楊宏宇綜述,陳 楠,李坤成審校
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院放射科,北京 100053)
伴認(rèn)知功能障礙的顳葉癲癇MRI研究進(jìn)展
楊宏宇綜述,陳 楠,李坤成*審校
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院放射科,北京 100053)
顳葉癲癇(TLE)是癲癇最常見(jiàn)的類型,其反復(fù)發(fā)作可致患者記憶力、語(yǔ)言及執(zhí)行力等認(rèn)知功能損害,使患者生存質(zhì)量進(jìn)一步下降。但顳葉癲癇導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能障礙的機(jī)制尚不清楚,無(wú)法進(jìn)行相關(guān)治療。隨著MR和圖像后處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展,采用DTI、基于體素的形態(tài)學(xué)分析(VBM)和fMRI技術(shù)研究顳葉癲癇伴認(rèn)知障礙患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)和腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙與部分腦區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變具有相關(guān)性。本文對(duì)伴認(rèn)知障礙的TLE患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
顳葉;癲癇;認(rèn)知障礙;磁共振成像
顳葉癲癇(temporal lobe epilepsy, TLE)是臨床最常見(jiàn)的局灶性癲癇,患者多伴認(rèn)知功能障礙。但顳葉癲癇導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能障礙的機(jī)制尚不清楚。患者在長(zhǎng)期、反復(fù)、持續(xù)的癲癇發(fā)作中造成神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞發(fā)生缺氧、水腫、變性和壞死,膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生;可導(dǎo)致大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常[1]。各種認(rèn)知功能是在不同腦區(qū)組成的功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)相互協(xié)調(diào)的基礎(chǔ)上完成。TLE患者存在多方面的認(rèn)知損害,包括記憶力、執(zhí)行力及語(yǔ)言功能的損害,而記憶力的損害較顯著,25%~30%的患者執(zhí)行功能下降[2],包括流暢性、決策及工作記憶等。目前各種MRI技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用于伴認(rèn)知功能障礙的TLE的研究[3],發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者的認(rèn)知障礙與腦內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變密切相關(guān),但目前各研究結(jié)果存在分歧,而揭示TLE患者認(rèn)知障礙的機(jī)制,將為臨床治療提供理論根據(jù)。本文對(duì)伴認(rèn)知障礙的TLE患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1腦白質(zhì)損傷 DTI是無(wú)創(chuàng)性研究白質(zhì)纖維束完整性的一種方法,可顯示每個(gè)體素或ROI的水分子擴(kuò)散方向和程度,評(píng)估大腦顯微結(jié)構(gòu)以及整體框架的完整性,并能直觀顯示腦白質(zhì)纖維束的形態(tài)[4]。主要的參考指標(biāo)為各向異性分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional anisotropy, FA)及平均擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(mean diffusivity, MD)。TLE白質(zhì)損傷的病理學(xué)原因,包括軸突和突觸的重塑、神經(jīng)退行性變、神經(jīng)炎性改變、血腦屏障的破壞和血管再生等。既往DTI研究[5]顯示TLE部分腦區(qū)白質(zhì)纖維FA及MD的改變,如穹窿、鉤束、扣帶回等區(qū)域。也有研究[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的臨床因素,如病程、發(fā)病年齡、發(fā)作頻率等會(huì)對(duì)腦白質(zhì)的損傷產(chǎn)生影響,并進(jìn)一步影響患者的認(rèn)知功能,如發(fā)病年齡越早,白質(zhì)纖維完整性的損傷越嚴(yán)重。
