陳偉立,李 娟,朱紅惠,陳杰忠,姚 青,,*
1 華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝學(xué)院,廣州 510642 2 仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院,廣州 510225 3 廣東省微生物研究所,廣州 510070
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根際微生物調(diào)控植物根系構(gòu)型研究進(jìn)展
陳偉立1,李 娟2,朱紅惠3,陳杰忠1,姚 青1,3,*
1 華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝學(xué)院,廣州 510642 2 仲愷農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)院,廣州 510225 3 廣東省微生物研究所,廣州 510070
根系構(gòu)型是最重要的植物形態(tài)特征之一,具有可塑性,既由遺傳因素控制,又受到許多環(huán)境因子的調(diào)控。近年的大量研究表明,根際微生物能夠調(diào)控植物的根系構(gòu)型,進(jìn)而影響植物的一系列生理與生態(tài)過(guò)程。綜述叢枝菌根真菌(AMF)、根瘤菌、植物根際促生菌(PGPR)等重要根際微生物類群對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控模式以及相應(yīng)的調(diào)控機(jī)理,并對(duì)進(jìn)一步的研究進(jìn)行了展望,旨在為今后的相關(guān)研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用提供參考。
根系構(gòu)型;根際微生物;調(diào)控
根系在植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育中起著重要的作用,既是植株吸收水分和營(yíng)養(yǎng)的主要器官,又是支撐植株地上部的重要力量[1]。因此,根系作為植株的地下部分,其活力與植物吸收能力的強(qiáng)弱有直接關(guān)系,這些都直接影響著地上部分的生長(zhǎng)與發(fā)育。由于土壤的物質(zhì)和能量被植物獲取和利用均是通過(guò)根系得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的,因此,根系的分布特征反映了土壤的物質(zhì)和能量被植物利用的可能性以及生產(chǎn)力,而根系在土壤中的分布特征主要表現(xiàn)為根系構(gòu)型(RSA)[2]。根系構(gòu)型既受到遺傳控制,又受到許多環(huán)境因子(尤其是根際微生物)的調(diào)控。本文在此主要綜述了根際微生物對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控作用及其相應(yīng)機(jī)制,旨在為后來(lái)研究者提供一定的理論參考,進(jìn)一步闡明根際微生物與根系構(gòu)型之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系,最終更好地被應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。
1.1 根系構(gòu)型研究的意義
根系構(gòu)型是一個(gè)重要的農(nóng)學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo),指同一根系中不同級(jí)別的根在生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)中的相互連接情況和空間分布[2],具體包括根系形態(tài)、根系拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)、總根長(zhǎng)、根系分布、根長(zhǎng)密度和根系的延長(zhǎng)速率、各級(jí)根的發(fā)生及在空間的三維分布、根系的生長(zhǎng)角度和根系的扭轉(zhuǎn)程度等。根系構(gòu)型特點(diǎn)直接反映了根系的生長(zhǎng)狀況。良好的根系構(gòu)型不僅可以提高根系對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和水分利用的效率,而且也是構(gòu)建穩(wěn)定生態(tài)群落的基礎(chǔ),此外,根系構(gòu)型在土壤維持[3- 4]和抗病性[5- 6]方面也起著不可或缺的作用,所以,植物根系構(gòu)型的研究對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生態(tài)穩(wěn)定性具有重要意義。近年來(lái),根系構(gòu)型的研究已經(jīng)成為諸多學(xué)科研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,主要包括植物根系生長(zhǎng)及對(duì)養(yǎng)分吸收利用等營(yíng)養(yǎng)功能的研究[7- 8],不同根系構(gòu)型對(duì)各種土壤環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性變化的定量研究[9- 10],植物根系生長(zhǎng)的三維可視化模擬研究[11- 13],以及根際微生物對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型的影響[14- 15]。
1.2 根系構(gòu)型調(diào)控的必要性
