陳又清
(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲研究所,昆明 650224)
特邀稿件InvitedReview
螞蟻群落與棲境關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展及新趨勢
陳又清*
(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲研究所,昆明 650224)
生物群落與棲境的關(guān)系是生態(tài)學(xué)研究的核心之一,螞蟻群落由于在陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的生物量、分布以及具備的生態(tài)功能的重要性,是研究這種關(guān)系的理想對象。在查閱大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,簡述了螞蟻物種多樣性與棲境關(guān)系研究現(xiàn)狀。介紹了螞蟻功能群劃分以及在不同尺度上與棲境關(guān)系的應(yīng)用研究,評述了功能群應(yīng)用的限制。闡明了功能特征的定義以及基于形態(tài)特征和營養(yǎng)級方面的螞蟻群落功能特征與棲境的研究,并對功能特征的研究趨勢進(jìn)行了展望。
棲境;螞蟻群落;物種多樣性;功能群;功能特征
生物群落與棲境的關(guān)系一直是生態(tài)學(xué)研究的核心之一(Tilman,1982;Lindenmayeretal.,2010;Jacobsen,2012;Zengetal.,2013)。棲境影響生物群落,本質(zhì)上是棲境特征作為選擇壓力之一作用于物種的功能特征,在本土尺度上影響群落中的物種組成(Webbetal.,2010)。功能特征(functional traits)是指可以影響個體表現(xiàn)和適合度的任何可測定的特性(Cadotteetal.,2011),以功能特征為基礎(chǔ)的生物群落的理論是理解群落構(gòu)架原則以及預(yù)測群落對棲境響應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵(Adleretal.,2013;Gibb and Parr,2013;Vesk,2013),也成為理解生態(tài)學(xué)群落結(jié)構(gòu)以及群落解體造成的功能性效果的中心(Litchmanetal.,2010;Funk and Wolf,2016)。因此,明確本土棲境的哪些特征與物種的功能特征相關(guān),可能為揭示變化的景觀中群落結(jié)構(gòu)的決定機(jī)制開拓新的視野(Ricklefs,1987;Funk and Wolf,2016)。利用植物功能特征理解植物生態(tài)學(xué)已經(jīng)取得了較大的進(jìn)展(Cornwelletal.,2008;Kraftetal.,2014;Kraftetal.,2015)。無脊椎動物占據(jù)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)動物多樣性中的絕大部分,在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能中起關(guān)鍵作用(Losey and Vaughan,2006),是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的關(guān)鍵成分,但由于在物種水平的研究極少,理解物種特征與棲境如何相互作用變得困難重重。
目前全球已報道有12500種螞蟻生活在各種棲境中,它們構(gòu)成了陸地?zé)o脊椎動物生物量的主要部分(H?lldobler and Wilson,1990;Lachetal.,2010;Ward,2010)。由于在陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中分布廣、多度高和活動能力強(qiáng),螞蟻是一系列生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動者,以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和氣候變化的響應(yīng)者,是研究棲境與群落關(guān)系的理想研究對象(Hunter,2009;Colloffetal.,2010;Del Toroetal.,2012)。
目前螞蟻群落與棲境的關(guān)系主要從物種多樣性、功能群(functional group)、功能特征等方面進(jìn)行研究,棲境指螞蟻生存和發(fā)展的自然環(huán)境。
2.1 基于物種多樣性的研究
