白方會,李慧,伍志勇,高媛,聶玲輝,陳寶田
(1南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)中醫(yī)藥學(xué)院,廣州 510515;2廣州市紅十字會醫(yī)院;3福建省人民醫(yī)院)
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川芎嗪腹腔注射治療大鼠偏頭痛的效果及其作用機(jī)制
白方會1,李慧2,伍志勇1,高媛3,聶玲輝1,陳寶田1
(1南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)中醫(yī)藥學(xué)院,廣州 510515;2廣州市紅十字會醫(yī)院;3福建省人民醫(yī)院)
目的觀察川芎嗪腹腔注射治療大鼠偏頭痛的效果,并探討其可能機(jī)制。方法雄性SD大鼠30只,隨機(jī)分為3組各10只,A組大鼠制模前腹腔注射鹽酸川芎嗪注射液,B、C組腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)7 d。A、B組末次給藥30 min后左肩部皮下注射硝酸甘油注射劑以制備偏頭痛模型,C組同期左肩部皮下注射生理鹽水0.5 mL。觀察各組造模后各時間段爬籠、撓頭次數(shù),采用免疫熒光法、Western blotting法檢測各組三叉神經(jīng)頸髓復(fù)合體(TCC)中瞬時受體電位香草酸亞型1(TRPV1)蛋白,實時熒光定量PCR技術(shù)檢測TRPV1 mRNA。結(jié)果與B組比較,A、C組制模后各時段大鼠爬籠次數(shù)、撓頭次數(shù)均減少(除A、B組制模后0~30 min大鼠撓頭次數(shù)比較外,P均<0.05)。各組大鼠TCC內(nèi)均有TRPV1不同程度陽性表達(dá),B組表達(dá)亮度較A、C組明顯。與B組比較,A、C組的TRPV1蛋白、mRNA相對表達(dá)量減少(P均<0.01)。結(jié)論川芎嗪腹腔注射對偏頭痛大鼠具有一定的治療作用,其作用機(jī)制可能與抑制TCC中TRPV1表達(dá)有關(guān)。
川芎嗪;偏頭痛;瞬時受體電位香草酸亞型1;三叉神經(jīng)頸髓復(fù)合體
偏頭痛為一種反復(fù)發(fā)作的單側(cè)或雙側(cè)頭部搏動性疼痛,其疼痛程度多為中重度,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量[1,2]。三叉神經(jīng)血管反射學(xué)說是偏頭痛發(fā)病機(jī)制的主流學(xué)說,三叉神經(jīng)血管系統(tǒng)的激活和致敏是偏頭痛發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)[3]。瞬時受體電位香草酸亞型1(TRPV1)是一種非選擇性陽離子通道,在三叉神經(jīng)感覺神經(jīng)元有豐富表達(dá)[4]。川芎功善活血行氣,祛風(fēng)止痛,為中醫(yī)治療頭痛之要藥,川芎嗪又稱四甲基吡嗪,是從川芎中提取的主要生物堿單體,為一種典型的鈣離子拮抗劑[5,6]。以往研究[7]表明,川芎嗪對偏頭痛具有治療作用,但其作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。本研究觀察了川芎嗪腹腔注射治療大鼠偏頭痛的效果,并探討其可能機(jī)制。
1.1實驗動物、藥物、試劑及儀器雄性SD大鼠30只,體質(zhì)量(280±20)g,由南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供。硝酸甘油注射液;鹽酸川芎嗪注射液;0.9%氯化鈉注射液;10%水和氯醛為實驗室自配(用量0.4 mL/100 g);4%多聚甲醛溶液;VR1抗體;免疫熒光二抗-山羊抗兔Cy3;β-actin抗體;BCA試劑盒;ECL發(fā)光液;PVDF膜;TRIzol;PrimeScriptTMRT Master Mix;SYBRI熒光定量試劑盒;MX3005P熒光定量PCR儀;IS 2000 MM圖像工作站。
1.2偏頭痛模型制備及川芎嗪用法30只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為A、B、C組各10只,A組大鼠腹腔注射鹽酸川芎嗪注射液,劑量100 mg/(kg·d),B、C組大鼠腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,各組連續(xù)給藥7 d。A、B組大鼠末次給藥30 min后左肩部皮下注射硝酸甘油注射劑(10 mg/kg),以制備偏頭痛模型(造模后大鼠出現(xiàn)耳朵發(fā)紅、前肢頻繁撓頭、爬籠次數(shù)增多、煩躁不安等行為視為造模成功[8]),C組大鼠同期左肩部皮下注射生理鹽水0.5 mL[9]。
1.3大鼠爬籠次數(shù)、撓頭次數(shù)記錄觀察指標(biāo)為大鼠造模后各時間段大鼠爬籠次數(shù)和撓頭次數(shù),采用持續(xù)時間分段計數(shù)的方法,以每30 min作為一個時間段進(jìn)行觀察,根據(jù)預(yù)實驗情況,確定本實驗觀察時間持續(xù)至造模后3 h。撓頭停止時間以單個時間段內(nèi)撓頭次數(shù)低于5次為標(biāo)志。
1.4大鼠三叉神經(jīng)頸髓復(fù)合體(TCC)中TRPV1蛋白檢測①免疫熒光法:硝酸甘油皮下注射4 h后,每組取4只大鼠,以10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉,4%多聚甲醛灌注固定后,斷頭取延髓至上頸段脊髓(至頸2),放入4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,次日依次放入10%、20%、30%蔗糖脫水至沉底。石蠟包埋切片,厚10 μm。切片依次進(jìn)行脫蠟、水化、熱抗原修復(fù)、滅活內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶后,滴加5%BSA封閉液封閉15 min,以封閉非特異性抗原,隨后加入一抗VR1兔多克隆抗體(1∶500),4 ℃環(huán)境下過夜。滴加熒光二抗抗兔Cy3(Cat∶KGIF010為1∶500),避光孵育1 h,每個環(huán)節(jié)間均用PBS漂洗5 min×3次,加抗淬滅劑,中性樹膠封片,倒置熒光顯微鏡下觀察結(jié)果,紅色高亮為標(biāo)記的TRPV1。