在全世界大部分地區(qū),水分和礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的有效性是作物生產(chǎn)力的主要限制因素,而且肥沃并具有良好生態(tài)環(huán)境的耕地極其有限[11],這對(duì)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)作物如水稻[16- 17]、小麥[18]、玉米[19- 20]及其它植物如橡膠[21]、大豆[22]、荔枝[23]、苜蓿[24]等的生長(zhǎng)狀況及產(chǎn)量影響巨大,而植物生長(zhǎng)狀況的良好與否很大程度上依賴于根系對(duì)土壤水分及養(yǎng)分吸收能力的強(qiáng)弱。在同樣的環(huán)境條件下,良好的根系構(gòu)型可以提高植株對(duì)有限資源的利用,進(jìn)而提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[25]。而根系構(gòu)型具有極強(qiáng)可塑性的報(bào)道屢見(jiàn)不鮮[26],說(shuō)明作物生產(chǎn)中對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控是絕對(duì)可行的。
在育種界,根系構(gòu)型特點(diǎn)已經(jīng)慢慢成為育種者考慮的重要因素之一[27- 28],而且很多研究也表明植株根系構(gòu)型的改善會(huì)促進(jìn)植株生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育。因此,根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控對(duì)植株的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及最終產(chǎn)量都具有重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,是滿足當(dāng)代社會(huì)對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量需求的一個(gè)有效解決途徑。
1.3 根系構(gòu)型調(diào)控的途徑
根系主要的功能就是從土壤或基質(zhì)中吸收水分和養(yǎng)分,因此通過(guò)控制水分[17,20]和養(yǎng)分[29]的多少將會(huì)直接影響根系的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育狀況及生理特性。例如,低磷可以誘導(dǎo)水稻[30]和擬南芥[31]側(cè)根的發(fā)生,不過(guò)在玉米中則發(fā)現(xiàn)相反的結(jié)果[32],這說(shuō)明磷對(duì)根系的改善作用因物種不同而不同。另外,土壤或基質(zhì)的溫度或外界環(huán)境的溫度,以及土壤的質(zhì)地和機(jī)械阻力也會(huì)對(duì)根系的生長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生影響,在一定的溫度范圍內(nèi),植物根系的長(zhǎng)度隨溫度的升高而增長(zhǎng),當(dāng)溫度過(guò)高或過(guò)低時(shí)都會(huì)抑制根系的生長(zhǎng)[33]。在緊實(shí)土壤中生長(zhǎng)的根系,其伸長(zhǎng)速度減慢,根長(zhǎng)縮短且變粗等。另外一些微量元素如硼、鉬等對(duì)根系的生長(zhǎng)也是不可缺少的。雖然有毒元素如銅過(guò)多則會(huì)抑制主根生長(zhǎng),但會(huì)促進(jìn)比較短的側(cè)根的密度[34]。
近年來(lái),土壤生物因子對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控作用日益引起關(guān)注,其中根際微生物對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控得到廣泛報(bào)道。根際微生物是土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中最為活躍的構(gòu)成因子,參與了土壤中各種生物學(xué)過(guò)程(如共生)和生物化學(xué)過(guò)程(如土壤酶),對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和環(huán)境適應(yīng)性產(chǎn)生重要影響。植物根際是植物、微生物和土壤相互影響最強(qiáng)烈的區(qū)域,根系構(gòu)型與根際微生物間相互影響,相互作用,根系構(gòu)型的改變勢(shì)必會(huì)影響微生物群落的構(gòu)成與分布,而根際微生物的存在對(duì)植株根系的發(fā)育及生長(zhǎng)也有重要的影響。目前關(guān)于此領(lǐng)域的研究主要集中于叢枝菌根真菌(AMF)、根瘤菌及植物根際促生菌(PGPR)等根際微生物如何有效地調(diào)控植物根系構(gòu)型[35- 39]。
2.1 AMF
AMF是與植物內(nèi)共生的土壤真菌,其宿主范圍十分廣泛,可與陸地上80%以上的維管束植物形成共生關(guān)系[40]。建立共生體后,AMF可以提高植物根系對(duì)土壤水分及養(yǎng)分的吸收,植物的抗旱性、耐澇性、耐鹽性和抗病性,加強(qiáng)植物抵抗高溫和重金屬毒害的能力,此外AMF還可以分解有毒有機(jī)物,修復(fù)污染與退化土壤等[41- 42]。雖然對(duì)AMF的認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)非常深刻,但是其依然是植物微生物群落中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵卻神秘的組分。
AMF侵染植物根系而形成叢枝結(jié)構(gòu),因此認(rèn)為AMF對(duì)植物生理生態(tài)過(guò)程的影響與根系構(gòu)型的變化密不可分,國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)AMF影響植物根系構(gòu)型的研究已經(jīng)有20多年的歷史,發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控是全方位的,包括根系生物量、長(zhǎng)度、根直徑、根總表面積、根總體積、分枝數(shù)、根生長(zhǎng)角度以及側(cè)根發(fā)育和不定根形成等各根系指標(biāo)。
