于我院就診的236例潮汕地區(qū)乳腺癌患者。收集所有乳腺癌患者的身高、體重、年齡、乳腺癌臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況及組織病理等級(jí)等基本資料,計(jì)算BMI,根據(jù)BMI水平分為低體重組、正常組、偏胖組和肥胖組。隨訪到2016年12月,患者乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)死亡則隨訪終止,平均隨訪6.8年。 結(jié)果 不同組間乳腺癌患者的年齡、病理分級(jí)和臨床分期比較,均無顯著差異(P>0.05),但不同組間淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。截至2016年12月隨訪結(jié)束,共有99名患者死于乳腺癌。低體重組、正常組、偏胖組和肥胖組的死亡率分別為 29.41%,28.33%,47.76%和53.33%。隨訪結(jié)束時(shí),低體重組[(54.6±2.18)個(gè)月]和正常組[(52.6±1.76)個(gè)月]乳腺癌患者生存時(shí)間無顯著差異(P>0.05),高于偏胖組[(45.8±2.04)個(gè)月]和肥胖組[(41.2±1.96)個(gè)月],偏胖組乳腺癌患者的生存時(shí)間略高于肥胖組。 結(jié)論 潮汕地區(qū)乳腺癌患者的預(yù)后情況與患者自身體重有一定關(guān)聯(lián),維持正常體重可降低乳腺癌病死率,還可提高乳腺癌患者的預(yù)后情況。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肥胖;乳腺癌;預(yù)后情況;體重指數(shù);死亡率
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)13-0004-03
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the relationship between body mass index(BMI)and prognosis of breast cancer patients of Chaoshan district. Methods A total of 236 breast cancer patients of Chaoshan district admitted in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2010 were collected respectively. The basic information including the height, weight, age, breast cancer clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and histopathological grade of all breast cancer patients were collected. And the BMI was calculated. The patients were divided into low body weight group, normal group, partial fat group and obesity group according to the level of BMI. The patients were followed up to December 2016,and the follow-up was terminated when the patient died of breast cancer recurrence, with the average follow-up of 6.8 years. Results There were no significant differences in age, pathological grade and clinical stage between different groups(P>0.05), but the difference in lymph node metastasis between different groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). The follow-up ended in December 2016 ,and a total of 99 patients died of breast cancer.The mortality rates of low weight group, normal group, partial fat group and obesity group were 29.41%, 28.33%, 47.76% and 53.33% respectively. At the end of follow-up, there was no significant difference in survival time between low body weight group[(54.6±2.18) months] and normal group[(52.6±1.76) months](P<0.05), higher than that in partial fat group[(45.8±2.04) months]and obese group[(41.2±1.96) months]. And the survival time of partial fat group was slightly higher than that of the obese group. Conclusion The prognosis of patients with breast cancer in Chaoshan district is related to the weight of patients. Maintaining body weight not only can reduce the mortality of breast cancer, but also improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
[Key words] Obesity; Breast cancer; Prognosis; Body mass index; Mortality
近年來乳腺癌發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),其發(fā)病率和死亡率在婦科腫瘤中居首位。隨著生活水平的提高和飲食習(xí)慣的改變,肥胖與乳腺癌的相互關(guān)系越來越受到關(guān)注[1]。 一些研究表明,體重指數(shù)(BMI)與乳腺癌的發(fā)病關(guān)系密切[2]。國(guó)外相關(guān)報(bào)道較多,由于我國(guó)的飲食習(xí)慣和婦女的肥胖水平與西方國(guó)家相比存在很大差異,本研究旨在探討潮汕地區(qū)乳腺癌患者的體重和乳腺癌預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,為本地區(qū)乳腺癌患者改善預(yù)后提供參考資料,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2008年1月~2010年12月于我院接受乳腺癌手術(shù)治療的潮汕地區(qū)女性患者共236例,年齡34~72歲,平均年齡52.6歲。低體重組34例、正常組60例、偏胖組67例、肥胖組75例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)組織病理活檢明確診斷為乳腺癌患者;且排除以下情況的病例:懷孕或哺乳期婦女;過敏性體質(zhì)患者;糖尿病患者等。收集患者的身高、體重、年齡、乳腺癌臨床分期、全身淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況、組織病理學(xué)分級(jí)等基本資料。隨訪時(shí)間為乳腺癌手術(shù)后至2016年12月,記錄患者預(yù)后情況。四組間的年齡,病理分級(jí),臨床分期相比較無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。而組間淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況比較有顯著性差異(P<0.05),見表1。
