黃佳語(yǔ),高穎
(華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,武漢 430022)
AMH與卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能及體外胚胎發(fā)育潛能的關(guān)系
黃佳語(yǔ),高穎*
(華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,武漢 430022)
抗苗勒管激素(AMH)為轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β超家族的一員,是一種二聚糖蛋白。AMH作為單一指標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能,越來(lái)越受到重視。卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能與女性的生育力及絕經(jīng)年齡密切相關(guān),準(zhǔn)確、客觀的評(píng)估女性的卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能,預(yù)測(cè)其生育潛能及絕經(jīng)年齡,利于育齡女性做好家庭生育計(jì)劃及工作規(guī)劃。現(xiàn)對(duì)AMH在預(yù)測(cè)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能、胚胎發(fā)育潛能的最新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
抗苗勒管激素; 輔助生殖技術(shù); 卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能; 胚胎發(fā)育潛能
(JReprodMed2017,26(1):82-86)
抗苗勒管激素(AMH)為轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一員,是一種二聚糖蛋白[1-2]。在女性,AMH最早由妊娠36周的胚胎卵巢內(nèi)的小生長(zhǎng)卵泡合成,于女性青春期后,AMH的生成達(dá)到高峰,貫穿于整個(gè)生育期;隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),AMH血清水平下降,當(dāng)女性處于絕經(jīng)期時(shí),血清中的AMH低于檢測(cè)下限[1,3]。卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能即卵巢皮質(zhì)區(qū)卵泡生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、形成可受精卵母細(xì)胞的能力[4],包括卵巢內(nèi)存留的卵泡數(shù)量及質(zhì)量?jī)煞矫?,代表卵巢產(chǎn)生配子及甾體激素的能力,是生育潛能的體現(xiàn),也是女性保持身心健康的重要因素。卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能很大程度上決定了女性的生育力及絕經(jīng)年齡。評(píng)估女性的卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能,預(yù)測(cè)其生育潛能及絕經(jīng)年齡,有利于育齡女性做好生育計(jì)劃,制定較理想的家庭及工作規(guī)劃,這在社會(huì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域及醫(yī)療實(shí)踐中均具有重要意義。雖然女性的卵泡的數(shù)量和卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量都隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而下降[5],但預(yù)測(cè)不同個(gè)體生育力下降的速度是很困難的[6]。所以,找到準(zhǔn)確而便捷的評(píng)估卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的方法尤為重要。近幾年隨著對(duì)AMH生理機(jī)制的研究的深入,AMH在臨床的應(yīng)用日益廣泛。本文就AMH與卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能及體外胚胎發(fā)育潛能的相關(guān)性予以綜述。
一、AMH與卵泡的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育
AMH在卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞上持續(xù)表達(dá),當(dāng)卵泡發(fā)育為竇前卵泡及小竇卵泡時(shí)AMH達(dá)到表達(dá)高峰,當(dāng)竇卵泡的直徑大于8 mm時(shí)AMH表達(dá)量驟減,當(dāng)發(fā)展到FSH依賴(lài)階段時(shí)則不再表達(dá)[1,7]。卵泡生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的過(guò)程由起始募集(initial recruitment)和周期募集(cyclic recruitment)組成,研究證實(shí),AMH抑制始基卵泡募集,降低生長(zhǎng)卵泡對(duì)FSH的反應(yīng)性,從而使FSH閾值升高,卵泡不容易被選擇[8]。AMH在整個(gè)月經(jīng)周期中變化不大,可在月經(jīng)周期的任意一天檢測(cè),這種周期穩(wěn)定性使其具有成為一個(gè)新的卵巢檢測(cè)標(biāo)志物的可能。大量研究已證明,AMH可良好地評(píng)估卵巢對(duì)控制性促排卵(COS)的反應(yīng)性[9-12],為如何使用促排卵藥物提供依據(jù),幫助制定個(gè)性化的促排方案,降低用藥不足或過(guò)量所可能導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