在根系生物量、長(zhǎng)度及面積等方面,柱花草(Stylosanthesgracilis)接種Glomusversiforme顯著增加了根系長(zhǎng)度,而且還觀察到其基根角度有增大的趨勢(shì)[43]。接種AMF時(shí),角豆樹(shù)白根、黃根生物量及玉米根系總長(zhǎng)度、根條數(shù)(根分枝數(shù))和根系吸收面積都顯著增加[44- 45],而在柑橘根系長(zhǎng)度增加的同時(shí),根系的平均直徑卻降低了[46],這與Yuan等人[47]所觀察到根平均直徑增加的結(jié)果不同,而且還發(fā)現(xiàn)不同AMF種類對(duì)植株生長(zhǎng)效應(yīng)不同,促進(jìn)或抑制地上部和地下部生物量的情況時(shí)有報(bào)道[48- 49]。不管是接種Glomusmosseae還是Acaulosporadelicata都增加了翅果油樹(shù)的根系體積、表面積和根系吸收能力,提高了根系酶體系,有利于植物抵抗各種脅迫,對(duì)擴(kuò)大翅果油樹(shù)植物的分布區(qū)具有重要意義[50]。除此之外,Yao等人[35]第一次報(bào)道了叢枝菌根對(duì)不同直徑級(jí)別根系的分布情況的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)接種G.versiforme顯著增加柑橘直徑<0.4 mm根系比例,減少直徑0.4—1.2 mm的根系比例。之后Wu等人[51]也發(fā)現(xiàn)接種AMF后在顯著增加Citrustangerine根系總長(zhǎng)度、總投影面積、總表面積和總體積的同時(shí),0—1 cm根總長(zhǎng)及其在中的比例也得到增加,但根平均直徑和1—2 cm分級(jí)根總長(zhǎng)在總根長(zhǎng)中所占比例顯著減少。
在側(cè)根及分枝方面,AMF起著巨大作用[47,52- 53]。Schellenbaum等人[54]發(fā)現(xiàn),接種Glomusfasciculatum使得葡萄(Vitisvinifera)根系的一級(jí)、二級(jí)和三級(jí)根的分枝分別增加了140%、200%和266%。在其它植物種類中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似現(xiàn)象,接種AMF使成年番荔枝根系總數(shù)目、一級(jí)側(cè)根數(shù)目和二級(jí)側(cè)根數(shù)目分別增加了3、2倍和4倍,而且總根、不定根、一級(jí)側(cè)根和二級(jí)側(cè)根的長(zhǎng)度都有不同程度的增加[55];接種Glomusintraradices雖然沒(méi)有增加水稻冠根的數(shù)量,但是由冠根發(fā)育出來(lái)的大側(cè)根和細(xì)側(cè)根數(shù)量都比對(duì)照高出三分之一,而且還發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)側(cè)根數(shù)量的增加是由于大側(cè)根數(shù)量增加引起的,不受接菌影響[36]。而且在干旱和水澇條件下,接種AMF分別促進(jìn)水稻分枝指數(shù)增加2.4—4.1倍和1.7—2.6倍[56]。AMF同樣促進(jìn)荔枝[57]、柑橘[58]和歐洲榿木[59]等木本植物的根系分枝,但顯著減少后者根毛數(shù)量。
此外,在低溫[60]、水分脅迫[39,61- 63]、鹽脅迫[41,64]、原油污染[65]的土壤中,AMF對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的改善愈發(fā)明顯,這促進(jìn)了植物在逆境條件下的正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。而且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)感染立枯病的番茄在接種G.mosseae后,根系總長(zhǎng)度和根尖數(shù)量增加,這在一定程度上使植株更加抗病[66]。另外在組培、扦插和嫁接試驗(yàn)中,AMF對(duì)植物根系的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育起著促進(jìn)作用,在Williams香蕉(MusaAAA)上,G.versiforme雖然顯著地增加組培苗的須根數(shù)量,但是須根的平均長(zhǎng)度降低,導(dǎo)致整個(gè)根系中須根的總長(zhǎng)沒(méi)有變化[67]。AMF可以改善一品紅扦插時(shí)的生根表現(xiàn),顯著促進(jìn)了不定根的生成[68],也會(huì)增加西瓜嫁接苗的根系生物量[69]。
另外還發(fā)現(xiàn),復(fù)合菌種處理的番茄根系總根長(zhǎng)和根鮮重均顯著高于單一菌株處理[70]。干旱下接種內(nèi)生菌根真菌、外生菌根真菌、混合接種對(duì)滇柏和楸樹(shù)根系影響不一致,滇柏以外生菌和混合菌接種對(duì)根系生物量的效果更顯著,而楸樹(shù)以內(nèi)生菌的效果最為顯著,而且滇柏根系平均直徑、總長(zhǎng)度及表面積呈增加趨勢(shì)[71]。
雖然上述研究中報(bào)道的都是AMF對(duì)根系構(gòu)型特點(diǎn)改善作用更大,但是其不影響或減少根系長(zhǎng)度或側(cè)根數(shù)量的報(bào)道也有許多,例如接種時(shí)濕地植物Bidensfrondosa根系長(zhǎng)度和表面積要低于不接種處理,而接種對(duì)Ecliptaprostrata根系構(gòu)型影響不大[72]。而在多年生黑麥草中,AMF雖然沒(méi)改變根系生物量,但顯著減少根長(zhǎng)度,根直徑和根數(shù)量[73]。另外有研究指出當(dāng)植株所接AMF種類不是其優(yōu)勢(shì)菌株時(shí),不會(huì)增加根系長(zhǎng)度和促進(jìn)側(cè)根的發(fā)生,甚至?xí)炔唤泳鷷r(shí)的根系長(zhǎng)度和側(cè)根數(shù)量都要低[74- 75],其中很大的原因可能是其與植株根系競(jìng)爭(zhēng)碳素。由此可見(jiàn),AMF對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的影響錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,而這可能是由于不同植物種類、不同菌劑種類、不同試驗(yàn)條件等造成的,反過(guò)來(lái),不同種類植株根系構(gòu)型不同也會(huì)影響它們對(duì)AMF的依賴性。
2.2 根瘤菌