1.2 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
依據(jù)WHO關(guān)于肥胖的定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn):BMI<18.5 kg/m2定義為低體重組,BMI處于(18.5~24.9)kg/m2之間定義為正常組,BMI處于(25.0~30.0)kg/m2間定義為偏胖組,BMI>30.0 kg/m2組定義為肥胖組,共四組。[注:BMI=體重(kg)/身高2(m2)]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有資料均采用SPSS 16.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用F檢驗(yàn)或t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義?;颊叩纳媛史治鰟t用Kaplan-Meier分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.2 各組患者體重指數(shù)與生存情況的相關(guān)關(guān)系分析
236例乳腺癌患者平均隨訪6.8年,共有99例乳腺癌患者死于復(fù)發(fā)或者轉(zhuǎn)移癌,死亡率為41.95%,肥胖組死亡率最高,正常組最低,肥胖組死亡率為正常組的1.88倍。各組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=11.638,P=0.009)。見表2。
2.3 BMI與乳腺癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系
通過Kaplan-Meier分析得出,低體重組的平均生存時(shí)間為(54.6±2.18)個(gè)月,正常組的平均生存時(shí)間為(52.6±1.76)個(gè)月,偏胖組的平均生存時(shí)間為(45.8±2.04)個(gè)月,肥胖組的平均生存時(shí)間為(41.2±1.96)個(gè)月??梢姡煌腂MI乳腺癌患者的預(yù)后不同(F=2.08,P<0.05),低體重和正常體重乳腺癌患者的生存時(shí)間無顯著差異(t=1.38,P>0.05),但與偏胖組和肥胖組相比較,生存時(shí)間明顯較高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=2.45,P<0.05);且偏胖組乳腺癌患者的生存時(shí)間也較肥胖組略高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.01,P<0.05)。
3 討論
近年來,超重和肥胖對(duì)乳腺癌生存時(shí)間的影響越來越引起醫(yī)學(xué)界的關(guān)注[3]。Li HT等[4]通過218例輔助化療患者的回顧性分析結(jié)果顯示,BMI≥30 kg/m2是乳腺癌早期預(yù)后(包括復(fù)發(fā),轉(zhuǎn)移和死亡)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。這一結(jié)果也得到了Bao PP等[5]的大樣本研究的支持。Shin A等[6]通過分析1169例新輔助化療晚期乳腺癌(中位隨訪時(shí)間為4.1年),發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖乳腺癌患者(BMI≥30 kg/m2)比正常體重患者的生存時(shí)間短。Key TJ等[7]的8項(xiàng)前瞻性研究的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,BMI≥30 kg/m2的乳腺癌患者的存活時(shí)間比體重正常者低。Santa-Maria CA等[8]針對(duì)中國(guó)婦女的研究也顯示,超重(BMI≥25 kg/m2)的乳腺癌患者新輔助化療后存活率低。這些研究表明,超重和肥胖是乳腺癌預(yù)后的重要因素,但肥胖影響乳腺癌的預(yù)后的機(jī)制尚不清楚。
由身體脂肪堆積引起的肥胖患者可促進(jìn)雄烯二醇轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素,使血液中的游離雌激素水平升高,而乳腺癌恰恰是雌激素依賴性腫瘤[9]。可見肥胖與乳腺癌具有千絲萬縷的關(guān)系。其可能的相關(guān)機(jī)制是[10]:甘油三酯可導(dǎo)致性激素結(jié)合球蛋白降低,使得游離雌激素水平升高,雌激素可刺激乳腺細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移;高濃度的不飽和脂肪酸血液容易被氧化,導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)物生成,氧自由基過多,從而引起細(xì)胞突變。有研究表明,高密度脂蛋白可以減少酶或非酶途徑產(chǎn)生過氧化氫、超氧化物陰離子和羥基自由基,發(fā)揮抗癌和抗氧化作用[11]。表明高密度脂蛋白降低將導(dǎo)致乳腺癌患者喪失保護(hù)作用[12]。本研究從宏觀角度收集潮汕地區(qū)乳腺癌患者的初始體重和相關(guān)預(yù)后因素,用以探討本地區(qū)乳腺癌患者預(yù)后與體重之間的關(guān)系。據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)各組年齡、病理分級(jí)、臨床分期無顯著性差異,但淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,低體重組、正常組、偏胖組和肥胖組的死亡率分別為29.41%、28.33%、47.76%和53.33%,隨著體重指數(shù)的增加,乳腺癌患者的生存率呈下降趨勢(shì),這與國(guó)內(nèi)外大部分研究成果類似[13-16]。Kaplan-Meier分析結(jié)果得出,低體重組的平均生存時(shí)間為(54.6±2.18)個(gè)月,正常組的平均生存時(shí)間為(52.6±1.76)個(gè)月,偏胖組的平均生存時(shí)間為(45.8±2.04)個(gè)月,肥胖組的平均生存時(shí)間為(41.2±1.96)個(gè)月。從各組患者的生存時(shí)間可以看出,低體重組和正常組生存預(yù)后無差異,但高于偏胖組和肥胖組。雌激素是影響乳腺癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要因素[17,18]。在絕經(jīng)后婦女中,脂肪組織是雌激素產(chǎn)生的主要部位,血液雌激素水平與肥胖呈正相關(guān)[19]。脂肪組織還可以分泌多種脂肪細(xì)胞因子,包括血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子,肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子,白細(xì)胞介素-6,腫瘤壞死因子-α,肝素結(jié)合表皮生長(zhǎng)因子樣因子,瘦素和脂聯(lián)素與乳腺癌發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[20,21]。脂肪細(xì)胞因子水平與生殖力有關(guān),脂肪水平呈正相關(guān)。脂肪細(xì)胞因子可通過影響血管生成、芳香酶活性、癌轉(zhuǎn)移、細(xì)胞增殖等方面影響乳腺癌的發(fā)展[22]。一系列流行病學(xué)研究表明,肥胖是乳腺癌發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素[23]。
因此,肥胖在某種程度上是影響乳腺癌患者的預(yù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。通過這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果的提示可對(duì)潮汕地區(qū)的乳腺癌患者,特別是肥胖婦女進(jìn)行體重控制干預(yù),從而降低乳腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高乳腺癌患者的生存時(shí)間。
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(收稿日期:2017-01-15)