陳戟+譚秀華+龐韜+詹鴻
[摘要] 目的 評價右美托咪定對利多卡因致大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)損傷的影響。 方法 雄性SD大鼠24只,體重250~280 g,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組(n=8):對照組(C組)、利多卡因組(L組)、右美托咪定+利多卡因組(DL組)。C組僅行鞘內(nèi)置管術(shù),L組和DL組在鞘內(nèi)置管后鞘內(nèi)注射10%鹽酸利多卡因20 μL,其中DL組在鞘內(nèi)注射利多卡因前1 h,腹腔注射右美托咪定15 μg/kg。分別于術(shù)前1 d(基礎(chǔ)值)及術(shù)后1、2、3 d時測定熱縮足潛伏期(TWL)。于術(shù)后3 d行為學(xué)測定結(jié)束后處死大鼠,取脊髓組織,采用TUNEL染色測定大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率,Western bolt測定脊髓腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 三組大鼠TWL基礎(chǔ)值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);C組大鼠各時點(diǎn)TWL比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與C組比較,L組大鼠術(shù)后1、2、3 d時TWL均延長(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠術(shù)后2、3 d時TWL均縮短(P < 0.05)。與C組比較,L組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率升高(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率降低(P < 0.05)。與C組比較,L組大鼠脊髓內(nèi)TNF-α和IL-8的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠脊髓內(nèi)TNF-α和IL-8的表達(dá)減弱(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 右美托咪定通過抗神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡減輕利多卡因所致的大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)損傷,其機(jī)制與抑制炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;利多卡因;神經(jīng)損傷;凋亡;炎性因子
[中圖分類號] R741 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)03(c)-0022-04
Influence of Dexmedetomidine on Lidocaine-induced spinal cord never injury in rats
CHEN Ji1 TAN Xiuhua1 PANG Tao2 ZHAN Hong1▲
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510150, China; 2.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Family Planning Specialty Hospital, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510600, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the influence of Dexmedetomidine on Lidocaine-induced spinal cord never injury in rats. Methods 24 male SD rats weighting from 250 to 280 g were divided into three groups (n=8) by random number table: control group (Group C), Lidocaine group (Group L) and Dexmedetomidine+Lidocaine group (Group DL). Group C was only given intrathecal cathetering, while group L and group DL were given 20 μL of 10% Lidocaine hydrochloride via intrathecal injection after intrathecal cathetering, where group DL was given 15 μg/kg of Dexmedetomidine via abdominal injection 1 h before intrathecal injection of Lidocaine. Thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) was determined on 1 d before operation (baseline) and postoperative 1, 2 and 3 d. The rats were sacrificed at the end of behavior determination at postoperative 3 d, and the spinal cord tissues were taken. TUNEL staining was used to determine the apoptosis of rat spinal neurons, and Western blot was used to determine the expressions of TNF-α and IL-8. Results There were no statistical differences among each group of rats in baseline TWL (P > 0.05), and there were no statistical differences in baseline rat TWL in group C among different time points (P > 0.05). Compared with group C, rat TWL of group L were all prolonger at postoperative 1, 2 and 3 d (P < 0.05). Compared with group L. rat TWLs of group DL were all shorter at postoperative 2 and 3 d (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, cell apoptosis rate of spinal neuron was increased and the expressions of TNF-α and IL-8 were increased in group L (P < 0.05). Compared with group L, cell apoptosis rate of spinal neuron was decreased and the expressions of TNF-α and IL-8 were decreased in group DL (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the Lidocaine-induced spinal cord never injury in rats by anti-apoptosis of neurons, and the mechanism is related to inhibition on inflammation.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Lidocaine; Never injury; Apoptosis; Inflammation factor