目前對(duì)于腦白質(zhì)的改變與認(rèn)知相關(guān)性的研究主要圍繞記憶力和語(yǔ)言方面。鉤束是與記憶相關(guān)的前額葉和內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉區(qū)域之間的聯(lián)系[7],在情景記憶和語(yǔ)義記憶活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,因此其在記憶功能的分析中最受關(guān)注。既往認(rèn)為鉤束MD的改變與記憶功能存在相關(guān)性,但有研究[8]指出鉤束、海馬旁、扣帶回的MD值改變與記憶功能障礙無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。除鉤束外,左下縱束、海馬旁扣帶區(qū)、額—枕下束等MD值的增加與記憶力下降也有相關(guān)性[9]。Leyden等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者的左側(cè)鉤束、海馬旁扣帶區(qū)MD增加和右側(cè)弓束的FA減小與延遲記憶下降有關(guān),并證實(shí)左側(cè)海馬MD值是記憶力的獨(dú)立影響因素;McDonald等[9]比較DTI和結(jié)構(gòu)MRI(structure MRI, sMRI)對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)TLE患者記憶力損害的價(jià)值,發(fā)現(xiàn)采用DTI可見(jiàn)顳葉內(nèi)多重纖維束MD值的增加與記憶力的損害有關(guān),并證實(shí)DTI較sMRI在分析TLE認(rèn)知損害方面更敏感。
對(duì)語(yǔ)言網(wǎng)絡(luò)的理解在預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后語(yǔ)言下降的可能性和特征性方面有重要價(jià)值。DTI的研究[11-12]顯示弓狀束、下縱束、鉤束及額枕下束是語(yǔ)言網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要組成部分。在對(duì)左側(cè)TLE患者的研究中,有學(xué)者[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)大腦半球的語(yǔ)言重組與外側(cè)裂周區(qū)白質(zhì)纖維的改變有關(guān)。Yogarajah等[14]分別測(cè)定TLE患者行顳葉切除手術(shù)前后的白質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和語(yǔ)言能力的改變,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后切除區(qū)周圍FA下降,且發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)TLE患者術(shù)后的同側(cè)放射冠、內(nèi)囊后肢及外囊FA值增加,并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些區(qū)域手術(shù)前后平均FA值與術(shù)后語(yǔ)言流暢性和命名分?jǐn)?shù)明顯相關(guān)。Pustina等[15]采用DTI探測(cè)術(shù)前和術(shù)后幾年白質(zhì)纖維的改變,證實(shí)額顳葉多重纖維通路在命名、流暢性和閱讀理解方面有重要作用。左側(cè)TLE患者的術(shù)前語(yǔ)言流暢性越好,左側(cè)放射冠、右側(cè)上縱束和鉤束的FA值越高;而術(shù)后語(yǔ)言流暢性只與右側(cè)上縱束有關(guān);雖然病變位于左側(cè)的患者在切除術(shù)后語(yǔ)言功能下降風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,但對(duì)側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)的重塑可起代償作用。
1.2腦灰質(zhì)損傷 TLE灰質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)MRI研究主要集中于大腦灰質(zhì)體積和厚度的分析?;隗w素的形態(tài)學(xué)分析(voxel based morphometry, VBM)是灰質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析應(yīng)用較多的后處理方法。對(duì)TLE患者的VBM研究顯示,內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉結(jié)構(gòu)和顳葉外新皮層存在異常,且海馬、杏仁核、丘腦及內(nèi)顳葉結(jié)構(gòu)的改變較顯著[16-17]。有研究[18-19]證實(shí)TLE患者的大腦灰質(zhì)體積減小,但另研究[17]報(bào)道TLE患者灰質(zhì)體積增加,且左、右側(cè)灰質(zhì)體積的改變有一定差異。
丘腦、基底核、小腦是皮層—亞皮層環(huán)路的重要節(jié)點(diǎn),涉及認(rèn)知信息的轉(zhuǎn)換、整合等過(guò)程。研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)丘腦和小腦的體積變化與記憶、執(zhí)行功能等改變有關(guān)。另外,TLE中雙側(cè)扣帶回及內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層體積的改變與語(yǔ)言功能表現(xiàn)有一定的相關(guān)性[21]。研究[22]報(bào)道灰質(zhì)體積改變可預(yù)測(cè)患者的認(rèn)知損害,但結(jié)果仍存在爭(zhēng)議。Focke等[23]對(duì)89例伴海馬硬化的內(nèi)側(cè)TLE患者VBM進(jìn)行研究,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)局部區(qū)域灰質(zhì)體積的減少與執(zhí)行力等認(rèn)知損害存在相關(guān)性。除皮層體積、厚度的異常外,皮層的表面積也存在異常。Alhusaini等[24]使用自動(dòng)皮層表面重建方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者同側(cè)的內(nèi)側(cè)前顳葉亞區(qū)皮層的表面積減小,但這種異常與認(rèn)知的相關(guān)性尚不清晰。
