• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Investigation of stimulated growth effect using pulsed cold atmospheric plasma treatment on Ganoderma lucidum

    2022-11-17 02:59:56MengqiLI李孟琦XiaoyiHUANG黃曉義andZilanXIONG熊紫蘭
    Plasma Science and Technology 2022年11期

    Mengqi LI(李孟琦),Xiaoyi HUANG(黃曉義)and Zilan XIONG(熊紫蘭)

    State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,People’s Republic of China

    Abstract Cold atmospheric plasma(CAP)driven by pulsed high-voltage power has specific advantages in various fields,such as the growth promotion of edible fungi in plasma agriculture.Compared with other strains,Ganoderma lucidum has the significant advantage of high medicinal value,but the shortcomings of low yield,long growth cycle,and an uneven market quality.In this study,Ganoderma lucidum was treated with a CAP powered by a homemade pulsed highvoltage power supply.Three groups of Ganoderma lucidum were treated under different conditions.The stalk lengths and pileus areas of Ganoderma lucidum were recorded to evaluate growth status.Results showed that treatment frequency affected growth status considerably.Ganoderma lucidum was treated with 40 s plasma once a week and showed an improved growth status with a 33.63% increase in average stalk length and a 28% increase in the number of individuals whose pileus areas was greater than the average.Meanwhile,the growth speed was accelerated.However,treatment at an excessive frequency would damage and slow down the growth of Ganoderma lucidum.

    Keywords:low temperature plasma,plasma agriculture,edible fungi,Ganoderma lucidum,stimulated growth

    1.Introduction

    According to previous studies,air cold atmospheric plasma(CAP)can generate a variety of reactive oxygen species,suchand H2O2and reactive nitrogen species,such as NO,NO2,and·ONOO-.These species have shown potential applicability in bio-medicine,food sterilization,wastewater treatment,space technology,air purification,and surface modification of materials[1-3].CAPs are generated in the atmosphere at approximately ambient temperatures,further expanding their applications without heat damage and environmental pollution problems.Meanwhile,CAPs driven by a high-voltage pulse supply have the advantages of high electron density,low temperature,easy ignition,easy production of uniform large-area plasma,and energy savings[4].Pulse-driven CAPs have great performance in the biology field,which requires low temperature and high activities,such as healing wounds and promoting seed germination[5-8].

    Ganoderma lucidum(G.lucidum)is an edible fungus possessing several pharmacologically active constituents,most importantly triterpenoids and polysaccharides.These constituents,especially β-d-glucans,possess anti-tumor activities,hepatoprotective,antihypertensive,and hypocholesterolemic effects,among others[9,10].The high medicinal value ofG.lucidumhas led to its increased commercial value[11,12];however,the unavoidable disadvantages of low yield,long growth cycle,and mixed quality limit its range of applications.The growth cycle ofG.lucidumin its habitat is typically 9-10 months.Soil erosion owing to vegetation destruction increases the loss of this growth environment.Meanwhile,the artificial cultivation cycle is time-consuming,normally requiring 1-3 months[13].The yield is also unstable,and the quality is mixed.Therefore,it is necessary to develop an effective method for the cultivation ofG.lucidum.

