鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒性與硬度的相關(guān)關(guān)系探討

石慧，馮承蓮，黃虹，吳豐昌

1.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京100012

2.南昌大學(xué)資源環(huán)境與化工學(xué)院，南昌330031

鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒性與硬度的相關(guān)關(guān)系探討

石慧1,2，馮承蓮1,*，黃虹2，吳豐昌1

1.中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京100012

2.南昌大學(xué)資源環(huán)境與化工學(xué)院，南昌330031

鋁是一種金屬元素,生物體內(nèi)鋁的含量很少。但鋁在工業(yè)上的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,導(dǎo)致鋁在水體、土壤以及各種水生及陸生動(dòng)植物體內(nèi)的含量不斷升高,對(duì)生物體健康產(chǎn)生了一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為了深入了解鋁對(duì)我國(guó)水生生物的影響和生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),開展鋁對(duì)水生生物毒性效應(yīng)的研究工作是十分必要的。水體硬度對(duì)鋁的生物毒性存在一定影響,但目前相關(guān)研究較少。本文以我國(guó)淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為保護(hù)對(duì)象,收集和篩選了鋁對(duì)淡水水生生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)對(duì)硬度與鋁的毒性效應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析,結(jié)果顯示鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒性隨水體硬度增加而降低,鋁毒性與硬度相關(guān)關(guān)系的斜率為0.5600。通過(guò)硬度校正,采用物種敏感度分布法獲得硬度為50mg·L-1時(shí)我國(guó)鋁的短期基準(zhǔn)值和長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)值分別為294μg·L-1和24μg·L-1。研究結(jié)果可為鋁的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和污染控制提供理論基礎(chǔ)

鋁；水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)；硬度校正；物種敏感度分布法；影響因素

鋁是一種活潑的兩性金屬元素,也是地殼中含量最高的金屬元素。在自然環(huán)境中,鋁主要以鐵礬石、水晶石等難溶的硅酸鹽形式存在。天然水體中鋁的含量很低,但是采礦、冶煉、化工、制藥等行業(yè)大量排放含鋁廢水廢渣會(huì)造成水體鋁污染；使用含鋁的凈化劑處理的水中鋁的含量也會(huì)明顯增加；酸雨以及酸性廢水的排放也可使淡水、空氣和土壤中鋁的含量升高。鋁在生物體內(nèi)有富集作用,達(dá)到一定濃度會(huì)影響生物體對(duì)鈣的吸收和積累,導(dǎo)致生物體內(nèi)一系列相關(guān)功能酶失活[1]。正常成人體內(nèi)的鋁含量在100mg左右[2]。人體攝入的鋁主要來(lái)自飲食,正常成人每天從飲食中攝入的鋁約為45mg,其中僅有不到1%能被人體吸收[3]。自20世紀(jì)70年代中期以來(lái),臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)鋁與早老性癡呆、帕金森氏癡呆綜合癥和透析性腦病等神經(jīng)性疾病、骨軟化癥以及小細(xì)胞性貧血等疾病有關(guān)[4]。過(guò)量的鋁還會(huì)干擾人體內(nèi)的代謝作用,長(zhǎng)期緩慢地對(duì)人體的健康造成危害,影響記憶能力[5]。一定濃度的鋁可抑制植物對(duì)鈣、鎂、磷等離子的吸收、影響植物的有絲分裂和根系生長(zhǎng)[6]。

水中離子態(tài)鋁含量高于0.2mg·L-1～0.5mg·L-1,即可使鮭魚致死；沉淀的氫氧化鋁能引起鮭魚的慢性中毒,且在未污染水體中其解毒過(guò)程也比較緩慢[7]。2014年英國(guó)水文與生態(tài)中心的研究人員評(píng)估了金屬對(duì)水生生物的潛在危害程度,鋁位居第二,其對(duì)水生有機(jī)體的潛在危害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度僅次于銅[8]。國(guó)外關(guān)于鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒害事件多有報(bào)道[9-11]。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)鋁的植物毒性已有一定的研究,但對(duì)鋁的淡水水生生物毒性效應(yīng)關(guān)注較少,導(dǎo)致我國(guó)鋁的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定缺乏相應(yīng)的科學(xué)依據(jù)。因此,研究鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒性效應(yīng)是十分必要的。本研究通過(guò)調(diào)查鋁對(duì)淡水水生生物的毒性效應(yīng),結(jié)合我國(guó)淡水水生生物區(qū)系特征,分析了硬度與鋁對(duì)水生生物毒性效應(yīng)的相關(guān)關(guān)系,并得出了我國(guó)鋁的保護(hù)淡水水生生物的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)。