②Western blotting法:造模4 h后,每組取3只大鼠,以10%水合氯醛麻醉,迅速冰上斷頭取延髓至上頸段脊髓(至頸2),-80 ℃液氮保存。將組內(nèi)所有樣品進(jìn)行等量混合以消除組內(nèi)差異,取混合物50 mg進(jìn)行液氮研磨,加入150 μL RIPA裂解液及1.5 μL PMSF冰上孵育30 min,1 500 r/min,4℃離心15 min。取上清液,BCA法測定蛋白濃度。每個樣本各取50 μg進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)PDVF膜,5%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉1 h,TBST沖洗3次,加入VR1一抗(1∶1 000),4 ℃孵育過夜,HRP偶聯(lián)的山羊抗兔二抗(1∶3 000)室溫孵育1 h,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光法在IS 2000 MM成像系統(tǒng)(Kodak)進(jìn)行曝光拍照,Molecular Imaging Software Version 4.0(Kodak)軟件分析條帶灰度值,以β-actin作為內(nèi)參,每組樣品重復(fù)檢測3次。以目的條帶灰度值與相應(yīng)β-actin條帶灰度值的比值作為TRPV1蛋白相對表達(dá)量。
1.5大鼠TCC中TRPV1 mRNA檢測采用實時熒光定量PCR法。按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行各樣本總RNA的提取和cDNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄條件為25 ℃、10 min,37 ℃、60 min,95 ℃、5 min。以管家基因GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,引物由上海英駿生物技術(shù)有限公司合成。建立20 μL實時熒光定量PCR反應(yīng)體系:dH2O 7 μL,上下游引物各1 μL,cDNA 1 μL,Taq酶10 μL。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃、10 s,95 ℃、10 s,58 ℃、5 s,72 ℃、10 s,共45個循環(huán)。PCR儀讀取內(nèi)參基因GAPDH和TRPV1的循環(huán)閾值(CT值),采用相對定量法(2-ΔΔCT)計算各樣本TRPV1 mRNA的相對表達(dá)量。
2.1各組制模后大鼠爬籠次數(shù)比較大鼠爬籠次數(shù)比較見表1。
表1 各組制模后不同時間段大鼠爬籠次數(shù)比較(次,±s)
注:與B組比較,*P<0.05。
2.2各組制模后大鼠撓頭次數(shù)比較大鼠撓頭次數(shù)比較見表2。
表2 各組制模后不同時間段大鼠撓頭次數(shù)比較(次,±s)
注:與B組比較,*P<0.05。
2.3各組TRPV1蛋白表達(dá)量比較①免疫熒光檢測結(jié)果:各組大鼠TCC內(nèi)均有TRPV1不同程度陽性表達(dá),主要位于TCC(Ⅰ、Ⅱ?qū)?,B組表達(dá)亮度較A、C組明顯。②Western blotting法檢測結(jié)果:A、B、C組TRPV1蛋白相對表達(dá)量分別為0.688±0.013、0.858±0.009、0.353±0.037,A、C組分別與B組比較,P均<0.01。
2.4各組TRPV1 mRNA表達(dá)量比較A、B、C組TRPV1 mRNA相對表達(dá)量分別為1.89±0.12、2.57±0.37、1.00±0.01,A、C組分別與B組比較,P均<0.01。
三叉神經(jīng)血管系統(tǒng)的激活和致敏是偏頭痛發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)[10],三叉神經(jīng)脊束核尾部(TNC)和C1、C2頸髓背側(cè)核統(tǒng)稱為TCC[3],是三叉神經(jīng)的二級神經(jīng)元。當(dāng)偏頭痛發(fā)作時TCC興奮性增高,可將三叉神經(jīng)末梢感受器傳遞而來的傷害性感受信息進(jìn)一步傳遞到丘腦,直至大腦皮層,從而產(chǎn)生頭痛,同時發(fā)出沖動刺激至延髓的嘔吐中樞引起惡心、嘔吐[11]。
TRPV1是瞬時受體電位超家族成員之一,可被內(nèi)源性或外源性物理和化學(xué)刺激,如高熱(T>43 ℃)、酸(pH<5.9)和辣椒素等激活,引起Ca2+內(nèi)流,激發(fā)動作電位,繼而激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng),引起疼痛的發(fā)生[12,13]。在哺乳動物中,TRPV1通道主要位于軀體感覺系統(tǒng),參與有害熱刺激和炎癥條件下引發(fā)的痛覺信息的傳遞[14~16],TRPV1敲除鼠的熱痛閾值和機(jī)械痛閾值明顯升高,對痛覺的敏感性降低,因此抑制其表達(dá)可阻斷疼痛的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程[17]。研究[18~20]顯示,三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)、TNC及三叉神經(jīng)密集分布的硬腦膜區(qū)域有TRPV1通道存在,在偏頭痛的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起特定作用。緩激肽、前列腺素、低pH值、辣椒素及炎性分泌物等炎性因子均可使TRPV1興奮,致局部腦膜CGRP釋放增加,腦膜血管擴(kuò)張、血流加速,三叉神經(jīng)二級神經(jīng)元興奮性增加,從而介導(dǎo)偏頭痛發(fā)作[21~24]。特異性抗偏頭痛藥物舒馬曲坦能夠抑制三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)TRPV1介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)向電流和TNC區(qū)淺Ⅱ?qū)觾?nèi)辣椒素引發(fā)的自發(fā)性興奮性突觸后電位[19]。