    In early attempts in agriculture,low-pressure plasma treatment was used for stimulating seed germination[14-16].In addition to its good performance,CAP treatment has gained wide attention due to its advantages of low cost and less complexity[6,17-19].It has been reported that the plasma source structure,the amplitude and frequency of the discharge voltage,and the gas environment would affect the treatment effect of CAP[5,20,21].CAP treatment can be divided into direct and indirect treatment manners[22],and it is known that CAP treatment is capable to stimulate the growth of many kinds of organisms.For example,the direct treatment of soybeans with CAP could improve the germination percentage and growth quality[23].Jiet aldiscovered that spinach treated with high-voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)plasma exhibited enhanced seed germination[24].According to Kitazakiet al,using combinatorial atmospheric air DBD plasmas could induce long-term growth enhancement ofRaphanus sativus[25].The effect of indirect plasma treatment using plasma-activated water(PAW)on the promotion of organism growth has also been studied.PAW could be prepared by directly discharging inside liquids or discharging on the liquid surface[5,26,27].Takakiet alproduced PAW by using underwater discharge to improve plant growth rate,in which they selected the drainage water from the plant pot as the liquid[26].Zhouet alproved the enhancement effect of PAW treatment on mung bean seed germination,seedling growth and sprout sterilization[28].Existing researches show that CAP treatment will reduce the pH and improve the concentration of RONS in liquids[29],which are considered the main reason for growth stimulation by PAW.Meanwhile,plasma dosage is also a key issue,which will significantly affect the treatment effect.Excessive treatment will damage the plants.How to balance the promoting and inhibiting effects is of vital importance[30].Recently,Shimizuet alsimulated natural lightning using a pulse voltage generator and stimulated shiitake mushroom logs without direct lightning application to the cultivated bed logs.They found that lightning promoted the growth of mushrooms[31].Therefore,based on these investigations,we aimed to study the possible effect of plasma treatment on the growth ofG.lucidum.

    In this study,a high-voltage pulse power supply was designed for CAP generation to treatG.lucidumcultivation spawns.The effect of pulsed CAP treatment was confirmed by comparing the differences inG.lucidumgrowth among the treatments at different intervals.The stalk length and pileus area ofG.lucidumwere recorded as the evaluation basis of growth status,and the growth parameters were analyzed by means of statistics.Finally,a possible mechanism was proposed.

    2.Materials and methods

    The overall system structure is illustrated in figure 1.The needle plasma source was driven by a homemade high-voltage pulse power supply to generate pulsed CAPs that were implemented in theG.lucidumcultivation spawns.Meanwhile,we monitored the discharge circuit and plasma parameters to ensure that the experiment was operated normally and safely,and that it was harmless to theG.lucidumcultivation spawns.

    2.1.G.lucidum cultivation spawn

    Generally,G.lucidumstrains are divided into three classes.The first-class strain(the mother strain or test-tube strain)is a pure strain derived from the spore or tissue separation ofG.lucidum.The mycelium of the first-class strain was inoculated into wood chips or other media,and after constant temperature culture,the second-class strain was inoculated into the jar or bag medium.The second-class strain,also called the original strain,is typically used to produce the third-class strain.The third-class(the cultivated strain)consists of a large number of mycelia from the expanded reproduction of the second-class strain.It is widely used for direct cultivation and production ofG.lucidum.It is usually inoculated in a cylindrical bag medium,that is,G.lucidumcultivation spawns.To study the possible growth stimulation ofG.lucidumusing pulsed CAP treatment,a third-class strain was used in this experiment[32-34].

    2.2.Homemade high voltage pulse power supply

    A high-voltage pulsed power supply can be implemented using multiple topologies.With the development of solidstate switches,all-solid-state Marx generators have been widely used in various fields,owing to their high response speed,small volume,high precision,high controllability,and long lifetime.This is considerably different from the traditional Marx generators that use gas switches.For a more stable and flexible plasma source,we chose a fast-recovery diode-isolated Marx generator as the main circuit in the pulse power supply design.

    The topology of the high-voltage pulse power supply is illustrated in the front part of figure 1.The input DC voltage was converted into a pulse voltage by the Marx generator.Meanwhile,the value of the output pulse voltage also increased by a certain fold,the same as the number of Marx generator stages,and then the transformer continued to amplify the output voltage[35].

    The number of stages of the Marx generator was six.The circuits of each stage were isolated by fast-recovery diodes,and the all-solid-state switches were turned on and off synchronously.When the solid-state switches are turned off,the DC power supply charges the capacitors in parallel;when solid-state switches are turned on,the capacitors are discharged in series.After each stage of the voltage value is superimposed,the voltage output to the load is amplified at the same time as the number of stages[36].