1 研究方法(Methodology)

1.1 水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的研究方法

目前國(guó)際上常用的水生生物基準(zhǔn)的研究方法有評(píng)價(jià)因子法、毒性百分?jǐn)?shù)排序法和物種敏感度分布法。評(píng)價(jià)因子法是加拿大、歐盟等推導(dǎo)水生生物基準(zhǔn)的常用方法,也是世界上最早用于推導(dǎo)水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的方法。該方法簡(jiǎn)單易行,在毒性數(shù)據(jù)較少時(shí),優(yōu)勢(shì)較為明顯[12]。毒性百分?jǐn)?shù)排序法是美國(guó)環(huán)保局推導(dǎo)水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,它的有效性在某種程度上強(qiáng)烈依賴于敏感生物的毒性值[12]。物種敏感度分布法起源于20世紀(jì)80年代,是利用毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)擬合出物種敏感性概率分布曲線,外推后獲得基準(zhǔn)值。該方法能充分利用所獲取的毒性數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)有限物種的可接受效應(yīng)水平可以代表整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[13]。本研究以物種敏感度分布法計(jì)算鋁的基準(zhǔn)值并以短期危害濃度(short term hazardous concentration,STHCX)和長(zhǎng)期危害濃度(long term hazardous concentration,LTHCX)來(lái)表征,x表示受影響物種的百分比,一般取值為5[14], STHC5、LTHC5即為保護(hù)95%的物種所對(duì)應(yīng)的急性和慢性濃度。采用的數(shù)據(jù)處理工具為Origin8.5。

1.2 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源與篩選

通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研及毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查找(http://www. epa.gov/ecotox/),經(jīng)篩選后獲得鋁對(duì)中國(guó)代表物種的毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)篩選要求如下:(1)化學(xué)性質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定的物質(zhì)污染物只能使用流水實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的數(shù)據(jù),化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定的物質(zhì)最好使用流水實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的數(shù)據(jù)。(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)中必須有與實(shí)驗(yàn)組的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件完全一致的對(duì)照組,若對(duì)照組中物種異常死亡或表現(xiàn)出脅迫、疾病癥狀,則該實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的結(jié)果不能使用。(3)在實(shí)驗(yàn)開始和結(jié)束時(shí)必須測(cè)定目標(biāo)污染物的濃度,并保持目標(biāo)污染物的濃度不變。(4)嚴(yán)格控制實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的各項(xiàng)理化參數(shù):實(shí)驗(yàn)溫度需維持在受試物種的最適生長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi),溶解氧濃度應(yīng)是其飽和濃度的60%～105%,顆粒物濃度≤20mg·L-1,總有機(jī)碳≤5mg·L-1。(5)不能使用以去離子水或蒸餾水作為實(shí)驗(yàn)用水的實(shí)驗(yàn)所得出的數(shù)據(jù)。(6)使用同一物種所做的急性/慢性毒性數(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn),如果得出的急性/慢性值相差10倍以上,需要將邊界外的值剔除。(7)不能使用以單細(xì)胞生物作為受試物種的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)推導(dǎo)基準(zhǔn)。(8)急性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)的效應(yīng)終點(diǎn)應(yīng)為L(zhǎng)C50或EC50,慢性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)的終點(diǎn)應(yīng)為最大無(wú)觀察效應(yīng)濃度(no observed effect concentration,NOEC)或最低觀察效應(yīng)濃度(lowest observed effect concentration,LOEC),如果針對(duì)同一受體且曝露終點(diǎn)相同的數(shù)據(jù)則選用這些數(shù)據(jù)的幾何均值。

續(xù)表1

續(xù)表1

表2 鋁對(duì)淡水動(dòng)植物的慢性毒性Table 2 Chronic toxicity of Al to freshwater animals and plants

圖1 水體硬度對(duì)鋁急性毒性的影響Fig.1 Effects of water hardness on acute toxicity of Al

根據(jù)推導(dǎo)水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的物種篩選原則,剔除國(guó)外特有的物種,保留我國(guó)淡水生物區(qū)系的代表物種或是已在國(guó)內(nèi)廣泛分布的引進(jìn)物種。篩選毒性數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)用硬度對(duì)其進(jìn)行校正和歸一化。本研究在篩選用于擬合硬度斜率曲線的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)參照美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局推薦鎘基準(zhǔn)技術(shù)文件[15]中選擇硬度數(shù)據(jù)的2個(gè)原則:①實(shí)驗(yàn)用水的高硬度值高出低硬度值至少100mg·L-1；②高硬度值至少等于低硬度值的3倍。

