別以智商論英雄

楊銳

As recently as the 1950s， possessing only middling intelligence was not likely to severely limit your lifes trajectory. IQ1） wasnt a big factor in whom you married， where you lived， or what others thought of you. The qualifications for a good job， whether on an assembly line or behind a desk， mostly revolved around integrity， work ethic， and a knack2） for getting along—bosses didnt routinely expect college degrees.

The 2010s， in contrast， are a terrible time to not be brainy. Those who consider themselves bright openly mock others for being less so. Even in this age of rampant concern over microaggressions3） and victimization， we maintain open season on the nonsmart. People whod swerve4） off a cliff rather than use a pejorative5） for race， religion， physical appearance， or disability are all too happy to drop the s-bomb： Indeed， degrading others for being “stupid” has become nearly automatic in all forms of disagreement.

Its popular entertainment， too. An evening of otherwise hate-speech-free TV-watching typically features at least one of a long list of humorous slurs on the unintelligent. Reddit regularly has threads6） on favorite ways to insult the stupid， and fun-stuff-to-do.com dedicates a page to the topic amid its party-decor ideas and drink recipes.

This gleeful derision7） seems especially cruel in view of the more serious abuse that modern life has heaped upon the less intellectually gifted. Few will be surprised to hear that， according to a long-running federal study， IQ correlates with chances of landing a financially rewarding job. Studies have furthermore found that， compared with the intelligent， less intelligent people are more likely to suffer from some types of mental illness， become obese， develop heart disease， experience permanent brain damage from a traumatic injury， and end up in prison， where they are more likely than other inmates to be drawn to violence.

Rather than looking for ways to give the less intelligent a break， the successful and influential seem more determined than ever to freeze them out8）. The employment website Monster captures current hiring wisdom in its advice to managers， suggesting they look for candidates who， of course， “work hard” and are “ambitious” and “nice”—but who， first and foremost， are “smart.” To make sure they end up with such people， more and more companies are testing applicants on a range of skills， judgment， and knowledge. In addition， many employers now ask applicants for SAT9） scores （whose correlation with IQ is well established）； some companies screen out10） those whose scores dont fall in the top 5 percent.

Yes， some careers do require smarts. But even as high intelligence is increasingly treated as a job prerequisite， evidence suggests that it is not the unalloyed11） advantage its assumed to be. The late Harvard Business School professor Chris Argyris argued that smart people can make the worst employees， in part because theyre not used to dealing with failure or criticism. Multiple studies have concluded that interpersonal skills， self-awareness， and other “emotional” qualities can be better predictors of strong job performance than conventional intelligence. Moreover， many jobs that have come to require college degrees， ranging from retail manager to administrative assistant， havent generally gotten harder for the less educated to perform.

At the same time， those positions that can still be acquired without a college degree are disappearing. The list of manufacturing and low-level service jobs that have been taken over， or nearly so， by robots， online services， apps， kiosks12）， and other forms of automation grows longer daily. Among the many types of workers for whom the bell may soon toll： anyone who drives people or things around for a living， thanks to the driverless cars in the works at （for example） Google and the delivery drones undergoing testing at （for example） Amazon， and most people who work in restaurants， thanks to increasingly affordable and people-friendly robots， and to a growing number of apps that let you arrange for a table， place an order， and pay—all without help from a human being.

Meanwhile， our fetishization13） of IQ now extends far beyond the workplace. Intelligence and academic achievement have steadily been moving up on rankings of traits desired in a mate； researchers at the University of Iowa report that intelligence now rates above domestic skills， financial success， looks， sociability， and health.

“Every society through history has picked some traits that magnify success for some，” says Robert Sternberg， an expert on assessing students traits. “Weve picked academic skills.”

What do we mean by intelligence？ We devote copious14） energy to cataloging the wonderfully different forms it might take—interpersonal， bodily-kinesthetic15）， spatial， and so forth—ultimately leaving virtually no one “unintelligent.” But many of these forms wont raise SAT scores or grades， and so probably wont result in a good job. Instead of bending over backwards16） to find ways of discussing intelligence that wont leave anyone out， it might make more sense to acknowledge that most people dont possess enough of the version thats required to thrive in todays world.

