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      狀語從句易錯剖析

      2017-03-23 19:44:18龔磊陳慈明
      高中生學(xué)習(xí)·高三版 2017年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:條件句主句連詞

      龔磊+陳慈明

      高考試題中對狀語從句主要從從句的引導(dǎo)詞及從句的作用等方面進(jìn)行考查。筆者在此結(jié)合近年來各地的高考試題,為同學(xué)們梳理一下狀語從句易錯易混點(diǎn)。

      [狀語從句連詞的誤用]

      不同的狀語從句有不同的從句引導(dǎo)詞,下面是不同類別的狀語從句的常用引導(dǎo)詞。

      目的狀語從句:in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。

      結(jié)果狀語從句:so that,so ... that,such ... that等。

      讓步狀語從句:although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。

      方式狀語從句:as,as if,as though,the way等。

      地點(diǎn)狀語從句:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。

      比較狀語從句:than和as ... as。

      條件狀語從句:if,unless,as/so long as,in case等。

      原因狀語從句because,as,since,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that) 等。

      時間狀語從句:when,while,as,before,after,until,till,since,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner ... than,hardly/scarcely ... when,every/each time,the first time,the last time,next time等。

      對狀語從句從屬連詞的意義和使用范圍不夠熟悉,往往會導(dǎo)致答題失誤。

      例1 (2016·北京卷) 27. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ______ hes in his nineties.

      A. as long as B. as if

      C. even though D. in case

      解析 C。考查狀語從句。句意:即使90多歲了,爺爺仍然時不時打網(wǎng)球。as long as“只要”,引導(dǎo)條件句;as if“似乎”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句;even though“即使”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;in case“以防”,引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。句子表達(dá)的是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選C。

      例2 (2016·江蘇卷) 26. ______ some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.

      A. Because B. If

      C. Unless D. While

      解析 D??疾檫B詞。句意:盡管一些人被成功的渴望驅(qū)使著,但是其他人卻是被失敗的恐懼驅(qū)使著前進(jìn)。because“因?yàn)椤?;if“如果”;unless“除非”,“如果……不”;while“盡管,然而,當(dāng)……時”。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用while(盡管……)連接。

      例3 (2016 浙江卷) 5. _______ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.

      A. Since B. After

      C. While D. Unless

      解析 C。句意:盡管網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活,但是不是所有的影響都是積極的。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“盡管,雖然”;since“既然,自從”;after“在……之后”;unless“除非”。

      點(diǎn)撥 對于對狀語從句連詞的考查,同學(xué)們做題時應(yīng)讀懂試題的意思,根據(jù)題目所表達(dá)的含義來選擇合適的連詞;對一些含義相近的連詞以及搭配,如until/when/since等詞語,一定要搞清楚各自使用范圍。

      [狀語從句的時態(tài)的誤用]

      在我們解答狀語從句這類題目時,往往會因?yàn)楹鲆晻r態(tài)要求而失分。同學(xué)們注意以下幾種情況。

      1. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞用了一般將來時或一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

      例4 If you dont go to the park tomorrow, neither do I.

      解析 do→will。句意:如果你明天不去公園,我也不去。條件狀語從句主句的謂語動詞用了一般將來時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

      2. when, before, after引導(dǎo)的從句的動作與主句動作的先后關(guān)系。

      例5 (2016·上海卷) When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30) _______ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31) _______ me.

      解析 Before;from??疾檫B詞和介詞。連詞before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,在句中有多種翻譯方法,本句意為“還沒來得及……就…….”,句意:她還沒有來得及反應(yīng)過來,我就緊緊地抱著她并告訴她這件事情不必對我保密。

      3. by (the time)后接時間狀語或時間狀語從句,根據(jù)從句所表達(dá)的時間概念,主句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)相應(yīng)有過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成時(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時)和將來完成時(將來完成進(jìn)行時)。試比較:

      By the time you arrived, we had finished our work. (過去)

      By the time you arrive, we will have finished our work. (將來)

      點(diǎn)撥 狀語從句的時態(tài)往往有固定的規(guī)則,同學(xué)們只需了解主、從句中的時態(tài)要求,如“主將從現(xiàn)”等以及其他常見形式,就可以較好地解決相應(yīng)問題。

      [狀語從句中倒裝句的誤用]

      一般情況下,引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞應(yīng)放在從句之首, 其后用陳述語序。但要注意以下幾種倒裝情況:

      1. 表示“一……就……”的兩個常見結(jié)構(gòu)no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely ... when ...,當(dāng)no sooner,hardly和scarcely位于句首時,主句用部分倒裝語序,且當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞用了一般過去時,主句用用過去完成時態(tài)。例如:

      No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked.

      Hardly had she finished her speech when the audience started cheering.

      2. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句要用倒裝語序。被提前的部分可以是從句的表語、狀語或動詞原形。被前置的表語是單數(shù)名詞時,須省略冠詞。例如:

      Child as/though he is, he is as brave as an adult.=Although he is a child, he is as brave as an adult.

      Fast as/though he ran, he couldnt catch up with his friend.=Although he ran fast, he couldnt catch up with his friend.

      Interesting as/though the book was, Jim threw it away.=Although the book was interesting, Jim threw it away.

      3. 省略if的倒裝條件句。在虛擬語氣中,if從句假設(shè)的情況中如果有助動詞had,should和were,那么可省略if,把had,should和were放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝。如:

      If he had finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.=Had he finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.

      If I should meet him, I would tell him about it.=Should I meet him, I would tell him about it.

      例6 (2016·浙江卷) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

      A. had not fallen B. would not fall

      C. did not fall D. would not have fallen

      解析 D。句意:如果政府和科學(xué)家沒有共同努力,艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡就不會從2005年的最高點(diǎn)減少。本句使用虛擬語氣,if條件句謂語動詞用的had done,將had提前,省略it,主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬。

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