    In this experiment,a transformer was used at a ratio of 14.When the input DC voltage is adjusted from 0 to 110 V,the output voltage peak value can be increased to 9 kV.

    2.3.Plasma treatment

    Point discharge in air was selected as technique for CAPs production because it is convenient and flexible enough to concentrate plasmas on the cultivation spawn and body ofG.lucidum.

    For the point discharge,the tip of the stainless-steel electrode had a large surface curvature with a diameter of 3.5 mm.During the treatment,the needle electrode was mounted on an insulating rod while a polyvinyl chloride(PVC)tube was fixed on its exterior to ensure that the distance between the needle tip and target was maintained at 2 mm during the treatment.Figure 2(a)shows the schematic diagram of plasma treatment onG.lucidum.The cultivation spawn is connected to the ground and the top of theG.lucidumcultivation spawns as well as the body ofG.lucidum(mainly the stalk)was treated by moving the insulating rod.A photograph taken during the discharge process is shown in figure 2(b).

    Figure 1.Overall system structure.

    Figure 2.Pulsed CAPs treatment on G.lucidum.(a)Schematic diagram and(b)image of plasma treatment.

    Figure 3.Applied voltage and current waveforms.

    Figure 4.Measured emission spectra.

    Figure 5.The measured and fitting emission spectra.

    We selectedG.lucidumcultivation spawns that were inoculated and cultured under the same conditions to reduce the differences among the experimental cultivation spawns.They were separated into three groups;group 1 was the control group without treatment;group 2 was treated for 40 s with pulsed CAP once every three days;and group 3 was treated for 40 s with pulsed CAPs once every seven days.All groups were cultivated under the same conditions.The culture temperature and humidity were controlled at approximately

    (20±1.5)°C and 90%±7% Rh,respectively using an artificial climate chamber(RLD-1000D-4,China).

    To monitor the circuit parameters,voltage(P6015A,Tektronix,USA)and current(P6585,Pearson,USA)probes were used to measure the voltage and current parameters during discharge.The optical emission spectrum was detected using a spectrograph(SR-500I-A,Andor,UK)with an intensified charge-coupled device.We equipped a fiber-optic adapter with the spectrograph,selected a 300 l mm-1grating,and placed the fiber-optic probe on one side of the discharge tip to collect the plasma emission spectral signals in the 100-800 nm range.The rotational temperature of the plasma can then be obtained by spectrum fitting using the N2second positive band.

    2.4.Growth status recording and statistical method

    The growth state of theG.lucidumfruiting body(stalk length and pileus area)was recorded during the treatment.The growth process ofG.lucidumwas divided into the following periods:squaring,pileus formation,opening,early spore discharging,and late spore discharging periods.Although changes in stalk length occurred during the squaring period and the pileus formation period,data collection on stalk length mainly occurred during the pileus formation period.Likewise,data collection on the pileus area mainly occurred during the spore opening period although changes in pileus area happened during the pileus formation and opening periods[37].The recording methods were to capture photos ofG.lucidumand to calculate the parameters.We ensured that the photos had a uniform scale standard for calculation.

    When collecting growth information,we fixed a platform for each photoshoot,placed a scale on the plane to be measured,and took photos using a camera at the same position every time.Furthermore,we rotatedG.lucidumto capture pictures from multiple angles;then,photos were imported into the software PHOTOSHOP.The scale of the photos was measured using the ruler tool to obtain the number of pixels per centimeter recorded as the reference length(RL)and the number of stalk length pixels recorded as the target length(TL).The term‘stalk length(SL)’was used in place of‘height’because several side views were captured to ensure that the lengths of differentG.lucidumon the same cultivation spawn were measured.SL was calculated as follows:

    Similarly,the number of pixels per square centimeter was measured using both the rectangular and histogram tools and recorded as the reference area(RA).The number of pileus area pixels was measured using quick selection in the tool bar and recorded as the target area(TA).Pileus areas(PA)ofG.lucidumwere calculated as follows:

    3.Results

    3.1.Plasma parameters

    The pulsed voltage and current waveforms during the discharge are shown in figure 3.The frequencies of the voltage and current were fixed at 500 Hz,and the peak values of the pulsed voltage and current were~-8 kV and~0.16 A,respectively.The pulse shapes of the voltage and current are similar;they are not standard squares but triangles.The full widths at half maxima of their pulse widths are~2.37 and~2.65 μs,respectively with the voltage sharply increasing at the rising edge of~484 ns.The discharge power could be obtained by integrating the product of voltage and current with time,and it was calculated as 0.99 W in this study.The discharge process is relatively weak and ensures that it does not damageG.lucidumcultivation spawns during short-term treatment.

    Optical emission spectroscopy(OES)measurements are shown in figure 4.In this experiment,plasma was generated from air,which consisted mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.It is reasonable that major optical emission lines from atomic N,O,and N2(C-B)were observed[38].N2second positive band(C3∏u→B3∏g)was mainly observed in the 295-400 nm range[39]and atomic N in the 740-750 nm range[40].Auto O lines were observed at 713,762,and 777 nm without any obvious emission lines of O+and O2+ions[39].

    The measured and fitted spectra are shown in figure 5.In this section,we selected a 2400 l mm-1grating to measure the spectra for higher precision.The fitting waveform with a rotation temperature of 353±50 K was closest to the measured waveform.It is a relatively weak discharge process barely damaging toG.lucidum.

    3.2.Stalk length

    Side-view images of typical samples from the three groups are shown in figure 6.Different horizontal rows of photographs were taken on different growth days.Horizontal photos from top to bottom were separately captured on the 11th,43rd,and 62nd cultivation days,and vertical photos from left to right belong to groups 1,2,and 3,respectively.The stalk length increased in all three groups with increased cultivation time.It is difficult to directly compare the different stalk lengths from the images.We discovered that the stalk length of theG.lucidumfruit body mainly grew during the first 39 cultivation days,and there was almost no change in the days after.Table 1 shows the statistical results for the final stalk length on the 39th day of cultivation for comparison.The average length of group 3 is larger than those of the others.Compared to the control group,group 3 had an average stalk length of 33.63%,whereas group 2 only increased by 14.07%.Group 3 showed the highest stimulatory growth effect.

    Table 1.Final stalk length of G.lucidum fruit body on the 39th day of cultivation.

    3.3.Pileus area

    Similarly,a top-view comparison of some typical examples from the three groups is shown in figure 7.Different horizontal rows of photographs were taken on different growth days.The horizontal photos from top to bottom were taken separately on the 11th,43rd,and 62nd cultivation days,and vertical photos from left to right belong to groups 1,2,and 3,respectively.The pileus area of group 3 was clearly larger than those of the others at the same time.As seen from the images,the pileus area grew larger with increasing cultivation time in all the groups.Figure 8 shows the statistical results for the final pileus area on the 62nd day for comparison.The average pileus area of allG.lucidumsgroups was 31.34 cm2,while that of group 1 was 31.39 cm2,group 2 was 23.69 cm2,and group 3 was 41.12 cm2.We can clearly see that group 3 greatly increased the total pileus area and produced more fruit bodies than that of the average.Consequently,group 3 had the best effect while group 2 showed the worst effect.

    Figure 6.Side view comparison of typical examples from three separate groups.Group 1:(a1),(b1)and(c1)were taken on day 11;group 2:(a2),(b2),and(c2)were taken on day 43;and group 3:and(a3),(b3),and(c3)were taken on day 62.

    Figure 7.Top view comparison of typical examples from three separate groups.Group 1:(a1),(b1)and(c1)were taken on day 11;group 2:(a2),(b2),and(c2)were taken on day 43;and group 3:and(a3),(b3),and(c3)were taken on day 62.

