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      特殊句式重難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥

      2017-02-16 03:16:13甘肅董耀忠
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2017年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:反義主句定語(yǔ)

      甘肅 董耀忠

      特殊句式重難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥

      甘肅 董耀忠

      高中英語(yǔ)中,特殊句式主要指強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、反義疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、祈使句以及插入語(yǔ)和省略等。下面,基于句子基本結(jié)構(gòu),筆者對(duì)幾種重要的特殊句式考查的重難點(diǎn)予以歸納。

      一、特殊句式高考真題鏈接

      【考例1】(改編自2015天津卷,3)Only when Lily walked into the off ce_______she realize that she had left the contract at home.

      【解析】did。部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),要“主倒從不倒”,即主句倒裝從句不倒裝。句意為:只有當(dāng)Lily走進(jìn)辦公室的時(shí)候,她才意識(shí)到她把合同忘在家里了。

      【考例2】(改編自2015湖南卷,21)It was when we were returning home________I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

      【解析】that。此句為“It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)……”強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為:正是在我們回家的時(shí)候,我才意識(shí)到幫助別人于危難之時(shí)的感覺(jué)是多么令人愉悅。

      【考例3】(2016上海卷,32)I was so impressed by_______self ess she was.

      【解析】how。“how self ess she was”作介詞by的賓語(yǔ),為how修飾形容詞self ess的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)。

      【考例4】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,61)In much of Asia,especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea,________Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.

      【解析】and。列舉了一些亞洲國(guó)家,它們之間是并列關(guān)系,and為表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞。

      二、句子結(jié)構(gòu)要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)要?dú)w納

      英語(yǔ)的句子注重形合,而漢語(yǔ)的句子則注重意合,掌握了英語(yǔ)中正常的句式結(jié)構(gòu)才能更好地理解和運(yùn)用特殊句式。

      1. 句子按使用目的可分為:陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。例如:

      He can hardly speak an English word. 他幾乎連一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞也講不出來(lái)。(陳述句)

      Is there anything wrong with your pen? 你的鋼筆有問(wèn)題嗎?(一般疑問(wèn)句)

      Have a cup of tea,will you?來(lái)杯茶,好嗎?(反義疑問(wèn)句)

      How f uently he speaks English!他英語(yǔ)講得多流利?。。ǜ袊@句)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】When you’ve f nished with that book,don’t forget to put it back on the shelf,________you?(填will。祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句)

      2. 句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為:簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。其中:

      (1)只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。有主謂、主謂賓、主系表、主謂雙賓語(yǔ)、主謂復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

      I gave her a book.我給她一本書。(主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ))

      I saw our headmaster walk out.我看見(jiàn)我們的校長(zhǎng)出去了。(主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))

      (2)含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡(jiǎn)單的句子,叫并列句。并列連詞常有:

      ①表示并列關(guān)系的:and,both...and...,not only...but(also)...和as well as等。 如:He likes not only playing basketball,but also playing football.

      ②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的:but,while,however,yet和still等。如:Tom was rich while his brother was very poor.

      ③表示選擇關(guān)系的:or,or else,otherwise,either... or...,neither...nor和not...but...等。如:Either you come to my place or I go to yours.

      ④表示因果關(guān)系的:for,so和therefore等。如:He didn’t work hard,therefore he failed in the examination.

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】In some places women are expected to earn money_______men work at home and raise their children.(填while。while在此處表示“而……”,連接并列句,含有對(duì)比的意思)

      3.復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主要為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句三大從句,其中銜接主從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)的選擇是考查的重點(diǎn)。例如:

      Don’t promise anything unless you are one hundred percent sure.(狀語(yǔ)從句)

      I’ll give you my friend’s home address,which is easy to f nd.(定語(yǔ)從句)

      Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea where the party is to be held?(同位語(yǔ)從句)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】We have some doubt________he can come here this afternoon.(填whether。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)

      三、特殊句式重難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥

      (一)強(qiáng)調(diào)句

      1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的句型:It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(強(qiáng)調(diào)除句子謂語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)以外的其他完整的句子成分) +that/who(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為人時(shí)用who)+其他……。例如:

      It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.是在公園里Tom丟了他的表。(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】It is what you do rather than what you say_______matters.(填that。“what you do rather than what you say”為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子成分,是“matters”的主語(yǔ))

      2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的疑問(wèn)句型:一般疑問(wèn)句只須把is/was提到it前;其特殊疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)中,若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是特殊疑問(wèn)詞時(shí),用“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+is/was+that...?”。例如:

      What is it that you want me to do? 你想要我去做什么事?(what提問(wèn)do的賓語(yǔ),為被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】—________was it that he managed to pass TOEFL?