二、AMH與卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能
1.AMH與獲卵數(shù)量:血清AMH水平與卵巢中竇前卵泡及小竇卵泡的數(shù)量呈正相關(guān)。Arce等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),AMH水平與獲卵數(shù)量有著很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性;Lekamge等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),IVF患者中,血清AMH低較血清AMH高者獲卵數(shù)少。在一個(gè)對(duì)109名42歲以下的IVF患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),AMH水平與所獲的成熟卵(MII)以及胚胎數(shù)量呈正相關(guān)[15]。大量研究已證實(shí),血清AMH可以相對(duì)真實(shí)地反映卵泡庫(kù)存情況,相對(duì)準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估卵巢的儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量[13-15]。
2.AMH與卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量評(píng)估:在輔助生殖技術(shù)(ART)中,配子的質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要。AMH是否可以預(yù)測(cè)卵母細(xì)胞的成熟潛能及其質(zhì)量呢?Arce等[13]對(duì)7個(gè)國(guó)家25個(gè)生殖中心的749名不孕癥患者進(jìn)行調(diào)查,顯示AMH與ART周期妊娠率以及活產(chǎn)率呈顯著正相關(guān),但作者認(rèn)為這種相關(guān)性只能反映高AMH的患者擁有更多的卵母細(xì)胞或囊胚,而并非卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量高。另一個(gè)回顧性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),血清AMH濃度隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而降低,降低的程度與卵巢儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量呈正相關(guān),而活產(chǎn)和流產(chǎn)率并無(wú)明顯差別,血清AMH是卵巢儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量(而不是質(zhì)量)預(yù)測(cè)的有用指標(biāo),與活產(chǎn)率及流產(chǎn)也無(wú)關(guān)系[16]。Smeenk等[17]和Guerif等[18]也得出相似的結(jié)論。
也有不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為AMH可以作為預(yù)測(cè)卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量的指標(biāo)。Lehmann等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清AMH<0.47 ng/ml的女性相對(duì)于參考人群(血清AMH 0.47~1.76 ng/ml)獲得可移植胚胎的可能性更低,持續(xù)妊娠率及胚胎冷凍率也更低,且周期取消率更高;并發(fā)現(xiàn)在<35歲的患者中,當(dāng)AMH<1 ng/ml時(shí),平均種植率降低。曾有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,以卵母細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)中心區(qū)域深色顆粒化及光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的聚集程度作為負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)AMH<1.66 ng/ml或>4.52 ng/ml時(shí),其卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量相對(duì)AMH處于中間值的人群更低[20]。目前尚需設(shè)計(jì)更加完善的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)AMH是否可以評(píng)估卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量。
3.AMH與絕經(jīng)預(yù)測(cè):預(yù)測(cè)婦女絕經(jīng)年齡,對(duì)指導(dǎo)圍絕經(jīng)期婦女生活具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。一項(xiàng)歐洲2 249例研究對(duì)象的隨訪隊(duì)列研究顯示:絕經(jīng)的年齡與AMH水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),當(dāng)女性AMH水平低于檢測(cè)值時(shí)(0.2 ng/ml),絕經(jīng)發(fā)生成為大概率事件[21]。另一項(xiàng)1 015例的隊(duì)列研究利用AMH與年齡估算了絕經(jīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型[4],但診斷性實(shí)驗(yàn)后續(xù)的驗(yàn)證環(huán)節(jié)尚待完成。AMH預(yù)測(cè)女性絕經(jīng)年齡的研究中應(yīng)該把種族、生活習(xí)慣等因素加以考慮,目前仍需大量的研究分析。