    Figure 8.Final pileus area of G.lucidum at the 62nd cultivation day.

    Figure 9.Growth trend of G.lucidum with days.(a)Stalk length and(b)pileus area.

    3.4.Growth speed

    The growth trend with growth time is shown in figure 9.After 10 d of culturing,cultivation spawns underwent primary differentiation,which is the recorded beginning of stalk length.Their lengths were recorded for 28 d.The initial growth trends in all three groups were similar.After 14 d,their growth trend differed.Group 3 grew faster than the others,and the stalk length was longer than those of the others in the end.Group 2 grew slightly better than group 1.Meanwhile,the pileus area increased after culturing for 33 d while the stalk length hardly grew anymore.Group 3 grew faster than the others at the start and harvested a larger pileus at the end.Group 2 was faster in growth than group 1 during the early days.Gradually,group 2 got slower than group 1 and harvested a smaller pileus area than group 1.

    4.Discussion

    In this study,the growth status was improved by proper plasma treatment.There are recent reports on the effects of CAP treatment on the growth of plants or edible fungi,and the possible mechanism has been investigated by various research groups.Linget alfound that after an appropriate CAP treatment dose,the germination rate of soybean seeds can be increased to 90%±1.58%from 82.20%±2.93%,for the control group,while CAP treatment overdose may not work and even harm the soybean seed[23].In a study by Zahoranovaet al,a proper dose of CAP treatment on wheat seeds can promote seed germination rate from 85% to 70%,while CAP treatment overdose will decrease the germination rate[41].This confirms our results that pulsed CAP treatment with the proper dose promotes growth and inhibits overdose treatment.

    According to the literature,the surface tissue structures of seeds change after CAP treatment.It may promote the transportation of essential substances via channels induced on cell membranes[41,42].In addition,the contact angle on the seed surface with the external environment increases and allows the seeds to absorb more water.Proper water absorption can ensure adequate nutrient supply and generate energy for growth and differentiation[43].G.lucidumgrowth requires high humidity;therefore,it is reasonable to consider the enhancement of water absorption and essential substance transportation using growth stimulation as advantageous.Although,in our experiment,the growth rate of group 2 first increased and then decreased,suggesting that overdose may destroy the structure ofG.lucidum.

    However,based on the present research,CAP treatment on different microorganisms has different effects.The number of pathogenic microorganisms that affect plant growth decreased significantly after CAP treatment.This may be another reason for the improved growth ofG.lucidumin this study.However,overdose treatment can harmG.lucidumand other beneficial microorganisms.Accordingly,we observed slight scars on the fruit bodies of group 2 after treatment because of the overdose treatment.

    According to the study of Zhouet al,seed germination and plant length of mung bean have significantly improved after soaking in PAW[44].The reactive nitrogen oxide species generated by air plasma create an acidic environment after dissolving in water.It may promote leathering of seed chaps,thus enhancing the germination rate of mung beans and stimulating the growth of hypocotyls and radicles[44].It is easy to create this acidic environment that it prefers in the high humidity environment ofG.lucidumcultivation[45].Therefore,the formation of an acidic environment after plasma treatment may also be a reason for the improvement in the growth ofG.lucidum.In addition,the production of NOxcan provide essential nitrogen for growth that not only increases the yield and growth speed ofG.lucidumbut also improves its nutritional value[46].

    The research of Shimizuet al,which treated mushrooms indirectly by simulating lightning,revealed that the yield of mushrooms improved along with increased energy that imposes on the culture medium within reasonable limits[31].The possible reasons were mainly the effect of the electric field and pressure waves generated owing to the thermal expansion of air during lightning strikes.The discharge process of the pulsed CAP treatment used in this experiment was relatively mild and the temperature was maintained at a low level.This does not cause enough pressure waves to affect the growth ofG.lucidum,but the influence of the electric field is a non-ignorable factor.