每種螞蟻與其生活的環(huán)境有著十分復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,因此螞蟻群落對包括棲境喪失和不同大小的片段化兩種形式的棲境變化十分敏感(Vasconcelosetal.,2006;Crist,2009)。物種豐富度(species richness)是群落物種多樣性的最具代表性的表現(xiàn)形式,常成為學(xué)者們共同的指標(biāo)用于螞蟻群落分析,是研究螞蟻群落與棲境關(guān)系的重要指標(biāo)之一(Read and Andersen,2000;Dunnetal.,2007)。在本地尺度、局域尺度和全球尺度上,螞蟻群落喪失初始棲境,引起物種豐富度降低,而棲境片段化導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果則是變動的,并不一定隨著片段化程度的增加而降低(Kozon and Roussel,2013)。這兩種棲境變化的模式對螞蟻物種豐富度的影響,隨著土地利用強(qiáng)度以及生物因子和非生物因子的變化程度的增加而增加(Crist,2009;Chenetal.,2011;Luetal.,2016)。棲境變化導(dǎo)致食物可獲得性、可能的營巢地點(diǎn)以及存在互利關(guān)系或者競爭關(guān)系的物種的多度產(chǎn)生變化。例如,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對土壤特性、樹蔭以及資源的可獲得性造成影響,強(qiáng)烈影響土壤螞蟻群落的物種豐富度等群落多樣性指數(shù),包括降低物種豐富度指數(shù)、改變?nèi)郝浣M成和結(jié)構(gòu)等(Lindenmayeretal.,2008;Crist,2009);砍伐和火燒減少植被的蓋度,增加陽光照射,有利于優(yōu)勢物種的物種豐富度,而機(jī)會主義者和廣布種則消失(Andersen and Majer,2004);排斥性競爭降低物種豐富度(Andersen,1997;Hoffmann and Andersen,2003)。另外,學(xué)者們對棲境復(fù)雜性(多指棲境不規(guī)則程度)與螞蟻群落物種豐富度之間關(guān)系的認(rèn)識存在分歧,有研究顯示棲境復(fù)雜性降低導(dǎo)致螞蟻物種豐富度減低(Lassau and Hochuli,2004;Sartyetal.,2006),然而Bihn等(2010)的結(jié)論則相反,可能與群落演替有關(guān)。
由于物種豐富度對于群落內(nèi)的基本過程提供的信息十分有限(Nakamuraetal.,2007),該指標(biāo)的有效性經(jīng)常處于爭論的焦點(diǎn)。
2.2 基于功能群的研究
功能群研究是螞蟻群落研究中十分活躍的部分,在不同尺度上均有應(yīng)用。全球尺度劃分的螞蟻功能群包括數(shù)量豐富、活動能力及侵略性較強(qiáng)的優(yōu)勢臭蟻亞科(Dominant Dolichoderinae,DD),體型較大、通常與DD一起出現(xiàn)且種群受其制約的從屬弓背蟻?zhàn)?Subordinate Camponotini,SC),適應(yīng)氣候的特化的氣候?qū)<?,分為熱氣候?qū)<?Hot Climate Specialists,HCS)、冷氣候?qū)<?Cold Climate Specialists,CCS)和熱帶氣候?qū)<?Tropic Climate Specialists,TCS),在土壤和枯落物層覓食的隱蔽物種(Cryptic Species),在世界上分布較廣泛的種類廣義切葉蟻亞科(Generalized Myrmicinae,GM),競爭能力較弱類群、明顯受其它螞蟻類群影響的機(jī)會主義者(Opportunists),由捕食性螞蟻構(gòu)成的專業(yè)捕食者(Specialist Predators,SP)等7個功能群(Andersen,1990,1997)。在大尺度上,根據(jù)螞蟻對棲境壓力及干擾的響應(yīng),在屬級和物種組合水平上劃分的功能群能夠很好地解釋螞蟻群落動態(tài),因為不同的功能群的物種數(shù)量、多度或物種組成對棲境變化產(chǎn)生不同的響應(yīng)(Kingetal.,1998;Bisevac and Majer,1999)。在區(qū)域尺度上,Delabie等人(2000)基于巴西大西洋雨林枯落物層螞蟻建立區(qū)域尺度功能群,評價了該地區(qū)地表層和枯落物層螞蟻群落響應(yīng)棲境和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能變化,以及評價棲境變化如森林片段化對螞蟻群落的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)隱蔽物種、專業(yè)捕食者、氣候?qū)<胰齻€功能群能指示森林片段化,片段化的面積和樹木的密度影響的物種豐富度(Leal,2012)。在本地尺度上,將全球尺度上劃分的功能群進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,能夠反映出土地利用變化導(dǎo)致的棲境變化,廣義切葉蟻亞科、從屬弓背蟻?zhàn)搴蜋C(jī)會主義者的指示效果較好,實(shí)質(zhì)上是不同功能群中不同物種的多度及功能群內(nèi)的群落組成變化對生境變化導(dǎo)致的干擾及資源可利用程度的響應(yīng)有差異(盧志興和陳又清,2016;盧志興等,2016)。