另外,全腦體積的測(cè)量在結(jié)構(gòu)—功能研究中有一定應(yīng)用價(jià)值,探討大腦廣泛腦區(qū)的異常,有助于分析其對(duì)認(rèn)知障礙的不利影響。Oyegbile等[25]采用定量MR技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)全腦的灰白質(zhì)體積和腦脊液容量與認(rèn)知障礙有一定相關(guān)性,腦脊液容積增加越多,灰白質(zhì)體積減少越多,包括智商、記憶、執(zhí)行功能等的認(rèn)知損害越嚴(yán)重。
目前,fMRI是研究大腦神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用最廣泛的技術(shù)。功能連接的定義為空間上相互遠(yuǎn)離的大腦區(qū)域間的時(shí)域相關(guān)性。癲癇的發(fā)生不僅與致癇灶密切相關(guān),還與正常腦區(qū)與致癇灶的功能連接異常、各正常腦區(qū)間功能連接的異常有緊密的相關(guān)性[26],因此,從大腦神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的層面研究癲癇,揭示大腦整體神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的異常,可進(jìn)一步探究癲癇發(fā)生認(rèn)知障礙的機(jī)制。
研究[27-30]發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE患者腦功能的改變與認(rèn)知的相關(guān)性。在記憶方面,Doucet等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)側(cè)TLE患者口頭記憶力與同側(cè)內(nèi)顳葉、扣帶回后部的功能連接呈負(fù)相關(guān),非口頭記憶能力與對(duì)側(cè)內(nèi)顳葉和內(nèi)額葉皮層的功能連接呈正相關(guān)。因前顳葉切除術(shù)(Anterior temporal lobectomy, ATL)可導(dǎo)致特定的記憶功能障礙[29],行左側(cè)ATL的患者術(shù)后有口頭記憶力的減退,而右側(cè)ATL的患者術(shù)后有視覺(jué)記憶的減退,術(shù)前fMRI可評(píng)估記憶功能重塑的能力,預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后記憶力功能。Bonelli等[30]對(duì)行ATL患者術(shù)前術(shù)后的縱向研究顯示,任務(wù)態(tài)時(shí)術(shù)后左側(cè)TLE患者的同側(cè)內(nèi)顳葉后部激活程度強(qiáng)于術(shù)前,并與術(shù)后口頭記憶表現(xiàn)惡化有關(guān);反之,若術(shù)前同側(cè)內(nèi)顳葉后部的激活強(qiáng)于術(shù)后,患者術(shù)后口頭記憶的表現(xiàn)更好;提示術(shù)前fMRI是術(shù)后口頭記憶下降的預(yù)測(cè)手段[31]。
Zhao等[32-33]對(duì)TLE患者的工作記憶障礙研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后工作記憶網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重塑,因海馬硬化改變了維持和執(zhí)行工作記憶功能的連接,即改變了顳下回和額下回之間功能連接,導(dǎo)致工作記憶的損害。Stretton等[34]對(duì)33例內(nèi)側(cè)TLE患者的術(shù)后隨訪研究顯示,同側(cè)海馬剩余組織和對(duì)側(cè)海馬激活的減弱(左側(cè)TLE)且右側(cè)頂葉激活增強(qiáng)(右側(cè)TLE),可能是患者在術(shù)后工作記憶未下降,以及術(shù)后3個(gè)月和12個(gè)月后工作記憶表現(xiàn)有改善的潛在機(jī)制。
fMRI可揭示術(shù)前及術(shù)后癲癇患者語(yǔ)言網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成和重組的復(fù)雜性,提高對(duì)癲癇網(wǎng)絡(luò)的理解,已廣泛用于判斷TLE術(shù)前語(yǔ)言優(yōu)勢(shì)側(cè),預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后的語(yǔ)言功能[35]。癲癇發(fā)作可導(dǎo)致許多不同的非典型語(yǔ)言重組模式,有雙側(cè)對(duì)稱優(yōu)勢(shì)、雙側(cè)交叉優(yōu)勢(shì)及右側(cè)優(yōu)勢(shì)模式等;左利手患者更有可能出現(xiàn)右側(cè)額下回(inferior frontal gyrus, IFG)優(yōu)勢(shì),發(fā)病年齡較早的患者更有可能出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)Wernicke's Area(WA)優(yōu)勢(shì),病灶位于左側(cè)的患者更有可能出現(xiàn)右側(cè)IFG和WA的語(yǔ)言優(yōu)勢(shì)模式[36]。Bonelli等[37]的fMRI縱向研究發(fā)現(xiàn),左側(cè)TLE患者術(shù)后海馬后部剩余組織的代償作用,可使患者的命名功能下降不明顯,同時(shí)結(jié)果還表明一些患者發(fā)生了對(duì)稱額葉區(qū)域大腦半球間的重組。靜息態(tài)fMRI在研究癲癇語(yǔ)言相關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面較任務(wù)態(tài)fMRI更敏感,但其對(duì)個(gè)體基礎(chǔ)上語(yǔ)言優(yōu)勢(shì)判斷的敏感度和特異度仍需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[12]。