    5.Conclusions

    Stimulated growth ofG.lucidumusing pulsed CAP treatment was investigated in this study.Growth statuses were recorded and compared.It was discovered that plasma treatment could improve the growth rate ofG.lucidum,and the plasma dose could affect the stalk lengths and pileus areas considerably in different groups.The modest dosage of plasma treatment with 40 s plasma treatment every other week showed the best results,with a 33.63%increase in the average stalk length and a 28% increase in the number of individuals whose pileus areas were greater than the average with accelerated growth speed.Overdose treatment may cause harm toG.lucidum.The possible promoting factors may include changes in surface structures,reduction of harmful bacteria and fungi,and the presence of an acidic environment and electric field.

    Acknowledgments

    This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52177145)and the Independent Innovation Fund of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(No.2018KFYYXJJ071).

    丝袜脚勾引网站| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区 | 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 国产成人精品婷婷| av电影中文网址| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 国产男女超爽视频在线观看| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 日日啪夜夜爽| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 99久久综合免费| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 中文字幕色久视频| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 熟女av电影| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 亚洲国产色片| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 久久久久国产网址| 国产精品二区激情视频| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 两性夫妻黄色片| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 9191精品国产免费久久| 欧美精品国产亚洲| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| av线在线观看网站| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 黄片小视频在线播放| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 曰老女人黄片| 成年av动漫网址| 尾随美女入室| a级毛片在线看网站| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆 | 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| av有码第一页| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| av片东京热男人的天堂| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 电影成人av| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 中国国产av一级| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| a 毛片基地| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 美女午夜性视频免费| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 国产1区2区3区精品| 另类精品久久| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 中文字幕色久视频| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 成人手机av| 成人国语在线视频| 美国免费a级毛片| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 日韩av免费高清视频| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 国产精品一国产av| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 国产免费视频播放在线视频| 久久久久久久国产电影| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 亚洲精品视频女| av片东京热男人的天堂| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 午夜激情av网站| 日日啪夜夜爽| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 乱人伦中国视频| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 亚洲综合精品二区| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 国产成人一区二区在线| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 国产精品无大码| 高清av免费在线| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 亚洲国产av新网站| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| av线在线观看网站| 熟女电影av网| 日韩中文字幕视频在线看片| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 乱人伦中国视频| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 成人国产av品久久久| 久久久久久久国产电影| 老女人水多毛片| 亚洲中文av在线| freevideosex欧美| 成人国语在线视频| 咕卡用的链子| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 高清不卡的av网站| 免费看av在线观看网站| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 永久网站在线| 国产精品成人在线| 精品午夜福利在线看| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 精品久久久久久电影网| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 成人影院久久| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 咕卡用的链子| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 最黄视频免费看| 久久 成人 亚洲| 飞空精品影院首页| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 午夜av观看不卡| 国产精品三级大全| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 成年动漫av网址| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 蜜桃国产av成人99| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 观看美女的网站| 一区二区三区激情视频| 少妇的逼水好多| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 色吧在线观看| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 综合色丁香网| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 看免费成人av毛片| 日本色播在线视频| 久久久久久久精品精品| 婷婷成人精品国产| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| av福利片在线| 亚洲成人手机| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| a级毛片黄视频| 成年动漫av网址| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 国产在线视频一区二区| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| tube8黄色片| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 免费看av在线观看网站| a级毛片在线看网站| 咕卡用的链子| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 两个人看的免费小视频| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 97在线人人人人妻| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 国产av国产精品国产| 一区二区日韩欧美中文字幕| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| www日本在线高清视频| 国产在线免费精品| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | av在线老鸭窝| 美女国产视频在线观看| 久久久久久人妻| 久久99精品国语久久久| 久久精品夜色国产| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 午夜日韩欧美国产| av有码第一页| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 国产 精品1| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 精品国产国语对白av| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看 | 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 日本色播在线视频| 春色校园在线视频观看| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 