根瘤菌是一類廣泛分布于土壤中的革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌,是與豆科植物共生的重要微生物,它能侵染豆科植物根部或莖部而形成根瘤或莖瘤,然后在根瘤或莖瘤中分化成類菌體,將空氣中的氮素固定為植物可吸收利用的氨。Hafeez等[76]發(fā)現(xiàn)根瘤菌Rhizobiumleguminosarum使得棉花根干重、根生物量和根表面積分別增加了248%、332%和283%,而且會(huì)促進(jìn)蒺藜狀苜蓿的根毛卷曲及增加分枝的程度,進(jìn)而側(cè)根數(shù)量增多[77- 78],還發(fā)現(xiàn)百脈根根瘤菌會(huì)促進(jìn)擬南芥?zhèn)雀l(fā)生和伸長(zhǎng)[79],但是也有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)接種根瘤菌對(duì)大豆根系長(zhǎng)度沒(méi)有影響,但會(huì)增加根表面積和體積[80]。不過(guò),目前關(guān)于根瘤與根系構(gòu)型的直接研究并不多見(jiàn),諸如根瘤在根系上如何分布的以及根瘤的形成對(duì)根系構(gòu)型又會(huì)有怎樣的促進(jìn)或抑制作用等問(wèn)題尚未得到深入探討。
2.3 PGPR
PGPR是棲居于植物根圍中的一類土壤細(xì)菌,通過(guò)諸多方式來(lái)促進(jìn)植株生長(zhǎng),如產(chǎn)生植物激素(生長(zhǎng)素和赤霉素等)、氮固定、溶磷、抵抗重金屬污染和改善根系構(gòu)型等,而且可以減少肥料的施用[81- 82],常見(jiàn)的如假單孢菌屬和芽孢桿菌屬等。通常情況下,PGPR作為生物肥料、植物促進(jìn)和生物防除方面的接種劑,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)起著重要的作用[83]。但是關(guān)于PGPR對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型影響的研究并不是很多,但是,在已報(bào)道的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)其在改變根系構(gòu)型方面所起作用也很重要。
大部分的PGPR都增加植株根毛密度和根長(zhǎng)度及根生物量,促進(jìn)根毛從近根尖部位開(kāi)始形成[84- 86]。Serratiaproteamaculans會(huì)增加鷹嘴豆(Cicerarietinum)根長(zhǎng)、側(cè)根數(shù)量和長(zhǎng)度以及根生物量[87],接種Azospirillumlipoferum會(huì)增加玉米幼苗根表面積、根生物量、根長(zhǎng)和根尖數(shù)量,促進(jìn)根系分枝,但沒(méi)有改變根平均直徑[88],而之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接種Azospirillumbrasilense在增加菜豆根長(zhǎng)和根鮮重的同時(shí)會(huì)減少根直徑,而且在菜豆苗生長(zhǎng)的初始階段,細(xì)根在長(zhǎng)根中所占比例大[89],但是Nosheen等人[81]發(fā)現(xiàn)接種PGPR(特別是A.brasilense和Pseudomonasstutzeri)同時(shí)顯著地增加紅花(Carthamustinctorius)根長(zhǎng)、根面積和根直徑。Guti E Rrez-Luna等人[90]在檸檬根際土壤中成功分離出3種促進(jìn)主根生長(zhǎng)和側(cè)根發(fā)育的菌株,經(jīng)鑒定分別為蠟樣芽胞桿菌(Bacilluscereus),簡(jiǎn)單芽孢桿菌(Bacillussimplex)和芽孢桿菌(Bacillussp),均屬于PGPR,它們是通過(guò)釋放揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物來(lái)改變根系構(gòu)型的。此外在有AMF或施用化肥時(shí),接種PGPR的效果會(huì)更加顯著[91]。
與AMF類似,PGPR也有不影響甚至抑制根系生長(zhǎng)的效應(yīng),例如,接種Pseudomonastrivialis會(huì)使得雜草雙雄雀麥(Bromusdiandrus)根系生物量、根表面積、根體積和根尖數(shù)量減少,從而保證硬質(zhì)小麥(Triticumdurum)的正常生長(zhǎng)[92]。兩種根際促生菌假單胞細(xì)菌(Pseudomonasputida)和腸桿菌(Enterobactercloacae)對(duì)黃瓜根系生長(zhǎng)的影響不明顯,這可能與植物種類有關(guān),或者是由于植物對(duì)根際促生菌的選擇差異性。
2.4 其他根際微生物
除了AMF、根瘤菌和PGPR外,其它根際微生物如外生菌根真菌等對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型也有一定的影響。
不同于AMF,外生菌根共生體只存在于5%以下陸生植物種類中,但是許多生長(zhǎng)于溫帶森林的松科和山毛櫸科以及熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū)的桃金娘科和龍腦香科都以外生菌根為主[93],主要功能是擴(kuò)大根系對(duì)水分和養(yǎng)分的吸收面積,分泌多種生物酶,提高植物根系對(duì)氮、磷和鉀等養(yǎng)分的吸收,產(chǎn)生生物素、生長(zhǎng)素等促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng),提高植物的抗逆性和抗病性,以及活化土壤[94- 95]。分別接種黃色須腹菌(Rhizopogenluteous)、彩色豆馬勃(Pisolithustinctorius)和美味牛肝菌(Boletusedulis)3種外生菌根真菌后,黑松(Pinusthunbergii)幼苗許多根系參數(shù)均比對(duì)照有不同程度的增加,側(cè)根與主根之間夾角從大到小依次為R.luteous、B.edulis、P.tinctorius、對(duì)照,R.luteous有效擴(kuò)大了根系吸收的空間范圍[96]。另外,P.tinctorius和Burkholderiaglathei對(duì)滇柏[71]和松樹(shù)[97]的根系效應(yīng)也與上述相似。此外對(duì)分別來(lái)自正常森林和火燒森林的假山毛櫸(Nothofagusalpina)幼苗根系比較發(fā)現(xiàn),外生菌根真菌(Descoleaantarctica)促使其根系系統(tǒng)更加深入土壤,且側(cè)根及細(xì)根主要分布在下層土壤,以避免上層較低的相對(duì)濕度[98]。另外干旱脅迫下,外生菌根真菌雖然沒(méi)有增加幼年歐洲山毛櫸(Fagussylvatica)植株生物量,但顯著增加了根尖數(shù)量和細(xì)根形成,特別是0.2—0.8 mm級(jí)別根[99]。