      —Oh,he had studied English in the school for several years.(填How。根據(jù)上下文意,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是方式)

      3. 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分為從句:除定語(yǔ)從句外,從句均可被強(qiáng)調(diào),但原因狀語(yǔ)從句若是由as,since等引導(dǎo)時(shí),改為because引導(dǎo)即可。例如:

      It was because she got up late that she missed the first bus.是因?yàn)樗疬t了,所以錯(cuò)過(guò)了首趟班車。

      4. “not...until...”在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中:應(yīng)否定轉(zhuǎn)移,形成“It is/was not until...that...”句式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

      It was not until I got of f the bus that I realized it.直到我下車才認(rèn)出了它。

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】It wasn’t until nearly a month later_______I received the manager’s reply.(填that。強(qiáng)調(diào)not until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

      5. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的主謂一致:若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ),則that/ who后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依然與該主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如:

      It is I who am to blame.是我該受到責(zé)備。(原句為:I am to blame.)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】It is not only I but also Jane who________tired of having one examination after another.(填is。被強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是由“not only...but also...”引導(dǎo)的并列成分,為原句的主語(yǔ),應(yīng)用“就近原則”)

      6. 判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的原則:將句中的“it is/was”與“that”去掉,句子仍然完整。例如:

      It was at f ve o’clock that the plane landed at the airport.是在五點(diǎn)的時(shí)候飛機(jī)在機(jī)場(chǎng)著陸了。(去掉“it was”和“that”,句子仍然完整)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】Is it the years_______you worked in the factory________have a great ef fect on your literary works?(填when;that。when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,“the years”為被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分)

      (二)倒裝句

      1. 完全倒裝:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全放到主語(yǔ)之前形成的倒裝。主要表現(xiàn)在:

      (1)there be句型。例如:

      There are many students in the room.在屋里有許多學(xué)生。

      (2) 用 于 here,there,now,then,out,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭的句子中,以表強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:

      Here comes the bus.車來(lái)了。(當(dāng)the bus被代詞it替換時(shí),句式應(yīng)為:Here it comes.)

      Out went the children.孩子們出去了。(當(dāng)the children被代詞they替換時(shí),句式應(yīng)為:Out they went.)

      (3)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),須完全倒裝。例如:

      From the valley came a frightening sound.一聲令人驚嚇的聲音從山谷傳來(lái)。(原句為:A frightening sound came from the valley.)

      (4)表語(yǔ)置于句首,形成“表語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

      Present at the meeting were professor White. White教授出席了會(huì)議。(形容詞+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ))

      Written on the blackboard are some new words.一些新單詞被寫在了黑板上。(過(guò)去分詞+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ))

      Among the goods are Christmas trees.圣誕樹在這些貨物之列。(介詞短語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ))

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】At the foot of the mountain_______(lie)a village.(填lies。完全倒裝,原句為:A village lies at the foot of the mountain.)

      2. 部分倒裝:將謂語(yǔ)中的一部分(常為助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)置于主語(yǔ)之前形成的倒裝。主要表現(xiàn)在:

      (1)as或though當(dāng)“盡管”講時(shí),引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,常用部分倒裝。例如:

      Try as she might,Carolina couldn’t get the door open.盡管她嘗試了,但是Carolina難以將門打開。

      Clever as he is,he can’t study English very well.盡管他很聰明,但還是沒(méi)能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。

      Hero as he is,he still has shortcomings.盡管他是個(gè)英雄,但他仍然有短處。

      Much as I love you,I can’t speak to you.盡管我愛(ài)你,但是沒(méi)能跟你說(shuō)出來(lái)。

      (2)省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中,were,had或should可提到句首,形成部分倒裝。例如:

      Were I not so busy,I should go with you.如果我不那么忙,我就和你一起去了。

      (3)在“so+adj./adv. + that...”句型中,若“so+...”部分提到句首,形成部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:

      So loudly did she speak that people in the next room could hear her.她說(shuō)話的聲音如此大以至于隔壁屋里的人都能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。

      (4)詞組not...until...,no sooner...than...,hardly... when...等引導(dǎo)連接的句型中,用部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:

      Not until the teacher came did he f nish his task.直到老師進(jìn)來(lái)他才完成了任務(wù)。

      Hardly had he collected the papers on his desk when the door burst open.他剛收集了桌子上的卷子,門就突然開了。

      (5)only + 副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句等置于句首時(shí),用部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:

      Only when he returned did he f nd out the truth.僅僅當(dāng)他到達(dá)的時(shí)候他才發(fā)現(xiàn)了真相。

      (6)否定或半否定詞never,not,not only,hardly,little,seldom,in no way,by no means等置于句首時(shí),用部分倒裝。例如:

      Not a single mistake did he make.他犯了不止一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。

      (7)虛擬語(yǔ)氣中用于某些表祝愿的句子。例如:

      May you succeed! 祝你成功!

      Long live the world peace! 世界和平萬(wàn)歲!

      (8)用于so,nor,neither開頭的句子中,表示重復(fù)前句的內(nèi)容,說(shuō)明另一者也一樣或也不一樣。例如:

      He has been to Beijing.