91精品三级在线观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 桃花免费在线播放| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 精品久久久久久电影网| 老熟女久久久| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 999精品在线视频| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 国产1区2区3区精品| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区 | 99热全是精品| 久久99精品国语久久久| 青春草国产在线视频| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 国产av精品麻豆| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精 国产伦在线观看视频一区 | 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 久久久久精品性色| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 亚洲综合色惰| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 日本色播在线视频| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 男人操女人黄网站| 如何舔出高潮| 日韩中字成人| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 两性夫妻黄色片| 99热全是精品| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 久久人人爽人人片av| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 精品少妇内射三级| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 在线天堂最新版资源| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 精品酒店卫生间| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 国产综合精华液| 尾随美女入室| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 天堂8中文在线网| 亚洲国产精品999| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 黄片小视频在线播放| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 黄片小视频在线播放| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 尾随美女入室| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 捣出白浆h1v1| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 国产探花极品一区二区| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 在线看a的网站| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 亚洲精品视频女| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 性色av一级| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 国产乱来视频区| 两性夫妻黄色片| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 精品午夜福利在线看| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 伦理电影免费视频| 国产毛片在线视频| 免费观看性生交大片5| 久久久久国产网址| 久久午夜福利片| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 日本免费在线观看一区| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 国产成人精品无人区| 亚洲国产色片| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 亚洲综合色惰| 美女中出高潮动态图| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 国产成人精品在线电影| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 中文字幕制服av| 日本wwww免费看| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 久久婷婷青草| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| av卡一久久| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 观看av在线不卡| 久久久久久久国产电影| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 91aial.com中文字幕在线观看| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| xxx大片免费视频| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| av在线观看视频网站免费| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 亚洲综合色惰| www.自偷自拍.com| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 满18在线观看网站| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 精品国产一区二区久久| 免费少妇av软件| www.精华液| 久久av网站| 丝袜美足系列| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 成人二区视频| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 不卡av一区二区三区| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 国产一级毛片在线| 久久久久久伊人网av| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 午夜激情av网站| 一区在线观看完整版| videos熟女内射| 国产激情久久老熟女| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 精品午夜福利在线看| 在线观看人妻少妇| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91 | 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 精品一区在线观看国产| 国产成人精品福利久久| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看 | 久久这里只有精品19| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 国产综合精华液| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 91成人精品电影| 搡老乐熟女国产| 亚洲成色77777| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 欧美bdsm另类| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲 | 多毛熟女@视频| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 不卡av一区二区三区| 青草久久国产| 国产野战对白在线观看| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 久久久久网色| 99香蕉大伊视频| 一级爰片在线观看| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 精品福利永久在线观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| www.av在线官网国产| 曰老女人黄片| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 美女中出高潮动态图| av国产精品久久久久影院| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 久久久国产一区二区| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| a级毛片黄视频| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 国产av精品麻豆| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区 | 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 午夜免费观看性视频| 亚洲成人手机| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 深夜精品福利| 亚洲四区av| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 成年女人在线观看亚洲视频| 热re99久久国产66热| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 伊人久久国产一区二区| 在线观看国产h片| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 一区在线观看完整版| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 国产免费视频播放在线视频| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| av在线老鸭窝| 国产av国产精品国产| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 制服丝袜香蕉在线| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级| 国产av精品麻豆| 999精品在线视频| 午夜久久久在线观看| 亚洲成色77777| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| 午夜激情av网站| 久久久久久伊人网av| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 精品一区二区免费观看| 国产毛片在线视频| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看 | 熟女电影av网| 黄色 视频免费看| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 国产亚洲最大av| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 久久影院123| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 黄片播放在线免费| av网站免费在线观看视频| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 男女边摸边吃奶| av在线app专区| 国产av国产精品国产| 国产极品天堂在线| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 在线观看免费高清a一片|