除了外生菌根真菌外,弗蘭克氏菌是一類能與多種非豆科木本雙子葉植物共生固氮的放線菌,它也顯著促進(jìn)歐洲榿木(Alnusglutinosa)幼苗根系分枝,但會(huì)顯著減少根毛數(shù)量[59]。而且有意思的是,Kawaguchi等人[100]用從綠色木霉菌(Trichodermaviride)分離出來(lái)的木聚糖酶處理煙草根系發(fā)現(xiàn)主根細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞伸長(zhǎng)受到抑制,但是根系維管束和根毛的形成并不受任何影響,而且若移除該木聚糖酶,根系構(gòu)型會(huì)重新改變,說(shuō)明根際微生物分泌的生物酶可能對(duì)根系構(gòu)型起著一定的調(diào)控作用。
植物根系構(gòu)型的改變主要是有內(nèi)源性因素和外在環(huán)境因素兩方面的影響,而根際微生物調(diào)控植物根系構(gòu)型主要是從以下幾方面來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)(圖1):(1)改變影響植物根系構(gòu)型的內(nèi)在因子,如側(cè)根數(shù)量的增加等;(2)改變植株對(duì)礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收,主要為氮和磷等;(3)影響植物激素的水平與平衡;(4)影響植物碳素營(yíng)養(yǎng)的分配。
圖1 3種根際微生物調(diào)控植株根系構(gòu)型的相關(guān)機(jī)制Fig.1 The mechanisms of three rhizospheric microorganisms′ regulation on plant Root system architectureAMF:叢枝菌根真菌 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;PGPR:植物根際促生菌 Plant Growth Promoting Rhinoacteria
3.1 影響植物根系構(gòu)型的內(nèi)在因子
眾所周知,不同種植物,其根系構(gòu)型的差異非常大。典型的雙子葉植物的根系是由主根、側(cè)根、不定根構(gòu)成的直根系;典型的禾本科單子葉植物的根系是由主根、側(cè)根、初生根、冠根、不定根構(gòu)成的須根系[101],另外,木本植物與草本植物的根系也明顯不同。
除去物種之間的差異性,側(cè)根是影響植物根系構(gòu)型最主要的內(nèi)在因子,其在根系響應(yīng)土壤環(huán)境條件方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用,因此,環(huán)境因子往往是通過(guò)影響側(cè)根的發(fā)生來(lái)影響根系構(gòu)型[15,102-103]。高等植物側(cè)根的形成主要包括4個(gè)關(guān)鍵階段[101]:(1)中柱鞘建成細(xì)胞受到刺激發(fā)生分化;(2)中柱鞘細(xì)胞的極性不對(duì)稱分裂產(chǎn)生側(cè)根原基;(3)側(cè)根原基細(xì)胞膨大突破主根最處層;(4)側(cè)根分生組織的活化與側(cè)根生長(zhǎng)。早在20世紀(jì)90年代,Taylor和Scheuring[104]就發(fā)現(xiàn)番茄根系的RSI- 1基因在側(cè)根原基發(fā)生的早期就被啟動(dòng),一直持續(xù)到側(cè)根剛剛突出主根,認(rèn)為RSI- 1可以作為側(cè)根發(fā)生過(guò)程中的分子標(biāo)記;另外在擬南芥的根系還發(fā)現(xiàn)LRP1基因在側(cè)根和不定根的原基發(fā)生的早期啟動(dòng),而在側(cè)根突出主根之前關(guān)閉,也可作為側(cè)根發(fā)生的分子標(biāo)記[105]。不過(guò)到目前為止還沒(méi)確定哪個(gè)標(biāo)記基因可以用于研究側(cè)根發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵階段。
根系活力也是影響根系構(gòu)型的另一重要因素。在Kawaguchi等人[100]用從T.viride分離出來(lái)的木聚糖酶處理煙草根系的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)主根細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞伸長(zhǎng)受到抑制可能是根系中編碼細(xì)胞周期素依賴性激酶(CDK)的基因表達(dá)受阻導(dǎo)致根分生組織活力的降低。在辣椒中接種3種AMF菌劑(Glomusetunicatum,G.mosseae和G.versiforme)都顯著增加了根系活力以及根系抗氧化酶活性,一級(jí)側(cè)根數(shù)、根表面積、根體積和根質(zhì)量都比對(duì)照高出許多,其中G.mosseae的效果最佳[106]。根生長(zhǎng)角度對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的影響同樣不可忽略,Uga等人[107]在水稻上發(fā)現(xiàn)DRO1是控制深根比率的一個(gè)主要數(shù)量性狀位點(diǎn),而且干旱條件下DRO1會(huì)增大根生長(zhǎng)角度,從而促進(jìn)深根系統(tǒng)的形成,提高水稻產(chǎn)量。
3.2 激素調(diào)控