MRI對(duì)分析癲癇的腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變及認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生機(jī)制有不可替代的作用,sMRI已發(fā)現(xiàn)TLE大腦白質(zhì)纖維束的異常和灰質(zhì)體積、厚度等方面的改變,fMRI可反映TLE腦功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常激活增強(qiáng)或減低。TLE患者各方面認(rèn)知障礙與腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變有明顯相關(guān)性,對(duì)進(jìn)行手術(shù)決策和預(yù)后判斷有很高的價(jià)值[38]。MRI的發(fā)展可為伴認(rèn)知障礙的TLE提供更多有價(jià)值的信息。sMRI、fMRI和MRS的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可相互補(bǔ)充,提供癲癇發(fā)生發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和代謝信息,從而為研究TLE產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知障礙機(jī)制提供更直觀的證據(jù)。
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Research progresses of MRI on temporal lobe epilepsy with cognitive impairment
YANG Hongyu, CHEN Nan, LI Kuncheng*
(Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China)
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was the most common type of epilepsy. The cognitive function such as memory, language, executive function could be damaged due to recurrent seizures, the life quality of patients decreased further. However, the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction caused by TLE was unclear, no effective treatment could be performed. With the development of MRI and post-processing techniques, DTI, voxel based morphometry and fMRI had been employed to investigate the cerebral structure and network changes in TLE patients with cognitive impairment, which had found cognitive impairment was related to structural and functional changes in some brain regions. This paper reviewed the progresses of brain structural and functional changes of TLE with cognitive impairment.
Temporal lobe; Epilepsy; Cognitive impairment; Magnetic resonance imaging
北京市醫(yī)院管理局臨床醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(ZYLX201609)。
楊宏宇(1991—),女,內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布人,在讀碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:神經(jīng)影像學(xué)。E-mail: m18310082287@163.com
李坤成,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院放射科,100053。
E-mail: cjr.likuncheng@vip.163.com
2017-01-10 [
] 2017-06-25
10.13929/j.1003-3289.201701053
R749.17; R445.2
A
1003-3289(2017)09-1421-04