Many people who have benefited from the current educational system like to tell themselves that theyre working hard to help the unintelligent become intelligent. This is a marvelous goal， and decades of research have shown that its achievable through two approaches： dramatically reducing poverty， and getting young children who are at risk of poor academic performance into intensive early-education programs. But theres little point in discussing alleviating17） poverty as a solution， because our government and society are not seriously considering any initiatives capable of making a significant dent in the numbers or conditions of the poor.

That leaves us with early education， which， when done right—and for poor children， it rarely is—seems to largely overcome whatever cognitive and emotional deficits poverty and other environmental circumstances impart in the first years of life. As instantiated by dozens of experimental programs， early education done right means beginning at the age of 3 or earlier， with teachers who are well trained in the particular demands of early education. Unfortunately， public early-education programs rarely come close to this level of quality， and are nowhere near universal.

Confronted with evidence that our approach is failing we comfort ourselves with the idea that were taking steps to locate those underprivileged kids who are， against the odds， extremely intelligent. Finding this tiny minority of gifted poor children and providing them with exceptional educational opportunities allows us to conjure the evening-news-friendly fiction of an equal-opportunity system， as if the problematically ungifted majority were not as deserving of attention as the “overlooked gems.”

We must stop glorifying intelligence and treating our society as a playground for the smart minority. We should instead begin shaping our economy， our schools， even our culture with an eye to the abilities and needs of the majority， and to the full range of human capacity. The government could， for example， provide incentives to companies that resist automation， thereby preserving jobs for the less brainy. It could also discourage hiring practices that arbitrarily and counterproductively weed out18） the less-well-IQed. This might even redound to employers benefit： Whatever advantages high intelligence confers on employees， it doesnt necessarily make for more effective， better employees. Among other things， the less brainy are， according to studies and some business experts， less likely to be oblivious19） of their own biases and flaws， to mistakenly assume that recent trends will continue into the future， to be anxiety-ridden， and to be arrogant.

When Michael Young， a British sociologist， coined the term meritocracy in 1958， it was in a dystopian satire. At the time， the world he imagined， in which intelligence fully determined who thrived and who languished20）， was understood to be predatory， pathological， far-fetched. Today， however， weve almost finished installing such a system， and we have embraced the idea of a meritocracy with few reservations， even treating it as virtuous. That cant be right. Smart people should feel entitled to make the most of their gift. But they should not be permitted to reshape society so as to instate21） giftedness as a universal yardstick of human worth.

不知何時(shí)，我們對(duì)高智商產(chǎn)生了一種執(zhí)念。我們贊美高智商的人取得的成就；我們研究聰明人的行為和心理；我們愛看高智商類的美劇和電影；甚至我們創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)詞——sapiosexual （高智商控）。受此影響，我們想盡辦法讓更多的人更聰明，卻忽視了社會(huì)和個(gè)人發(fā)展的規(guī)律。但是，我們看看自己，看看身邊的大多數(shù)人，不都是智商中等的普通人嗎？難道我們不應(yīng)該更關(guān)心、做更多讓我們這些“笨人”受益的事情嗎？

就在不久前的20世紀(jì)50年代，僅擁有中等智力還不足以嚴(yán)重限制我們的人生軌跡。智商還不太會(huì)影響我們有怎樣的伴侶，有怎樣的生活條件，受到別人怎樣的看待。不論是在流水線上還是在辦公桌后的好工作，其要求還大多圍繞著正直、職業(yè)道德、交際能力這幾個(gè)方面。老板們通常并不要求大學(xué)文憑。

然而，在21世紀(jì)前十年，那些不大聰明的人迎來了苦日子。那些自以為聰明的人公開地嘲笑沒有自己聰明的人。如今，人們高度關(guān)注微侵略和迫害，可是卻聽任對(duì)不聰明人的譏諷。有些人寧愿墜崖身亡也不愿說出帶有種族歧視、宗教歧視、外貌歧視和對(duì)殘疾人歧視的詞，卻樂于動(dòng)輒罵人笨蛋：實(shí)際上，產(chǎn)生分歧時(shí)把別人貶低為“笨蛋”幾乎已經(jīng)成為條件反射。

這也成了受大眾歡迎的娛樂形式。在那些原本無意對(duì)他人說不敬之語(yǔ)的晚間電視節(jié)目中，事實(shí)上會(huì)出現(xiàn)至少一種對(duì)不聰明之人的詆毀，而這樣帶有詼諧意味的詆毀數(shù)不勝數(shù)。Reddit上經(jīng)常有一連串帖子講述最受人喜愛的羞辱笨蛋的方法。趣事網(wǎng)（fun-stuff-to-do.com）也在其繁多的派對(duì)裝飾創(chuàng)意和飲料制作法之外開辟了一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，專門討論這一話題。