椎管內(nèi)麻醉為臨床常用的麻醉方法,但局麻藥的神經(jīng)毒性可引起多種相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,影響患者預(yù)后,其機(jī)制與炎性細(xì)胞因子引起神經(jīng)元凋亡有關(guān)[1-2]。右美托咪定為高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動藥,可降低交感神經(jīng)張力,從而間接提高了迷走神經(jīng)張力,具有器官保護(hù)作用[3]。有研究已證實(shí),右美托咪定激活副交感神經(jīng)抗炎通路,抑制炎性反應(yīng),對休克和腦缺血再灌注損傷大鼠產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用[4-5]。然而,右美托咪定是否能減輕局麻藥引起的脊髓神經(jīng)毒性尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在評價右美托咪定對利多卡因致大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)損傷的影響,為臨床研究提供參考。
1 材料與方法
1.1 動物與分組
健康雄性SD大鼠24只,體重250~280 g,由廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)動物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供(動物合格證號SCXK2013-0024)。實(shí)驗(yàn)流程遵循廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物保護(hù)和使用的指南,并經(jīng)本單位實(shí)驗(yàn)動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。于室溫24℃,濕度55%~65%的環(huán)境中飼養(yǎng),自由攝食和飲水。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,將其分為三組(n=8):對照組(C組)、利多卡因組(L組)、右美托咪定+利多卡因組(DL組)。
1.2 試劑及儀器
二甲基亞砜(Sigma公司,美國),右美托咪定(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,批號:H20090248),PE-10導(dǎo)管(Smiths Medical公司,英國),BME-410A熱痛刺激儀(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院生物工程研究所),腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)克隆抗體(Santa Cruz公司,美國),山羊抗兔IgG抗體(Santa Cruz公司,美國)。
1.3 模型建立
按參考文獻(xiàn)[6]進(jìn)行鞘內(nèi)置管。腹腔注射10%水合氯醛350 mg/kg麻醉,俯臥位,在枕骨大孔上方縱向切長約2 cm的切口,鈍性分離皮下組織和頸部肌肉,暴露寰枕膜,用針尖挑破寰枕膜可見清澈腦脊液涌出并隨呼吸波動,將已經(jīng)消毒、一端封閉的充滿生理鹽水的PE-10導(dǎo)管向尾端插入7 cm,以鼠尾突然出現(xiàn)側(cè)擺或后腿抽動為導(dǎo)管成功到達(dá)椎管內(nèi)的標(biāo)志。至脊髓腰骶段,然后固定導(dǎo)管,并逐層縫合切口。術(shù)畢第1天鞘內(nèi)注射1%利多卡因20 μL,30 s之內(nèi)出現(xiàn)雙下肢癱瘓者為利多卡因篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)陽性,如鉗夾雙上肢,躲避反應(yīng)存在,而雙下肢無反應(yīng),夾尾反射消失,則選入實(shí)驗(yàn)。術(shù)畢出現(xiàn)四肢癱瘓、活動障礙及利多卡因?qū)嶒?yàn)陰性或出現(xiàn)單側(cè)肢體癱瘓者排除。
給藥方法
1.4 給藥方案
C組僅行鞘內(nèi)置管后1 d注射二甲基亞砜20 μL對照;L組鞘內(nèi)置管后1 d注射10%利多卡因(將5 g利多卡因標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品溶于50 mL二甲基亞砜中)20 μL;DL組在鞘內(nèi)置管1 d后注射10%利多卡因,注射利多卡因前1 h腹腔注射右美托咪定15 μg/kg。
1.5 痛閾測定
參考文獻(xiàn)[7]采用熱輻射法分別于術(shù)前1 d(基礎(chǔ)值)及術(shù)后1、2、3 d時測定熱縮足潛伏期(TWL)。將一個有機(jī)玻璃箱置于3 mm厚的玻璃板上,大鼠放在玻璃板上安靜后,采用BME-410A熱痛刺激儀照射大鼠足底前外側(cè)1/3處,照射開始至大鼠出現(xiàn)抬腿回避的時間為TWL,最長照射時間為30 s,以防止組織損傷,測定5次,每次間隔5 min,取測定結(jié)果的平均值。
1.6 TUNEL染色
于術(shù)后3 d行為學(xué)測試結(jié)束后,在各組大鼠隨機(jī)抽取4只,腹腔注射水合氯醛350 mg/kg麻醉下,開胸,經(jīng)心臟灌流生理鹽水100 mL及4%多聚甲醛100 mL,分離并取L4~6段脊髓組織,于Bonin′s液中固定24 h,組織塊經(jīng)常規(guī)脫水、透明、浸蠟、包埋成蠟塊,延垂直脊髓長軸方向連續(xù)切片,片厚5 μm,制備切片分別用于TUNEL染色[8]。切片常規(guī)二甲苯脫臘梯度酒精脫水后蒸餾水沖洗。3%H2O2室溫處理10 min,蒸餾水沖洗3 min×3次。標(biāo)本片加TBS 1∶200新鮮稀釋Proteinase K 37℃消化15 min,TBS洗1 min×3次[9-10]。標(biāo)本片加標(biāo)記緩沖液(Labeling,Buffer),20 μL/片,以保持切片濕潤,并置樣品于濕盒中,37℃標(biāo)記2 h,TBS洗3 min×3次。用1%的TBS稀釋SABC,均勻后50 μL/片加至切片,37℃反應(yīng)60 min,TBS洗5 min×4次[11]。DAB顯色10 min,蒸餾水沖洗5 min。蘇木素復(fù)染1 min。TBS洗,蒸餾水洗。梯度酒精脫水、二甲苯透明、中性樹脂封片。應(yīng)用Image-pro Plus 6.0醫(yī)學(xué)圖像分析系統(tǒng)分析處理,取各大鼠脊髓斷面水平的連續(xù)切片,各組每個時間點(diǎn)每只大鼠選取三張切片,每張切片在損傷區(qū)隨機(jī)采集5個400倍視野[12]。400倍視野下計算凋亡率=凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)/總細(xì)胞數(shù)×100%。
