山東 李秀萍
如何攻克語法填空之謂語動詞填空
山東 李秀萍
動詞是所有詞類中最活躍的一種詞,使用頻率高,詞形多變。動詞填空一直是語法填空的考查重點(diǎn),一般考查3~4個,在短文改錯中也通??疾?~4處動詞形式,在書面表達(dá)中的使用更是必不可少。那么如何正確分析語境并使用動詞呢?下面筆者就自己多年指導(dǎo)學(xué)生備考的經(jīng)驗(yàn)談一談攻克這一難關(guān)的解題步驟及方法。
第一步:首先要判斷考查的是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞。緊跟主語的未必就是謂語,遠(yuǎn)離主語的未必就是非謂語??忌欢ㄒ托淖x完整句話,而不是斷章取義,還未讀完就想當(dāng)然地做出判斷。
【例1】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅱ,68)Later, engineers ____(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.
解析:managed??疾橹^語動詞時態(tài)。在主句中除了manage外沒有其他謂語,因此manage是主句中的謂語動詞,根據(jù)Later與定語從句的謂語became的時態(tài)可知也用一般過去時。
【例2】(2012 ·湖南卷,31改編)The lecture, ____(start) at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
解析:starting??疾榉侵^語動詞。通讀全句,謂語是was followed,因此考查的是非謂語動詞,The lecture與start是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,因此用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。若考生未通讀全句,很可能以為跟在主語后就是謂語而誤填started。
【例3】(2012 ·安徽卷,33改編)Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ______(keep) some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
解析:keeps??疾橹^語動詞。主語Walmart后是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,因此考查的是謂語動詞,由時間狀語24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays和is可知用一般現(xiàn)在時。若考生未通讀全句,就會想當(dāng)然地以為逗號后考查非謂語而誤填keeping。
第二步:判斷出是謂語動詞后,還要判斷其時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。一個謂語動詞往往至少考查其中兩種,因此考生要在綜合分析的基礎(chǔ)上,做出正確判斷。
有些考生往往忽略了語態(tài)的判斷,習(xí)慣都使用主動語態(tài)。如何判斷動詞是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)呢?
及物動詞當(dāng)謂語,其后往往無賓語或賓語不全,或帶有“by...”時,常使用被動語態(tài),或根據(jù)句意判斷。
【例4】(2017 ·全國卷I,64)When fat and salt _____(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析:are removed。remove當(dāng)“移走、移除”之意時是及物動詞,其后無賓語,因此用被動語態(tài)。
【 例 5】(2016 ·全 國 卷 I,62)So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base,where ticket money helps pay for research. I ______(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre center.
解析:was allowed。此處考查allow sb. to do這個短語的用法,因賓語不全,因此用被動語態(tài)。
【例 6】(2015 ·湖南卷,32改編)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _______ (hold)back thankfully by the shop window.
解析:was held。hold back意思是“阻擋”,是相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語,其后無賓語,句中又含有by 引導(dǎo)的表示被動的短語,故用被動語態(tài)。
判斷動詞的時態(tài)是一大難點(diǎn),但遵循以下三條提示即可有效攻克這一難點(diǎn)。
(一)句中時間狀語提示。時態(tài)即“由時間決定動詞形式”。這是考查時態(tài)的最簡單最直接的一種方式。
【例7】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅲ,69)But at the moment,school _______ (come) first.
解析:comes。 由時間狀語at the moment判斷,敘述目前的情況,此處應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時。
【例8】(2017 ·北京卷,24改編)—_______ you______ (call) that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
—Yes, they are happy with it.
解析:Did;call。由時間狀語yesterday判斷出,動作發(fā)生在過去,故此處應(yīng)該用一般過去時。
(二)句中其他動詞的時態(tài)提示。句中無具體的時間狀語時就參照其他動詞的時態(tài),因?yàn)檎鋾r態(tài)是具有一致性的。這是考查時態(tài)的較難的一種方式。
【例9】(2017 ·浙江卷,62)Pahlsson and her husband______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
解析:searched。but是并列連詞,因此search與turned是并列謂語,應(yīng)使用與turned一致的時態(tài),故也用一般過去時。
【例10】(2017 ·全國卷Ⅱ,65)Steam engines ____(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
解析:were used。and連接了兩個并列句,第二句謂語使用了must have done的形式,表示對發(fā)生在過去的事件的推測,因此第一句也應(yīng)該用一般過去時,且根據(jù)短語“use sth. to do...”或句意可知使用被動語態(tài)。
(三)上下文或語境的提示。動詞填空是在一篇短文中考查的,語篇具有整體性原則,因此可以根據(jù)上下文或語境判斷。這是考查時態(tài)的最難的一種方式。
【例 11】(2017 · 10 月浙江卷,65)“Daddy, I’m so glad to see you,” I ________ (whisper). “I’m in town for the writer’s class, but I just couldn’t miss your show.” I gave him a quick hug and went back into the seating area.
解析:whispered。下一句謂語gave使用了一般過去時,可知是敘述過去的事,由語篇的整體性原則推斷此處也應(yīng)該用一般過去時。
【例12】(2015 ·湖南卷,28改編)He must have sensed that I ______ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”
解析:was looking。句意:他一定感覺到我在看他。他就突然瞥了我一眼然后輕聲說:“你為什么那樣盯著我看?”are...staring at是look at...的同義替換詞,時態(tài)也應(yīng)一致,同時通過sensed 等詞設(shè)置的語境可知,此處應(yīng)該用過去進(jìn)行時。
(四)還應(yīng)該注意在一些固定句型或特殊句式中對時態(tài)的考查,這要靠平日的積累。
【例13】(2016 ·北京卷,21改編)Jack ______ (work)in the lab when the power cut occurred.