三、AMH與胚胎發(fā)育潛能
在ART中,胚胎發(fā)育潛能的評(píng)估直接影響胚胎移植的選擇和輔助生殖的臨床結(jié)局,找到合適的評(píng)估胚胎發(fā)育潛能的方法,在保證一定妊娠率的前提下,減少移植胚胎的個(gè)數(shù)是輔助生殖技術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。評(píng)價(jià)胚胎質(zhì)量的方法多種多樣:選取特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)的觀察,即胚胎形態(tài)學(xué)評(píng)估;近幾年興起的延時(shí)攝像(time-lapse)技術(shù)可以通過(guò)全程連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)胚胎的發(fā)育過(guò)程,有效地預(yù)測(cè)卵裂期胚胎的發(fā)育潛能[22];移植前遺傳學(xué)診斷技術(shù)(PGD)可以對(duì)攜帶遺傳性致病基因的夫婦或者患者夫婦進(jìn)行孕前診斷,在胚胎移植前挑選表型正常的胚胎[23];體外胚胎培養(yǎng)液代謝組學(xué)測(cè)定也是近年研究的熱點(diǎn)[24];Yamanaka等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)測(cè)定胚胎的呼吸率可挑選出具有高發(fā)育潛能的囊胚。ART中評(píng)估胚胎質(zhì)量的方法在不斷地發(fā)展、改進(jìn),但常規(guī)胚胎形態(tài)學(xué)評(píng)估因其快速、無(wú)創(chuàng)、便捷等優(yōu)勢(shì),仍是目前臨床應(yīng)用最廣泛的評(píng)估胚胎質(zhì)量的方式。胚胎形態(tài)學(xué)的評(píng)分大致可分為原核期評(píng)分、早卵裂期、D2/D3胚胎評(píng)估、囊胚評(píng)分等[26-27]。在胚胎的連續(xù)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,結(jié)合各個(gè)階段的發(fā)育情況綜合考慮,才能選擇出發(fā)育潛能較高的胚胎,從而達(dá)到獲得滿意的臨床妊娠率并降低多胎妊娠率的目的。
1.血清AMH與胚胎發(fā)育潛能:Brodin等[28]在一個(gè)892名患者的隊(duì)列研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),53名血清AMH<0.2 ng/ml的女性中有18名進(jìn)行了胚胎移植,而最終妊娠的僅3名;在此研究中,患者的平均月經(jīng)周期長(zhǎng)度、竇卵泡計(jì)數(shù)(AFC)、胚胎評(píng)分、妊娠率、活產(chǎn)率與AMH水平呈正比,而基礎(chǔ)FSH水平、促排時(shí)給予的rFSH/HMG劑量、周期取消率與AMH水平呈反比。
在一個(gè)回顧性研究中,Kavoussi等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),在<35歲的患者中,血清AMH<1 ng/ml的患者所獲得的高質(zhì)量的囊胚顯著低于AMH為1~4 ng/ml的患者,臨床妊娠率分別為40.0%和57.1%;在>35歲的患者中,血清AMH<1 ng/ml的患者所獲得的高質(zhì)量的囊胚仍顯著低于AMH為1~4 ng/ml的患者,臨床妊娠率分別為22.6%和51.5%。無(wú)論是在<35歲的患者或>35歲的患者,血清AMH值越低,其所獲得的高質(zhì)量的囊胚越少,臨床妊娠率降低。因此認(rèn)為血清AMH可預(yù)測(cè)是否有多余的優(yōu)質(zhì)囊胚用于冷凍保存,AMH值越低,囊胚冷凍的可能性越小。在另一個(gè)研究中也得到了相似的結(jié)果:平均年齡為36.3歲的IVF患者中,獲得囊胚的患者治療前血清AMH水平顯著高于無(wú)囊胚形成的患者[30]。Lin等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)174名患者中,低AMH組(AMH<2 ng/ml)中的胚胎卵裂率、胚胎評(píng)分、所形成胚胎個(gè)數(shù)、D3優(yōu)質(zhì)胚胎率均顯著低于高AMH組,而單次移植的臨床妊娠率、種植率、流產(chǎn)率及單次活產(chǎn)率則相似。
也有實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)血清AMH濃度與妊娠結(jié)局無(wú)關(guān),僅流產(chǎn)率在AMH>2.5 ng/ml組最高,認(rèn)為血清AMH濃度不會(huì)影響卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量及妊娠機(jī)會(huì)[32]。
2.卵泡液AMH與胚胎發(fā)育潛能:最近一項(xiàng)研究中,Kim等[33]收集54名女性的≥20 mm的卵泡液,將65份卵泡液樣本按照AMH值分為低值組(低于第33百分位,卵泡液AMH<2.1 ng/ml,n=21)、中間組(第33~67百分位,卵泡液AMH 2.1~3.6 ng/ml,n=22)和高值組(高于第67百分位,卵泡液AMH>3.6 ng/ml,n=22),對(duì)3組分別進(jìn)行授精培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)卵泡液AMH水平與第3日的胚胎評(píng)分呈正相關(guān),并且低值組的正常妊娠率明顯低于中間組(61.9% vs. 95.5%)。在一個(gè)包含150名不孕患者的研究中,陳藝等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)患者<35歲時(shí),對(duì)于IVF-ET臨床妊娠結(jié)局有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值的指標(biāo)為卵泡液AMH(P<0.01),認(rèn)為卵泡液AMH水平能夠較好地預(yù)測(cè)年輕患者的IVF-ET臨床結(jié)局。Fanchin等[35]、Hattori等[36]也曾就卵泡液AMH濃度與妊娠結(jié)局的關(guān)系做出研究,并得出相似結(jié)論。
