閱讀理解猜詞悟義七法

籍萬(wàn)杰

從2015年開(kāi)始，《考試說(shuō)明》把以往考綱中的“根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義”修改為“根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義”。這一變化說(shuō)明猜詞悟義能力的考查范圍更廣了。筆者根據(jù)教學(xué)實(shí)踐總結(jié)出猜詞悟義的七種方法，供同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x和答題時(shí)參考使用。

1. 根據(jù)定義、同位關(guān)系或釋義猜測(cè)

有些文章，特別是科技說(shuō)明文，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)下定義。有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系來(lái)猜測(cè)。有時(shí)對(duì)某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)以定語(yǔ)從句、冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明，同學(xué)們可利用后面的解釋說(shuō)明進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。

例1 （2015江蘇卷·閱讀理解D） Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

解析 D。可用釋義法進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。所猜測(cè)單詞tyrannies后面進(jìn)行了解釋：one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses（一個(gè)很有權(quán)勢(shì)的人統(tǒng)治一大群無(wú)助的人）。因此選擇D項(xiàng)“用絕對(duì)權(quán)力來(lái)統(tǒng)治的政府”。

例2 （2014遼寧卷·閱讀理解C） Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest， Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact， the opposite is true：trees survive through their co-operation and support， passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”.

29. The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees .

A. compete for survival

B. protect their own wealth

C. depend on each other

D. provide support for dying trees

解析 C?？筛鶕?jù)冒號(hào)后的解釋來(lái)猜測(cè)。由后面的解釋可知，樹(shù)是通過(guò)合作和相互支持來(lái)生存的。

點(diǎn)撥 這類詞語(yǔ)通常都是生僻詞，多見(jiàn)于科技文中。運(yùn)用下定義、同位語(yǔ)或解釋概念的方式來(lái)定義或詮釋某一名詞是這類文章寫(xiě)作的特點(diǎn)。結(jié)構(gòu)上是先總后分（即先定義后解釋）或先分后總（即先說(shuō)明后結(jié)論）。遇到這類題時(shí)同學(xué)們要注意尋找后面是否有定義、同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句、舉例以及破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，后面的內(nèi)容很可能是對(duì)前面的詞語(yǔ)的解釋說(shuō)明。

2. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等）猜測(cè)

利用構(gòu)詞法生成的單詞在英語(yǔ)總詞匯中占很大比重。因此有必要熟記一定數(shù)量的詞根、前綴和后綴，才能夠“解剖”單詞，對(duì)生詞能夠“望文生義”，提高閱讀理解能力。

例3 （2010福建卷·閱讀理解B） Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005， after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）， which had outlawed TV， 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

60. The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.

A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused

解析 B。可用構(gòu)詞法結(jié)合文意猜測(cè)。out作為前綴構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有“超越，超過(guò)”的意思，與law連用，意思是“越過(guò)了法律”，即為法律所不容。再結(jié)合In 2005， after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）， which had outlawed TV， 1 in 5 Afghans had one.可知，2005年塔利班垮臺(tái)以后，五分之一的阿富汗人有了電視機(jī)，而在這之前電視應(yīng)該是“被禁止的”。ban的意思是“禁止”。

點(diǎn)撥 如果劃線單詞的某個(gè)部分是我們熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，可結(jié)合相應(yīng)詞綴，利用學(xué)過(guò)的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，再結(jié)合上下文意思，推測(cè)出新詞的詞義。

3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)

若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。因果關(guān)系的語(yǔ)境通常由because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such ... that ...等標(biāo)志詞體現(xiàn)。

例4 （2013陜西卷·閱讀理解D） Was he talk about my wonderful Scola？My son could not follow the teachers directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class. Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet？

58. What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Breaking B. Following C. Attending D. Disturbing

解析 D。由thus可知可以采用因果關(guān)系猜詞。由前面的原因“我兒子聽(tīng)不懂老師的指示”可以推知后面“Scola干擾了課堂”。故選D項(xiàng)。

點(diǎn)撥 在閱讀理解中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以反推出原因。利用這種因果邏輯關(guān)系可以快速推測(cè)單詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。

4. 根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系猜測(cè)

英語(yǔ)文章中常使用代詞代替上文中的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)，將上下文內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)，使前后關(guān)系相呼應(yīng)。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，需要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的對(duì)象。解題時(shí)要返回原文找出該代詞所在的句子仔細(xì)分析，正確理解句子，或繼續(xù)向上搜索，找出離該代詞最近的名詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，以之替換該代詞，看句子是否通順。

例5 （2015福建卷·閱讀理解B） We would talk about the news of the day； no matter how insignificant， it was never taken lightly.

61. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ”.

A. one new thing B. a request

C. the news D. some comment

解析 C。由上文中的We would talk about the news of the day； no matter how insignificant …（我們會(huì)談?wù)撨@一天的新聞，無(wú)論多么微不足道……）可知，it指代前文中的the news，故選C項(xiàng)。

例6 （2015湖南卷·閱讀理解A） Other road users， including horse riders， manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists？

Its about time they had to be registered and insured， so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle， or cause an accident， at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.

59. The underlined word “they” in the third letter refers to .

A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrians D. cyclists

解析 D。該題的指代對(duì)象較遠(yuǎn)。劃線處的they與前面的兩個(gè)they指代的是同一對(duì)象，要跨越前面兩個(gè)代詞they，到上一段才能找到所指代的名詞cyclists。

點(diǎn)撥 解答代詞指代題時(shí)一定要準(zhǔn)確查找指代的對(duì)象。代詞前面可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)幾個(gè)名詞，此時(shí)應(yīng)結(jié)合文意，“追根溯源”，找到其真正的指代對(duì)象。

5. 根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

在劃線單詞或短語(yǔ)前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該單詞或短語(yǔ)的含義，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推知生詞的含義。這樣的句子中常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。

例7 （2015四川卷·閱讀理解D） And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.

44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？

A. Active at night.

B. Inactive at night.

C. Active during the day.

D. Inactive during the day.

解析 A。前文說(shuō)“不僅知更鳥(niǎo)在人造光下會(huì)一直醒著”，下文中的also（也）表明與前面表達(dá)的意思相近，即“黑鸝和海鷗也更活躍”。nocturnal應(yīng)該與awake是近義詞，意為“夜間活動(dòng)的”。故選A項(xiàng)。

點(diǎn)撥 當(dāng)劃線單詞或短語(yǔ)與其他單詞或短語(yǔ)有并列連詞或者表示相同或相似關(guān)系的副詞連接時(shí)，這兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的，由此可確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)所屬的義域，進(jìn)而可推知其大致意思。

6. 根據(jù)反義或轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的事物之間有區(qū)別或?qū)αr(shí)，作者往往會(huì)運(yùn)用對(duì)比的手法。能體現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見(jiàn)的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead （of），on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。

例8 （2012全國(guó)卷II·閱讀理解D） Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital， Addis Ababa， is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.

54. What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. A painting of the skeleton.

B. A photograph of Lucy

C. A copy of the skeleton.

D. A written record of Lucy.

解析 C。本題可用轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系解答。本題可根據(jù)劃線單詞后面的while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom進(jìn)行推測(cè)。while表示轉(zhuǎn)折，所以劃線單詞與real意思相反，故答案為C，意思是“一個(gè)骨骼的復(fù)制品”。

點(diǎn)撥 對(duì)比是一種常見(jiàn)的寫(xiě)作手法，作者常借用一些信號(hào)詞來(lái)提供相反信息。抓住這些信號(hào)詞，結(jié)合上下文意，就能快速推測(cè)詞義。

7. 通過(guò)對(duì)上下文理解猜測(cè)詞義

有些猜測(cè)詞義句意題找不到標(biāo)志性線索，可以利用上下文提供的情景或線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義和句意。這種類型是近年來(lái)高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。

例9 （2015浙江卷·閱讀理解D） In 2004， when my daughter Becky was ten， she and my husband， Joe， were united in their desire for a dog. As for me， I shared none of their canine lust.

…

They didnt. From day two （everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day）， neither thought to walk the dog. While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots， to schedule her vet appointments， to feed and clean her， Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life （small， medium， and large）， she calculated， “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”

Quickly， she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld （心靈融合） …

56. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.” （Paragraph 3）？

A. “The middle-aged person loves me most.”

B. “The medium-sized woman is the hostess.”

C. “The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.”

D. “The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.”

解析 D。根據(jù)前面提到的… I would be the one … Misty knew this on day one.可知，在Misty眼里，the medium one就是指作者。再根據(jù)下一段中的Quickly， she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld可知，很快作者就和狗相處得很融洽了，幾乎達(dá)到了心靈融合的地步，也就是說(shuō)，狗十分信賴女主人。故選D項(xiàng)。

點(diǎn)撥 閱讀材料中的詞或短語(yǔ)與它前后的詞語(yǔ)、句子甚至段落有著相互制約的關(guān)系。要充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯，結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境，理順語(yǔ)言之間的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)而利用語(yǔ)境推測(cè)和判斷某些詞語(yǔ)的含義。