對(duì)于那些先天智力不足的人，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重虐待他們了?？紤]到這一點(diǎn)，這些幸災(zāi)樂禍?zhǔn)降某芭绕錃埲?。根?jù)一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查，智商和獲得高薪工作的機(jī)會(huì)是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，幾乎沒人會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)結(jié)論感到驚訝。研究還進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)，跟高智商的人相比，低智商的人更有可能患某些類型的精神疾病，更可能變胖、得心臟病，更容易因?yàn)橥鈧庥鲇谰眯缘拇竽X傷害，更容易在監(jiān)獄中度過余生，而且在監(jiān)獄里還比其他獄友更容易使用暴力。

那些有影響力的成功人士似乎比以往更堅(jiān)決地要把那些不那么聰明的人排擠出去，而不是給他們一個(gè)喘息的機(jī)會(huì)。招聘網(wǎng)站Monster給經(jīng)理人提供了一些建議，認(rèn)為他們要尋找的候選人毫無疑問要“工作努力”“志向遠(yuǎn)大”“人好”，但首要的還是要“聰明”。該建議體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)前人事招聘的策略。為了確保能錄取到這樣的人，越來越多的公司對(duì)求職者進(jìn)行一系列的測(cè)試，內(nèi)容包括技術(shù)能力、判斷力到知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備。還有許多用人單位要看應(yīng)聘者的SAT分?jǐn)?shù)（SAT分?jǐn)?shù)與智商之間的聯(lián)系已得到公認(rèn)）；一些公司剔除掉了那些分?jǐn)?shù)沒有進(jìn)入前5%的人。

是的，有些職業(yè)確實(shí)需要機(jī)靈的大腦。盡管人們?nèi)找姘迅咧橇Ξ?dāng)成干好工作的先決條件，但有證據(jù)表明，高智力并非像想象的那樣完全是優(yōu)點(diǎn)。已故哈佛商學(xué)院教授克里斯·阿基里斯認(rèn)為，聰明人也可能成為最糟糕的員工，部分原因是他們不習(xí)慣應(yīng)對(duì)失敗或批評(píng)。多項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)論認(rèn)為：比起傳統(tǒng)上所說的智商，社交技能、自我意識(shí)和其他“情感”特質(zhì)可以更好地預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)人出色的工作表現(xiàn)。而且，很多逐漸要求大學(xué)學(xué)歷的工作，從零售經(jīng)理到行政助理，那些學(xué)歷低一點(diǎn)的人干起來難度并沒有增加。

與此同時(shí)，那些不需要大學(xué)學(xué)歷即可求得的職位正在消失。機(jī)器人、在線服務(wù)、各種應(yīng)用軟件、自助服務(wù)機(jī)和其他自動(dòng)裝置已經(jīng)或?qū)⒁邮衷S多工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和低端服務(wù)業(yè)的工作，而且接手的工作還在不斷增加。對(duì)從事諸多不同種類工作的人而言，喪鐘可能很快就會(huì)敲響，其中就包括以下人員：以載人或運(yùn)貨為生的人，敲鐘的是（比如）谷歌正在準(zhǔn)備階段的無人駕駛汽車以及（比如）亞馬遜檢測(cè)中的送貨無人機(jī)這類東西；還有大多數(shù)在餐廳工作的人，為他們敲鐘的是越來越廉價(jià)且人性化的機(jī)器人和日益增多的可以自助訂位、點(diǎn)餐、付款的應(yīng)用軟件——這些都不再需要人類幫忙。

同時(shí)，我們對(duì)智商的迷戀遠(yuǎn)不止于職場(chǎng)。智力和學(xué)術(shù)成就在對(duì)伴侶要求的排行榜上的排名也在穩(wěn)健上升；愛荷華州立大學(xué)的研究者報(bào)告說，智力的排名已在家務(wù)技能、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、外表、社交能力和健康之上。

“縱觀歷史，每個(gè)時(shí)代都會(huì)選出一些特征來夸大一些人的成功，我們選定的是學(xué)術(shù)技能?！痹u(píng)定學(xué)生特質(zhì)的專家羅伯特·史丁伯格說道。