2 結(jié)果(Results)

經(jīng)過(guò)篩選,共獲得鋁對(duì)水生動(dòng)物急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)共6門25科30屬32物種(表1),水生動(dòng)植物慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)共計(jì)4門8科11屬11種(表2)。其中魚類為主,浮游植物、底棲動(dòng)物和兩棲動(dòng)物為輔,基本涵蓋了中國(guó)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要物種。

2.1 水體硬度對(duì)鋁毒性的影響

經(jīng)過(guò)篩選,符合用于擬合鋁毒性與硬度相關(guān)關(guān)系的物種有虹鱒、模糊網(wǎng)紋蚤、大型溞和麥克利蚤。對(duì)4個(gè)物種的毒性數(shù)據(jù)分別進(jìn)行硬度和毒性值的回歸分析,結(jié)果如圖1所示。由圖可見,鋁對(duì)虹鱒、模糊網(wǎng)紋蚤、大型溞和麥克利蚤的急性毒性都隨著水體硬度的增加而降低。

圖2 水體硬度對(duì)鋁毒性影響的回歸分析Fig.2 Regression analysis on the effect of water hardness to aluminum toxicity

圖3 模型擬合的鋁的急性物種敏感度分布曲線Fig.3 Simulation of acute species sensitivity distribution curves for freshwater life exposed to Al

圖4 模型擬合的鋁的慢性物種敏感度分布曲線Fig.4 Simulation of chronic species sensitivity distribution curves for freshwater life exposed to Al

對(duì)虹鱒、模糊網(wǎng)紋蚤、大型溞和麥克利蚤4個(gè)物種共計(jì)12組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行回歸分析,結(jié)果如圖2所示,回歸方程為:lnLC50=0.55995,lnH+6.7312(R2=0.5308),硬度斜率為0.55995,保留4個(gè)有效數(shù)字后取值為0.5600。本研究中收集到的數(shù)據(jù)硬度范圍為1mg·L-1～300mg·L-1,均值約為50mg·L-1,利用得出的急性硬度斜率將急性毒性值調(diào)整至水體硬度為50mg·L-1,計(jì)算種平均急性值(species mean acute value,SMAV)。

2.2 鋁的淡水水生生物基準(zhǔn)

對(duì)鋁的急性和慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行曲線擬合。急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)的擬合結(jié)果中模型Logistic1中靠近累積概率5%的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)與擬合曲線的重合度較高,模型的決定系數(shù)也最高(R2=0.9846),且模型僅有3個(gè)參數(shù)穩(wěn)健度最好；慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)的擬合結(jié)果中Exp-Grow1模型(R2=0.9298)擬合度并非最高但其他模型無(wú)法推導(dǎo)出HC5值,因此急性和慢性數(shù)據(jù)的最佳擬合模型分別為L(zhǎng)ogistic1和ExpGrow1。

其中,y為毒性數(shù)據(jù)的累積概率,x為種平均急性值的對(duì)數(shù)值,a、k、x0、t、c0為公式自帶參數(shù),無(wú)實(shí)際意義。由模型計(jì)算出的STHC5為588.37μg·L-1,LTHC5為48.47μg·L-1。

式中AF為評(píng)價(jià)因子,一般取值1～5,與推導(dǎo)HC5的不確定性有關(guān)[45]。該評(píng)價(jià)因子的選擇需要考慮數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量、毒性終點(diǎn)的選擇、數(shù)據(jù)所包含物種的多樣性和代表性、污染物的作用機(jī)制、統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程的不確定性等。目前還沒有有效方法來(lái)定量這些不確定性,美國(guó)環(huán)保局在制定保護(hù)水生生物水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)指南中,推薦AF取值為2[44],Patrick等[45]在研究鋅的基準(zhǔn)時(shí),AF取值為2。本研究中鋁與鋅的性質(zhì)相近,故本文中的AF參照已有研究取值為2。

圖5 不同硬度下鋁的急性、慢性物種敏感度分布曲線Fig.5 Acute and chronic species sensitivity distribution curves of Al at different hardness levels

對(duì)硬度校正前后的鋁的急慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行線性擬合后發(fā)現(xiàn)硬度校正后的STHC5和LTHC5比硬度校正前大(表3),且硬度越大相應(yīng)的 STHC5和LTHC5值也越大。

3 討論(Discussion)