目前,全球尺度螞蟻功能群系統(tǒng)已被用于澳大利亞地區(qū)以及北美和歐洲地區(qū)(Andersen,1995;Hoffmann and Andersen,2003),由于該系統(tǒng)是在研究澳大利亞北部干熱區(qū)域螞蟻的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來,其在其他非干熱或森林條件較好區(qū)域的適用性仍然存在爭議。而區(qū)域尺度及本地尺度的運(yùn)用則更少。
2.3 基于功能特征的研究
功能特征最早用于植物生態(tài)學(xué)研究,指通過影響物種生長、繁殖和存活等個體表現(xiàn),間接影響其適合度的形態(tài)的、生理的和物候的特征(Violleetal.,2007)。隨著功能特征研究的拓展,它還包括物理的如捕食者的牙齒形態(tài)學(xué)特性、行為的如夜間或者白天覓食習(xí)性、時間上的如幼期時間長度等等(Cadotteetal.,2011)。包括形態(tài)特征在內(nèi)的功能特征則能提供測定螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)和組成的有效方法(Yates and Andrew,2011),因為這些量化的指標(biāo)是漫長的進(jìn)化時間尺度上形成的,能指示其在棲境內(nèi)生態(tài)位的競爭性。常見的螞蟻功能特征包括韋伯長(Weber’s length)、頭寬(head width)、眼位(eye position)、眼寬(eye width)、上顎長和寬(mandible length and width)、腿節(jié)長(femur length)、被毛(pilosity)、營養(yǎng)級(trophic position)等等(Gibb and Parr,2010;Yates and Andrew,2011;Gibbetal.,2015)。其中韋伯長描述身體大小,反映螞蟻在變化的棲境中對獵物尺寸的選擇及覓食的微環(huán)境的選擇;頭寬反映利用棲境的復(fù)雜性;復(fù)眼位置表現(xiàn)生活棲境的復(fù)雜程度和捕食性行為;眼睛寬度反映搜尋食物行為和活動時間;上顎長和寬反映捕食性行為;腿節(jié)長反映生活棲境復(fù)雜程度和捕食性行為;被毛反映失水耐受性或?qū)π盘柕母惺苣芰Γ粻I養(yǎng)級反映了螞蟻在棲境中的食性及資源利用狀況,通常用氮值來表示(Gibb and Parr,2010;Yates and Andrew,2011;Gibbetal.,2015;武子文等,2015)。
2.3.1基于形態(tài)學(xué)的功能特征
在復(fù)雜程度(多指棲境不規(guī)則程度)不同的棲境中,螞蟻的形態(tài)特征存在差異。螞蟻的腿節(jié)長隨著棲境復(fù)雜程度提高而降低(Gibb and Parr,2010;Wiescheretal.,2012);較大個體的螞蟻在簡單棲境中占優(yōu)(Retanaetal.,2015)。身體大或身體指數(shù)大的種類在開闊棲境中數(shù)量多(Gibb and Parr,2010;Arnanetal.,2013;Retanaetal.,2015),例如,較寬頭部的種類在較少灌木覆蓋和朽木較多的棲境中常見,如舉腹蟻屬Crematogaster和鋪道蟻屬Tetramorium等。復(fù)眼靠背而不是兩側(cè)的螞蟻喜在開闊棲境中,可能與在開闊棲境中視線好相關(guān)(Gibb and Parr,2013),能較好躲避空中捕食者。多毛的螞蟻種類在裸地中盛行,可能與抗脫水有關(guān)(Wittlingeretal.,2007)。多刺螞蟻與高的冠幅覆蓋(低裸露地)相關(guān),可能與被捕食風(fēng)險有關(guān)(Gibbetal.,2015)。韋伯長與棲境復(fù)雜性相關(guān)(Gibbetal.,2015;Retanaetal.,2015),其運(yùn)行機(jī)制可能是阻止個體大的物種移動,允許個體小的物種茁壯成長(With,1994)。