1.7 Western bolt分析
將其余4只大鼠腹腔注射水合氯醛350 mg/kg麻醉下斷頭取脊髓,分離L4~6段脊髓組織采用Western bolt,使用細(xì)胞裂解液提取蛋白,用Bradfor法進(jìn)行蛋白定量,采用蛋白定量測定試劑盒(上海美季生物技術(shù)有限公司)[13-14]。取蛋白在SDS-聚丙酰胺凝膠上電泳,后轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜,5%脫脂奶37℃封閉1 h,加入兔抗大鼠TNF-α和IL-8克隆抗體(1∶5000),4℃孵育過夜;加入堿性磷酸酯酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG抗體(1∶1000),常溫孵育2 h,曝光成像[15]。用Scion Image軟件檢測磷TNF-α和IL-8目的條帶和內(nèi)參β-actin的灰度值,其比值作為TNF-α和IL-8蛋白的相對表達(dá)量。
1.8 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和處理,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組大鼠不同時點(diǎn)TWL比較
三組大鼠TWL基礎(chǔ)值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);C組大鼠各時點(diǎn)TWL比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與C組比較,L組大鼠術(shù)后1、2、3 d時TWL均延長(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠術(shù)后2、3 d時TWL均縮短(P < 0.05)。見表1。
表1 各組大鼠不同時點(diǎn)TWL比較(s,x±s)
注:與C組比較,*P < 0.05;與L組比較,#P < 0.05;TWL:熱縮足潛伏期;C組:對照組;L組:利多卡因組;DL組:右美托咪定+利多卡因組
2.2 各組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率比較
與C組比較,L組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率升高(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率降低(P < 0.05)。見表2、圖1。
表2 各組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡率比較(%,x±s)
注:與C組比較,#P < 0.05;與L組比較,*P < 0.05;C組:對照組;L組:利多卡因組;DL組:右美托咪定+利多卡因組
C組:對照組;L組:利多卡因組;DL組:右美托咪定+利多卡因組
圖1 各組大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡情況(TUNEL染色,400×)
2.3 各組大鼠脊髓炎癥因子表達(dá)比較
與C組比較,L組大鼠脊髓內(nèi)TNF-α和IL-8的表達(dá)增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05);與L組比較,DL組大鼠脊髓內(nèi)TNF-α和IL-8的表達(dá)減弱(P < 0.05)。見表3、圖2。
表3 各組大鼠脊髓炎癥因子表達(dá)比較(x±s)
注:與C組比較,#P < 0.05;與L組比較,*P < 0.05;C組:對照組;L組:利多卡因組;DL組:右美托咪定+利多卡因組;TNF-α:腫瘤壞死因子-α;IL-8:白細(xì)胞介素-8
C組:對照組;L組:利多卡因組;DL組:右美托咪定+利多卡因組;TNF-α:腫瘤壞死因子-α;IL-8:白細(xì)胞介素-8
圖2 各組大鼠脊髓炎癥因子表達(dá)情況
3 討論
本研究采用鞘內(nèi)置管注射10%利多卡因的方法制備大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)毒性模型,結(jié)果表明,鞘內(nèi)注射利多卡因后大鼠TWL升高,腰段脊髓神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡增多,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[7]結(jié)果一致,提示利多卡因誘發(fā)大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)毒性的模型制備成功。
高濃度局麻藥所致的神經(jīng)損傷是多個環(huán)節(jié)調(diào)控導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡而形成的最終結(jié)果,利多卡因可破壞神經(jīng)纖維膜的磷脂和蛋白結(jié)構(gòu),產(chǎn)生不可逆性膜破裂,同時也抑制細(xì)胞氧化磷酸化過程,影響線粒體跨膜動作電位,從線粒體途徑促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元凋亡[16],同時也有研究證實(shí),局部注射高濃度利多卡因可激活神經(jīng)組織內(nèi)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而發(fā)生神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng)[17]。本研究證實(shí),10%利多卡因鞘內(nèi)注射后將引起脊髓神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞凋亡,也在腰段脊髓內(nèi)檢測出高于正常水平的炎癥因子如TNF-α和IL-8。
右美托咪定作為α2腎上腺素能受體激動劑,其抗炎作用機(jī)制為直接抑制單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞合成炎性因子,并激活膽堿能抗炎通路[18]。IL-8由單核-巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,其功能是激活中性粒細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致機(jī)體局部的炎性反應(yīng),達(dá)到殺菌和細(xì)胞損傷的目的[19]。TNF-α是最重要的炎癥介質(zhì),調(diào)節(jié)組織代謝活性并促使其他炎癥因子的合成和釋放[20]。本研究證實(shí),脊髓神經(jīng)損傷時,右美托咪定可有效抑制TNF-α和IL-8過表達(dá),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對抗神經(jīng)凋亡的作用,提示IL-8可能是右美托咪定產(chǎn)生抗炎作用時細(xì)胞因子層面的作用靶點(diǎn)。
綜上所述,右美托咪定通過抗神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡減輕利多卡因所致的大鼠脊髓神經(jīng)損傷,其機(jī)制與抑制炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生有關(guān)。
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(收稿日期:2016-12-23 本文編輯:李亞聰)