      —So he has.他確實(shí)去過(guò)。(再次重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)與前句一致的同一個(gè)主語(yǔ)的情形,主謂不倒置)

      He can’t answer the question.

      —Neither/Nor can I.我也不行。(重復(fù)前句的內(nèi)容,但說(shuō)明另一者也不能,主謂倒置)

      (9)如果表示兩種或兩種以上的情況也適合于另一人或物時(shí),用“So it is/was with...”或“It is/was the same with...”結(jié)構(gòu);或者同一個(gè)人的事也適合于其他幾個(gè)人時(shí),也可用此結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

      She doesn’t play the piano,but she likes singing.

      —So it is with my sister./It is the same with my sister.(兩種情況也適合于另一人)

      I like football.

      —So it is with my sister and brother. /It is the same with my sister and brother.(同一件事也適合于其他兩個(gè)人)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】

      (1)If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,neither_______he.(填will。重述與條件句相同的情況,部分倒裝)

      (2)Only after my friend came________(be) the computer repaired.(填was?!皁nly+狀語(yǔ)”提前,部分倒裝;原句為:The computer was repaired only after my friend came.)

      (三)反義疑問(wèn)句

      1. 反義疑問(wèn)句由陳述部分和疑問(wèn)部分組成,結(jié)構(gòu)為:“肯,否?/否,肯?”。例如:

      You are conceited,aren’t you?你自負(fù),不是嗎?

      2. 祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句:后加問(wèn)句,不表示反意,而表示一種語(yǔ)氣。常有:

      ●否定祈使句+...,will you?

      ●肯定祈使句+...,will/won’t you?

      ●Let’s+...,shall we?

      ● Let us+...,will you?

      ● Let +第三人稱+...,will you? 例如:

      Open the door,will/won’t you?開門,好嗎?

      3.陳述部分主語(yǔ)為不定代詞nobody,no one,everyone,somebody,anyone等時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分常用人稱代詞they,有時(shí)也可用he。例如:

      Nobody knows what it is,does he?沒(méi)人知道這是什么,是嗎?

      4. 陳述部分含有must的反義疑問(wèn)句:

      (1)must當(dāng)“必須、有必要”講時(shí),如:

      You must go now,mustn’t you?你現(xiàn)在必須去,是嗎?(必須)

      You must go now,needn’t you? 你有必要現(xiàn)在去,是嗎?(有必要)

      (2)must當(dāng)“一定、準(zhǔn)是”講時(shí),表推測(cè),如:

      You must be hungry now,aren’t you? 你現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)是餓了,不是嗎?(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè))

      You must have heard about it,haven’t you? 你準(zhǔn)是聽(tīng)到了這事,不是嗎?(對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè))

      You must have heard about it last night,didn’t you? 你昨晚準(zhǔn)是聽(tīng)到了這事,不是嗎?(對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè),但有明顯的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

      5. think,believe,suppose等后面跟賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),有“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”現(xiàn)象,其反義問(wèn)句部分要視主句而定:若主句的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí),反義問(wèn)句部分隨從句,否定要轉(zhuǎn)移;若主句主語(yǔ)為非第一人稱時(shí),反義問(wèn)句部分隨主句,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:

      _I don’t believe he will succeed,will he? 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)成功,是嗎?(主句主語(yǔ)為第一人稱)

      He doesn’t believe he will succeed,does he? 他認(rèn)為他不會(huì)成功,是嗎?(主句主語(yǔ)為第三人稱)

      【要點(diǎn)速測(cè)】

      (1)There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture,_______they?(填haven’t。must have gone表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè),句中無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

      (2)Tom,you go and pick up Mary from the station,_______you?(填will。Tom為稱呼語(yǔ),“you go...”為祈使句)

      (四)祈使句、感嘆句、省略和插入語(yǔ)

      1. 定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中可省略,形成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如:

      The picture (which was/is) drawn by my daughter is so beautiful.我女兒畫的這幅畫是如此的漂亮。

      (While I was) walking along the street,I heard my name called.當(dāng)我正沿街行走時(shí),我聽(tīng)到有人在叫我的名字。

      2. 插入語(yǔ)為句子表達(dá)的輔助成分,在句中與其他成分基本沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法上的關(guān)系。例如:

      When do you think we shall start?你認(rèn)為我們將什么時(shí)候開始?(其后為陳述語(yǔ)序)

      3. 感嘆句可感嘆名詞也可感嘆形容詞或副詞,結(jié)構(gòu)單一。例如:

      What a clever boy he is! 他是多么聰明的一個(gè)孩子!How fast he is running! 他跑得多快啊!

      4. “祈使句+and/or/then等+陳述句(常用一般將來(lái)時(shí))”的句式結(jié)構(gòu)很重要。例如:

      Open the door and then you will find what you want to use.

      (作者單位:甘肅省漳縣第一中學(xué))

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