植物激素是調(diào)控根發(fā)育和構(gòu)型的主要因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)素運(yùn)輸途徑對(duì)根系結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)控主要表現(xiàn)在以下方面:(1)參與主根的生長(zhǎng);(2)參與側(cè)根的形成與伸長(zhǎng),具體為參與側(cè)根原基組織的生長(zhǎng),使側(cè)根從母根上突出;(3)調(diào)控鹽脅迫條件下根系的發(fā)育過(guò)程,從而使根系的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育適應(yīng)鹽脅迫。其中,最重要的,植物生長(zhǎng)素是側(cè)根發(fā)生和發(fā)育的重要信號(hào)[15]。添加外源生長(zhǎng)素能夠增加側(cè)根的數(shù)目,抑制生長(zhǎng)素的運(yùn)輸則減少側(cè)根的數(shù)目[108],而且還發(fā)現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)素的峰值出現(xiàn)在側(cè)根的發(fā)生位置以及側(cè)根突出和伸長(zhǎng)階段[101]。AMF會(huì)促使根系合成生長(zhǎng)素增加,并且生長(zhǎng)素信號(hào)是早期叢枝菌根形成所必需的[109],因此接種AMF改變玉米根系構(gòu)型可能是由于其增加了IBA所導(dǎo)致[110],且在番茄中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的現(xiàn)象[111]。一些PGPR可以釋放IAA改變植株生長(zhǎng)素含量,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)植株形成一個(gè)細(xì)長(zhǎng)且高度分枝的根系系統(tǒng)[112]。同樣,在Jiang等人[113]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),以細(xì)菌為生的線蟲(chóng)類會(huì)促進(jìn)土壤中產(chǎn)生IAA的細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)和增加土壤中氮營(yíng)養(yǎng)和IAA,進(jìn)而促使擬南芥形成高度分枝根系系統(tǒng),而且根系更長(zhǎng)更細(xì)。另一方面,P.trivialis會(huì)通過(guò)產(chǎn)生高濃度的IAA來(lái)抑制雜草根系的生長(zhǎng),從而真正意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)生物防控[92]。分子水平上,側(cè)根發(fā)生最重要的一種生長(zhǎng)素蛋白是SLR1/IAA14,slr1突變體會(huì)鈍化IAA14而不能形成側(cè)根[114]。KRP1和KRP2是編碼細(xì)胞周期蛋白激酶(CDK)的基因,Himanen等人[115]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KRP1和KRP2的表達(dá)可以抑制細(xì)胞周期從G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)變;KRP2的超表達(dá)明顯減少側(cè)根的數(shù)目;生長(zhǎng)素NAA則抑制KRP1和KRP2的表達(dá),由此可見(jiàn),生長(zhǎng)素通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞分裂周期來(lái)影響側(cè)根的發(fā)生。LAX(likeAUX1)是介導(dǎo)生長(zhǎng)素從胞外向胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的載體蛋白,而載體突變體lax3的側(cè)根數(shù)目減少,表明生長(zhǎng)素的胞內(nèi)胞外轉(zhuǎn)移也決定著側(cè)根的發(fā)育[116]。
此外,細(xì)胞分裂素是另一個(gè)重要的影響側(cè)根發(fā)育的植物激素。由于在許多生理過(guò)程中拮抗生長(zhǎng)素的作用,細(xì)胞分裂素能夠抑制許多植物的側(cè)根發(fā)育[7,117],報(bào)道指出,細(xì)胞分裂素含量降低的擬南芥突變體的側(cè)根數(shù)目增加[118],添加外源細(xì)胞分裂素則減少側(cè)根的數(shù)目[119]。其他對(duì)側(cè)根發(fā)育產(chǎn)生影響激素包括乙烯[120]、赤霉素[121]、油菜素內(nèi)酯[122]、脫落酸[123-124]、水楊酸[125]、多胺[51]以及越來(lái)越引起大家關(guān)注的獨(dú)腳金內(nèi)脂[126]等,而且細(xì)胞分裂素和脫落酸反向調(diào)節(jié)側(cè)根發(fā)生,而生長(zhǎng)素和油菜素內(nèi)酯對(duì)側(cè)根發(fā)生起著促進(jìn)作用[127]。AMF侵染植物根系形成菌根共生體過(guò)程中能誘導(dǎo)植物合成多種信號(hào)物質(zhì),如水楊酸、茉莉酸、類黃酮、一氧化氮和過(guò)氧化氫等[128],從而一定程度上調(diào)控根系的發(fā)育;擁有ACC脫氨酶的根際細(xì)菌會(huì)通過(guò)減少乙烯的含量促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng)來(lái)調(diào)控根系構(gòu)型[87],此外,PGPR也可通過(guò)產(chǎn)生生長(zhǎng)素或細(xì)胞分裂素來(lái)調(diào)控根系構(gòu)型和促進(jìn)莖生長(zhǎng)[129]。
3.3 礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分調(diào)控
研究表明,不論是AMF,還是根瘤菌或PGPR都可以改善植物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收[130],從而改變植物根系構(gòu)型,例如B.glathei促進(jìn)松樹(shù)根系改善主要是通過(guò)加強(qiáng)礦物風(fēng)化來(lái)改善植株?duì)I養(yǎng)狀況實(shí)現(xiàn)的[97];還有,與對(duì)照處理相比,滇柏的接種處理和楸樹(shù)的內(nèi)生菌根真菌和混合菌根真菌處理對(duì)N和P的吸收都顯著增加,進(jìn)而增加根系生物量[71]。