解析:was working??疾椤皐as/were doing ...when ...”句型,表示“正在做……這時……”。
【例14】(2016 ·全國卷Ⅱ,70)It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, ______(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
解析:make。 畫線部分是“狀語從句 + 祈使句”的句型,whatever引導(dǎo)了一個讓步狀語從句,因此填動詞原形。若判斷不出這個句型,考生很容易填making,以為逗號后是個非謂語。筆者認(rèn)為出題專家也很具有幽默精神。一般情況下,動詞要用其某種變形,極少填動詞原形,因此考生不大敢填也不相信填動詞原形,而此題偏就填動詞原形!
用某種固定時態(tài)的常用句型或句式:
1.It is / has been + 一段時間 + since + 過去的點(diǎn)時間 /一般過去時的句子 自從……以來多久了。
2.It is the first / second ... time that sb. have / has done...
是某人第幾次做…… (現(xiàn)在的情況)
It was the first / second ... time that sb. had done...
是某人第幾次做…… (過去的情況)
3.Hardly / Scarcely / Barely had sb done... when...
剛剛……就……
No sooner had sb. done... than ... 剛剛……就……
4.It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 剩余部分
對現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)
It was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 剩余部分
對過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)
5.祈使句 + and / or + 一般將來時的句子
做…… 就會……/ 否則會……
6. was/were doing ... when...
正在做……這時……
7.It will be + 一段時間 + before + 一般現(xiàn)在時的句子
過多久就會……
It was be + 一段時間 + before + 一般過去時的句子
過了多久就會……了
8.表示地點(diǎn)的副詞here,there置于句首,且主語是名詞,使用完全倒裝時,要用一般現(xiàn)在時。常用于此句型的動詞有:be,go,come,exist,follow,remain,lie,stand等。
Eg:There comes the bus.
相當(dāng)于: The bus is coming.
9.The more + 一般現(xiàn)在時的句子, the more + 一般將來時的句子 越…… 就越……
第一個the more引導(dǎo)的句子相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句,第二個the more引導(dǎo)的句子相當(dāng)于一個主句。
Eg:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
相當(dāng)于: If you work harder, you will make more progress.
有些考生既判斷出了正確的時態(tài)也判斷出了正確的語態(tài),但是忽略了主謂一致而導(dǎo)致前功盡棄。
【例15】(2017 ·江蘇卷,24改編)The publication ofGreat Expectations, which _______ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
解析:was。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,先行詞部分是The publication ofGreat Expectations,意思為“《遠(yuǎn)大前程》的出版”,其中the publication是中心詞,表示單數(shù)概念,再根據(jù)主句謂語strengthened用了一般過去時可知也用一般過去時,故用was。
【例16】(2017 ·天津卷,6)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
解析:is regarded。由Nowadays可知,此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時;cycling是主語,為第三人稱單數(shù),along with jogging and swimming是介詞短語,不能充當(dāng)主語;由短語regard...as...可知,regard與主語cycling之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用被動語態(tài)。
主謂一致的幾個難點(diǎn):
1.單個動詞不定式、動名詞或主語從句作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)。
【例17】(2016 ·全國卷Ⅱ,63)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.
【例18】(2015 ·北京卷,35改編)How we understand things has (have) a lot to do with what we feel.
2.并列主語的主謂一致
1)兩個單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示不同概念時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例19】(2017 ·全國卷I,64)When fat and salt are removed (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
2)兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人、同一物或不可分割的整體時,謂語用單數(shù)。
【例20】A knife and fork is ready on the table. 桌子上已有備好的一副刀叉。
【例21】The writer and artist is giving the lecture now.這位作家兼藝術(shù)家正在做報(bào)告。
3)被every,each,no 修飾的名詞由and連接作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)。
【例22】Every girl and every boy has an English book.每個男孩和女孩都有一本英語書。
4)many a,more than one后加單數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),我們稱其為“形單意復(fù)”,即“主謂形式均用單數(shù)表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)含義”。
【例 23】More than one student has been to that park. 不止一個學(xué)生去過那個公園。
3.單數(shù)名詞作主語,其后跟with,together with,along with,as well as,rather than,but(除了),except等介詞短語時,謂語用單數(shù),介詞短語不能當(dāng)主語。
【 例 24】 (2013 ·江 蘇 卷,21改 編)Generally,students’ inner motivation with high expectation from others is (be) essential to their development.
4.?dāng)?shù)詞與量詞作主語時的主謂一致
1)分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)。
【例25】Only 20% water is left. 只剩下百分之二十的水了。
【例26】About one third of the books are new.大約三分之一的書是新的。
2)a number of 修飾名詞當(dāng)主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),the number of修飾名詞當(dāng)主語時,謂語用單數(shù)。
【例27】A number of problems are easy to solve.大量的問題是很容易解決的。
【例28】The number of problems is small.問題的數(shù)量很少。
小試牛刀:
1.(2017 ·江蘇卷,27改編)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he ________ (follow).
2.(2015 ·陜西卷,22改編)Marty ____ (work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
3.(2014 ·湖南卷,23改編)Understanding your own needs and styles of communication _______ (be) as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
4.(2016 · 全 國 卷 Ⅲ,69)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ________ (be) too violent for use at the table.
5.(2016 ·四川卷,61)The giant panda ____ (love) by people throughout the world.
參考答案:1.was being followed 2.has been working /is working 3.is 4.were 5.is loved
山東省濰坊地區(qū)高密市第三中學(xué))