3.AMH與活產(chǎn)率:早期有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AMH是可用于預(yù)測(cè)活產(chǎn)率及獲卵數(shù)的卵巢標(biāo)志物[37]。La Marca等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),AMH濃度處于0.4~2.8 ng/ml和<0.4 ng/ml的時(shí)候獲得活產(chǎn)率分別比>2.8 ng/ml的患者的活產(chǎn)率低44%和86%。更多的研究則是認(rèn)為AMH不可用于預(yù)測(cè)活產(chǎn)率。Mutlu等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),只有年齡才是預(yù)測(cè)活產(chǎn)率的最佳指標(biāo),而其他指標(biāo)如AFC、AMH等均不能單獨(dú)用于預(yù)測(cè)活產(chǎn)率。一項(xiàng)納入28個(gè)相關(guān)研究的Meta分析[9],發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)IVF結(jié)局的準(zhǔn)確性最強(qiáng),受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)為0.57,而聯(lián)合AMH和AFC后的曲線下面積(AUC)為0.59,作者認(rèn)為AMH等其他除年齡外的指標(biāo)均不能預(yù)測(cè)IVF結(jié)局。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
AMH已成為輔助生殖研究領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn),了解AMH的生理作用及其詳細(xì)調(diào)控機(jī)制將有助于全面的認(rèn)識(shí)卵巢儲(chǔ)備的變化過(guò)程,并為更加個(gè)體化的IVF方案做出指導(dǎo)作用。近期的研究顯示,AMH預(yù)測(cè)卵母細(xì)胞及胚胎質(zhì)量方面尚處于數(shù)據(jù)積累階段,目前的研究結(jié)果存在矛盾,血清AMH水平在囊胚發(fā)育中的預(yù)測(cè)意義仍待后續(xù)研究來(lái)證實(shí)。目前臨床上暫無(wú)預(yù)測(cè)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能及胚胎發(fā)育潛能的公認(rèn)指標(biāo),但AMH以其穩(wěn)定、易檢測(cè)等優(yōu)勢(shì)成為最具潛力者。未來(lái)仍需更多嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯恳约霸敱M的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),制定可靠的AMH參考值作為臨床應(yīng)用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
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[編輯:羅宏志]
AMH and correlation with oocyte quality and embryonic developmental potential
HUANG Jia-yu, GAO Ying*
DepartmentofObstetrics&Gynecology,WuhanUnionHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScience&Technology,Wuhan430022
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a peptide homodimer consisting of two identical glycoprotein subunits, is a member of the transforming growth factor-? super family. As a single ovarian reserve predicted marker, AMH is attracting more and more attention. Ovarian reserve function is closely related with female fertility and menopause age. Thus, accurate and objective assessment of women’s ovarian reserve function plays important roles in making appropriate family and career plans. This article reviews the researches on AMH and the correlation with of ovarian reserve function and embryonic development potential.
Anti-Müllerian hormone; Assisted reproductive techniques; Ovarian reserve function; Embryonic development potential
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2017.01.016
2016-06-29;
2016-07-26
黃佳語(yǔ),女,重慶人,在讀碩士生,婦產(chǎn)科專(zhuān)業(yè).(*