AMF與根系共生后,能顯著促進(jìn)根系對(duì)土壤礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素特別是P的吸收,甚至在土壤溫度降低植物生長(zhǎng)和P吸收受抑的情況下,AMF仍能增加植物體內(nèi)P含量[131],但是如果土壤中含P豐富,叢枝菌根對(duì)植株的貢獻(xiàn)會(huì)大大折扣,而且也相應(yīng)地發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF改變根系構(gòu)型通常是在低磷條件下[132],因此低磷促進(jìn)側(cè)根的形成,尤其是淺層根系的生長(zhǎng)[133]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接種AMF玉米根中磷酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因ZEAma:Pht1;6(叢枝菌根誘導(dǎo))表達(dá)水平為不接菌的26—135倍,提高了莖中磷含量,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了植株生長(zhǎng);在增施少量磷肥時(shí),會(huì)顯著增加該基因的表達(dá),但是不影響ZEAma:Pht1;3(磷饑餓誘導(dǎo))的表達(dá)[134]。
植株高氮水平抑制側(cè)根的形成和生長(zhǎng),PGPR菌株P(guān)hyllobacteriumsp會(huì)改善高外源硝酸根離子對(duì)擬南芥?zhèn)雀L(zhǎng)的抑制作用[135]。不過(guò)局部高氮會(huì)促進(jìn)側(cè)根的形成和生長(zhǎng)[136],在低營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下,AMF促進(jìn)了角豆樹(shù)根系對(duì)無(wú)機(jī)氮的吸收,且使該根系具有高濃度的氮素[44]。Boukcim等[137]發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF在氮利用率高的田間挪威云杉中會(huì)顯著增加根系側(cè)根數(shù)量,減少所有側(cè)根的長(zhǎng)度,而在氮利用率低時(shí)會(huì)顯著減少側(cè)根數(shù)量,只增加三級(jí)側(cè)根數(shù)量。中度干旱脅迫和光照下,外生菌根真菌會(huì)促進(jìn)幼年F.sylvatica根系對(duì)氮素的吸收,從而促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng)[99]。不過(guò)有意思的是,在營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的土壤中,溫帶森林菌根樹(shù)更傾向于通過(guò)增殖根系來(lái)汲取更多養(yǎng)分[138],說(shuō)明AMF在該環(huán)境條件下對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的影響可能遠(yuǎn)小于在土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)貧瘠時(shí)。
3.4 碳素調(diào)控
根系的生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育依賴植物形成的光合碳水化合物,碳水化合物可直接作為代謝底物或生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)影響細(xì)胞的分裂,導(dǎo)致根系構(gòu)型發(fā)生變化[139]。植物地上部分與地下部在利用碳水化合物方面存在著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系,而在共生微生物的存在下,地上部分的蔗糖經(jīng)長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸向根系的分配比率提高,例如“菌根碳庫(kù)”的存在會(huì)促使糖向菌根化細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)移[104,140],因此,根際微生物可能通過(guò)調(diào)控植株碳素營(yíng)養(yǎng)的運(yùn)輸來(lái)改變根系構(gòu)型。接種AMF會(huì)顯著增加枳殼幼苗葉片葡萄糖和蔗糖含量,但減少根葡萄糖和蔗糖含量[48],不過(guò)在白三葉草中,卻是增加了根系的蔗糖含量[141],可能是因?yàn)椴煌鷦┓N類對(duì)木本植株和草本植株的作用模式不同所致,但兩個(gè)研究都表明接菌增加了植株根系總長(zhǎng)度、根表面積以及總體積。另一方面,在春夏季,許多植物葉片增多且光合作用活躍,這使得大量的碳水化合物被運(yùn)輸至地下部,促進(jìn)細(xì)根的形成以維持AMF的生存[142]。另外,接種AMF時(shí),一品紅插條的葉片糖含量增加,且碳水化合物動(dòng)力學(xué)開(kāi)始變化,從而根系生長(zhǎng)得到促進(jìn)[68]。本文之前所描述的AMF減少根系長(zhǎng)度及側(cè)根數(shù)量的原因可能是其與宿主植株競(jìng)爭(zhēng)碳水化合物所致。除了AMF,PGPR和根瘤菌通常都能增加根系生物量[143-145],說(shuō)明它們也參與到碳水化合物的運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中,最終導(dǎo)致根系構(gòu)型發(fā)生改變,不過(guò)目前關(guān)于根際微生物調(diào)控碳水化合物組分及分配及其對(duì)根系構(gòu)型影響的研究鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道,特別是后兩種微生物。