棲境復(fù)雜性影響群落中物種的身體大小,源于該指標(biāo)是決定螞蟻在不同復(fù)雜程度棲境中覓食成功的關(guān)鍵(Retanaetal.,2015)。身體-谷物假說(size-grain hypothesis)認(rèn)為:長腿螞蟻的收獲會隨著身體大小的降低而降低,因為在有縫隙的棲境中,這會成為障礙(Kaspari and Weiser,1999)。當(dāng)物種體型較小時,簡單棲境妨礙覓食成功性(Gibbetal.,2015);當(dāng)物種個體較大時,復(fù)雜棲境通過阻礙其運(yùn)動,減弱覓食成功性,這樣具有相對較短腿節(jié)長的較小個體的物種能接近食物資源(Retanaetal.,2015)?;谛螒B(tài)學(xué)的功能特征研究揭示,螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)可能隨著棲境的復(fù)雜程度而改變,這種變化可能由物種替換引起,也可能由棲境中的生物的和非生物特征作為過濾器選擇本土棲境的物種引起(Gibb and Parr,2010;Gibbetal.,2015)。雖然本地物種應(yīng)對棲境復(fù)雜程度變化已有一些研究,但利用螞蟻功能特征探討物種應(yīng)對棲境變化的一般規(guī)律還未嘗試。
2.3.2基于營養(yǎng)級的功能特征
當(dāng)生物群落中有明顯的植食者和捕食者群組時,營養(yǎng)級結(jié)構(gòu)十分清楚并相對不可變(MacFadyenetal.,2009);但是營養(yǎng)級的混亂普遍存在,雜食性的類群可能卷入復(fù)雜的相互作用中,既包括種間的競爭,又包括族群內(nèi)的捕食(Hunter,2009)。
螞蟻在營養(yǎng)級中占據(jù)較為廣的譜,從與蜘蛛相似的高度捕食性的種類,到利用更多植物源材料食譜的植食性的物種(Davidsonetal.,2003)。螞蟻的營養(yǎng)級功能特征受到棲境內(nèi)食物資源的強(qiáng)烈影響,如富含蜜露資源或花外蜜的棲境將吸引過分依賴這些資源的螞蟻物種(Blüthgenetal.,2004;盧志興等,2016),可能導(dǎo)致這些物種氮值低(Davidsonetal.,2003),又如捕食植食性昆蟲的螞蟻相對于捕食非植食性昆蟲的螞蟻具有較低的氮值(Gibb and Cunningham,2011)。目前在屬級水平上對螞蟻營養(yǎng)級的報導(dǎo)十分有限,能夠明確的植食性螞蟻包括弓背蟻屬Camponotus、虹臭蟻屬Iridomyrmex、小家蟻屬M(fèi)onomorium以及多刺蟻屬Polyrhachis部分種類;而捕食性的螞蟻除了猛蟻外,依賴產(chǎn)蜜昆蟲的織葉蟻Oecophylla及蟻屬Formica的種類偶爾也能超過預(yù)期呈現(xiàn)較高的捕食性(Gibb and Cunningham,2011)。
相對于形態(tài)學(xué)方面的功能特征研究,棲境與螞蟻營養(yǎng)級功能特征關(guān)系的研究十分稀少。而基于營養(yǎng)級的功能特征反映螞蟻物種在食物鏈及食物網(wǎng)中的位置,以及群落內(nèi)物種間競爭關(guān)系,與棲境的關(guān)系十分密切,今后應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)這方面的研究。
在已有的螞蟻群落與棲境關(guān)系研究中,物種豐富度常常作為共同的指標(biāo)用于螞蟻群落分析,但該指標(biāo)對于群落內(nèi)受棲境影響變化的基本過程提供的信息十分有限。為了簡化評價螞蟻群落,基于它們的競爭性相互作用、對壓力和干擾的響應(yīng),以及對棲境的要求等方面,功能群體系被提出,這種屬級層面的群落指標(biāo)相對于物種豐富度,能為不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供更加明確的信息。不足之處是功能群更大程度上只能定義為相互作用中的行為特征,而且這種特征不一定穩(wěn)定,可能隨時改變。而功能特征則能提供測定螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)和組成的有效方法,因為這些量化的指標(biāo)是漫長的進(jìn)化時間尺度上形成的,能指示其在棲境內(nèi)生態(tài)位的競爭性。棲境影響生物群落,本質(zhì)上是棲境特征作為選擇壓力之一作用于物種的功能特征,在本土尺度上影響群落中的物種組成。因次,相比基于物種(包括功能群)的途徑,特征具備潛力較好地預(yù)測種類繁多的各種動物對棲境變化的響應(yīng)。