3.1 影響鋁生物毒性的主要因素

較高的水硬度對(duì)鋁的毒性有緩解作用[47-48]。硬度較小水體中鋁對(duì)泥鰍的毒性明顯大于硬度較大水體[49]。弱堿性條件下鋁在硬度(以CaCO3表征)115.8mg·L-1的水中對(duì)虹鱒魚的毒性比硬度83.6mg·L-1的水中毒性大[23]。在酸性水體中鋁會(huì)抑制魚對(duì)鈣的吸收和積累[50],增大水體的硬度可以降低這種抑制作用對(duì)魚的影響。其作用機(jī)理可能為:Ca2+是與魚類上皮細(xì)胞緊密連接的鰓膜穩(wěn)定劑,對(duì)調(diào)整離子滲透壓平衡有重要作用,鈣和其他二價(jià)三價(jià)金屬離子之間對(duì)魚鰓結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)影響魚對(duì)金屬離子的吸收以及金屬離子對(duì)魚的毒性[10],鈣可以減少由溶解態(tài)鋁引起的離子損失,從而降低鋁對(duì)魚的生物毒性[23]。在慢性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)中,增大硬度可以降低鋁的致死率但是不能保護(hù)魚的生長(zhǎng)不受鋁的影響,原因可能是含鋁的聚合物影響了魚鰓的呼吸功能[10]。本研究中的數(shù)據(jù)分析圖顯示硬度可以降低鋁對(duì)網(wǎng)紋水蚤、大型溞等生物的毒性作用,美國(guó)在制定鋁的推薦水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)文件[24]時(shí)也指出,在pH和硬度較高時(shí)鋁的毒性顯著降低,因此量化硬度與鋁毒性濃度之間的關(guān)系并對(duì)毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行硬度校正可以更準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算鋁的水生生物基準(zhǔn)。

除了硬度對(duì)鋁的毒性有顯著影響之外,其他一些因素如:pH、有機(jī)碳含量等也會(huì)對(duì)鋁的毒性產(chǎn)生一定的影響。鋁的毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)與其化學(xué)形態(tài)密切相關(guān)[51],鋁的主要毒性形態(tài)是 Al3+和羥基絡(luò)合態(tài)的Al(OH)2+、Al(OH)+2、Al(OH)-4,且無(wú)機(jī)鋁的毒性比有機(jī)鋁大,Al3+比羥基絡(luò)合態(tài)鋁毒性大[10]。鋁的化學(xué)形態(tài)以及各形態(tài)的濃度隨水體pH以及有機(jī)碳含量的變化而改變,因而水質(zhì)參數(shù)pH、有機(jī)碳含量對(duì)鋁的生物毒性會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定影響。然而前人關(guān)于弱堿性環(huán)境中pH對(duì)鋁的生物毒性影響的研究中出現(xiàn)了完全相反的結(jié)論[52-53],Melanie等[36]的研究顯示在 pH 5.0、DOC 2mg·L-1～10mg·L-1的范圍內(nèi),鋁對(duì)綠水螅、小球藻和麥克利蚤的毒性隨DOC增大而減小,而本研究中收集到的數(shù)據(jù)有限,不足以準(zhǔn)確分析出pH和DOC與鋁毒性濃度之間的相關(guān)性。因此,在本研究中計(jì)算鋁的水生生物水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)時(shí)未考慮pH和DOC的影響,在今后鋁的基準(zhǔn)研究中需要進(jìn)一步修正。

3.2 本文建議的基準(zhǔn)值與美國(guó)推薦鋁的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值比較

2009年美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局推薦水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)[24]將鋁作為非優(yōu)控污染物,給出鋁的淡水水生生物基準(zhǔn)最大濃度(CMC)為750μg·L-1基準(zhǔn)連續(xù)濃度(CCC)為87μg·L-1。本研究中得到的中國(guó)鋁的短期基準(zhǔn)值為294μg·L-1比美國(guó)2009年發(fā)布的鋁的CMC值750μg·L-1小,但同在一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)內(nèi),本研究得出的鋁的長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)值為24μg·L-1比美國(guó)的CCC值87μg·L-1小,也在同一數(shù)量級(jí)內(nèi)。分析本研究的得到出的鋁的基準(zhǔn)值比美國(guó)推薦水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值小原因可能如下:

美國(guó)采用的是毒性百分比排序法計(jì)算水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn),而本研究采用的是物種敏感度分布法通過(guò)模型擬合毒性數(shù)據(jù)的分布規(guī)律,選擇最佳擬擬合模型外推得到鋁的基準(zhǔn)值更能體現(xiàn)毒性數(shù)據(jù)總體分布特征。將本研究中的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)硬度校正至50mg·L-1后運(yùn)用用毒性百分比排序法計(jì)算出的短期基準(zhǔn)值相對(duì)物種敏感度分布法求出的基準(zhǔn)值明顯偏小,在一定程度上存在“過(guò)保護(hù)”的問(wèn)題。

表3 鋁的急、慢性毒性硬度校正前后比較Table 3 Comparison of acute and chronic toxicity of Al before and after the hardness correction

表4 鋁的淡水水生生物基準(zhǔn)對(duì)比Table 4 Comparison of freshwater aquatic organism criteria of Al

美國(guó)的鋁水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)所采用的數(shù)據(jù)為1974年～1984年之間的,而本研究中收集到的毒理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)截止至2014年8月,兩國(guó)淡水水生生物區(qū)系和敏感度物種的不同以及新的敏感型物種如輪蟲、線蟲等實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的出現(xiàn)都導(dǎo)致鋁的淡水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)出現(xiàn)差異。另外美國(guó)計(jì)算鋁的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)時(shí)未對(duì)硬度對(duì)鋁毒性的關(guān)系量化,本研究則將鋁的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)校正至硬度為50mg·L-1。

美國(guó)僅收集到3個(gè)物種的鋁的淡水水生動(dòng)物慢性數(shù)據(jù),不足以直接推導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)值,用于推導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)值的最終慢性值是根據(jù)急慢性比在最終急性值的基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算出的。而本研究獲得的鋁的慢性數(shù)據(jù)符合物種敏感度擬合的數(shù)據(jù)要求,長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)值是模型擬合得出的。

結(jié)論如下:1)用虹鱒、模糊網(wǎng)紋蚤、麥克利蚤和大型溞等生物進(jìn)行硬度校正,得出鋁的毒性隨著硬度升高而降低,對(duì)我國(guó)淡水水生生物鋁毒性與硬度相關(guān)關(guān)系的斜率為0.5600。

2)通過(guò)硬度校正,得出硬度為50mg·L-1時(shí),我國(guó)保護(hù)淡水水生生物鋁的短期基準(zhǔn)濃度和長(zhǎng)期基準(zhǔn)濃度分別為294μg·L-1和24μg·L-1。

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The Correlation Discussion between Aluminum Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms and Water Hardness

Shi Hui1,2,Feng Chenglian1,*,Huang Hong2,Wu Fengchang1
1.State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China
2.Resources Environment and Chemical College,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China

14 May 2015 accepted 30 July 2015

Known as metal elements,aluminium(Al)is very little in organisms.But the wide use of Al in industry has led to high vivo residual Al in water,soil and all kinds of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals,which has a certain risk on the health of organism.In order to have a thorough understanding of the effect characteristics of Al to the aquatic toxicity and the ecological risk in China,it is necessary to conduct a research about the effects of Al toxicity to aquatic organisms.Water hardness has influence on toxicity of Al,but relavent research is relatively few at present.This article takes the freshwater ecosystems as protection target,collect and screen the toxicological data of Al to aquatic organisms,analyze the relationship between hardness and the toxic effect of Al.The results showed that the Al toxicity to aquatic organisms decreased with the increase of water hardness,the slope of rela-tionship between toxicity of Al and hardness is 0.5600.Through hardness correction,the species sensitivity distribution method was adopted to deduce the short term criteria and long term criteria for Al which are 294μg·L-1and 24μg·L-1at the hardness of 50mg·L-1respectively.The results could be used to provide the theoretical foundation of ecological risk assessment and pollution control of Al.

aluminium;water quality criteria;hardness correction;species sensitivity distribution method;affecting factors

2015-5-14 錄用日期:2015-7-30

1673-5897(2016)1-141-12

X171.5

A

10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20150514002

石慧,馮承蓮,黃虹,等.鋁對(duì)水生生物的毒性與硬度的相關(guān)關(guān)系探討[J].生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2016,11(1):141-152

Shi H,Feng C L,Huang H,et al.The correlation discussion between aluminum toxicity to aquatic organisms and water hardness[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(1):141-152(in Chinese)

環(huán)保公益項(xiàng)目(201409037)；國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(NSFC41265009)

石慧(1989-),女,研究生,研究方向?yàn)槎纠韺W(xué),E-mail:shihuimeng@yeah.net

),E-mail:fengchenglian@163.com

簡(jiǎn)介:馮承蓮(1981-)，女，博士，副研究員，主要研究方向?yàn)樗鷳B(tài)毒理與水環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)。