雖然土壤根際微生物影響不同植物根系構(gòu)型的研究日益增多,相應(yīng)地也提出了一些調(diào)控機(jī)制,但是,不同微生物改變根系構(gòu)型的差異性及最主要的調(diào)控途徑還需要更深層次的理解。由于根系是生長(zhǎng)于土壤中,不能直接觀察,因此選擇合適的試驗(yàn)方案至關(guān)重要,需要不斷地優(yōu)化,以便更直觀地了解根際微生物對(duì)植株根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控作用。對(duì)根系構(gòu)型的研究,主要是為了仿真出根系在不同的生長(zhǎng)條件下的分布情況,從而得出更加有利于生產(chǎn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)的品種或者根系結(jié)構(gòu),可以更好的利用土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng),提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。就目前研究方向而言,以下幾方面可能值得重視和深入探討:(1)AMF與其它根際微生物相互作用(協(xié)同或競(jìng)爭(zhēng))對(duì)植株根系構(gòu)型有哪些影響?這些影響的作用機(jī)制是什么?這些問(wèn)題尚不明確,需要深入研究。(2)根際微生物的侵染或定殖需要消耗根系的碳素(光合產(chǎn)物),而碳素也是根系構(gòu)建的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),那么,根際微生物對(duì)碳素的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是如何調(diào)控根系構(gòu)型的?在這一調(diào)控途徑過(guò)程中,何種碳素(葡萄糖、果糖或蔗糖)起著關(guān)鍵作用?(3)根系構(gòu)型與作物(如菜豆)的生產(chǎn)力密切相關(guān),在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中如何有效利用根際微生物來(lái)改善根系構(gòu)型,使植株更加適應(yīng)周?chē)h(huán)境變化,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)??傊?,根際微生物對(duì)植物根系構(gòu)型的調(diào)控意義深遠(yuǎn),值得進(jìn)行更多的深入研究。
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A review of the regulation of plant root system architecture by rhizosphere microorganisms
CHEN Weili1, LI Juan2, ZHU Honghui3, CHEN Jiezhong1, YAO Qing1,3,*
1 College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China 2ZhongkaiUniversityofAgricultureandEngineering,Guangzhou510225,China3GuangdongInstituteofMicrobiology,Guangzhou510070,China
Plant root system architecture (RSA) is one of the most important characteristics of plant morphology. RSA exhibits a plasticity that is not only controlled by genetic factors but is also regulated by diverse environmental factors. Recently, a large number studies have indicated that rhizosphere microorganisms can regulate the plant RSA, and further influence an array of plant physiological and ecological processes. This paper mainly reviews the regulation patterns and corresponding mechanisms of plant RSA mediated by the important rhizosphere microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Future research is proposed to provide reference for related research and practical applications.
root system architecture; rhizosphere microorganism; regulation
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31270448);廣東省高等學(xué)校人才引進(jìn)專項(xiàng)(粵財(cái)教[2013]246號(hào))
2015- 02- 26;
日期:2015- 12- 14
10.5846/stxb201502260390
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: yaoqscau@scau.edu.cn
陳偉立,李娟,朱紅惠,陳杰忠,姚青.根際微生物調(diào)控植物根系構(gòu)型研究進(jìn)展.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2016,36(17):5285- 5297.
Chen W L, Li J, Zhu H H, Chen J Z, Yao Q.A review of the regulation of plant root system architecture by rhizosphere microorganisms.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(17):5285- 5297.