棲境結(jié)構(gòu)的變化是全球變化的重要組成部分(Tilman,2001),全球范圍內(nèi)的棲境變化,正導(dǎo)致全球范圍內(nèi)的生物多樣性快速丟失(Newboldetal.,2015)。對于種類繁多的類群,比如節(jié)肢動物,要在200萬到1000萬的物種中找出對棲境變化做出響應(yīng)的物種,本世紀(jì)內(nèi)無法完成(Hamiltonetal.,2010)。然而,螞蟻的形態(tài)學(xué)特征與其功能之間所具有的高度相關(guān)性,為我們理解物種如何響應(yīng)全球范圍內(nèi)的棲境變化提供了可能(Gibb and Parr,2013)。統(tǒng)計技術(shù)的發(fā)展也為研究該類群物種特征如何與棲境相關(guān)提供了新的希望(Brownetal.,2014)。
在全球變化的背景下,系統(tǒng)研究棲境特征與物種的功能特征的關(guān)系十分必要。螞蟻在變化后的棲境中如何生存或占優(yōu)勢?哪些特征以及特征組合影響物種間的相互作用?這些特征如何影響物種間的相互作用并有助于適應(yīng)新的棲境?物種內(nèi)的功能特征變異與物種適應(yīng)變動與棲境的關(guān)系如何?物種功能特征如何應(yīng)用于預(yù)測棲境內(nèi)群落的組成和多樣性,進(jìn)而影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的彈性和修復(fù)?這些問題都是今后研究的新方向。
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Theprogressofstudyontherelationshipbetweenantcommunityandhabitatandanewtrend
CHEN You-Qing*
(Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China)
s: The relationship between the biocenosis and habitat is one of the foci of ecological research. Ant community is the ideal object for this study because of its importance in the terrestrial ecosystem in terms of biomass, distribution and ecological functioning. In this article, based on the review of the great deal of scientific literatures, the research progress of relationship between ant community species diversity and habitat was elaborated. The classification of ant functional group scheme and the applications for relationship between ant community and habitat on different spatial scale were introduced. But this scheme had some limit in practice in some area. The definition of functional traits was introduced and some studies on the relationship between ant community and habitat were elaborated based on morphological traits and trophic position trait. And the research trend of functional traits was discussed.
Habitat; ant community; species diversity; functional group; functional traits
國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(31470493,31270561)
陳又清,男,1969年生,湖北浠水人,博士,研究員,研究方向為昆蟲生態(tài)學(xué),E-mail:cyqcaf@126.com
*通訊作者Author for correspondence, E-mail: cyqcaf@126.com
Received: 2017-05-24; 接受日期Accepted: 2017-07-30
Q968;S476
:A
1674-0858(2017)04-0735-06
陳又清.螞蟻群落與棲境關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展及新趨勢[J].環(huán)境昆蟲學(xué)報,2017,39(4):735-740.