川芎嗪是川芎的主要有效成分之一,近年研究顯示其可降低一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性,減輕大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元缺氧復(fù)氧損傷,減少大鼠神經(jīng)功能和腦組織的損害[25,26]。鞘內(nèi)應(yīng)用川芎嗪可抑制P2X3受體激動劑三磷酸腺苷和α,β亞甲三磷酸腺苷引起的大鼠足底急性傷害性反應(yīng)[27];全身應(yīng)用川芎嗪可以抑制坐骨神經(jīng)慢性壓迫性損傷大鼠模型脊髓背角神經(jīng)元P2X3受體表達(dá),并通過上調(diào)Bcl-2、抑制Caspase-3表達(dá),抑制神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡,從而發(fā)揮對神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的鎮(zhèn)痛作用[28,29];川芎嗪對燒傷模型大鼠初級感覺神經(jīng)元的痛覺信息傳遞也有抑制作用[30],從而表明川芎嗪對各種急慢性疼痛均有明顯抑制作用。本研究顯示,與B組比較,A組大鼠各時間段爬籠及撓頭頻率降低,且持續(xù)時間明顯縮短,表明川芎嗪可以降低偏頭痛的發(fā)作強(qiáng)度及持續(xù)時間。本研究還顯示,與B組比較,A、C組TRPV1蛋白、mRNA相對表達(dá)量減少,提示川芎嗪可能通過抑制TCC中TRPV1表達(dá)上調(diào),從而起到對偏頭痛的治療作用。
總之,三叉神經(jīng)血管系統(tǒng)TRPV1表達(dá)上調(diào)參與了偏頭痛的病理過程,川芎嗪可以通過下調(diào)偏頭痛大鼠TCC中TRPV1的表達(dá)從而起到對偏頭痛的治療作用。
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Effect and mechanism of intraperitoneal injection of tetramethylpyrazine for the treatment of migraine in rats
BAI Fanghui1, LI Hui, WU Zhiyong, GAO Yuan, NIE Linghui, CHEN Baotian
(1 College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect and mechanism of intraperitoneal injection of tetramethylpyrazine for the treatment of migraine in rats. MethodsThirty Sprague-Dawle (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 in each group: groups A, B and C. Rats in the group A were given intraperitoneal injection of ligustrazine hydrochloride injection before modeling, groups B and C were given intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline for 7 days. Migraine rat model was established by subcutaneously injection of nitroglycerin after 30 min of the last delivery in the groups A and B, and group C with subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL normal saline. We observed the frequency of scratching head and climbing cage of each rat. The expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) protein in rat trigeminocervical complex (TCC) was detected with Western blotting, and the expression of TRPV1 mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantificative PCR. ResultsCompared with group B, the frequency of scratching head and climbing cage in each period was significantly decreased in the groups A and C (except the frequency of scratching head between groups A and B in the 0-30 min after molding, statistical difference was found, all P<0.05). Different levels of positive expression of TRPV1 receptors in TCC of each group were observed by immunofluorescence. Compared with groups A and C, the expression intensity was higher in the group B, there was no statistical difference between group A and B. Compared with group B, the protein and mRNA expression of TRPV1 in TCC of group A and C were significantly decreased (all P<0.01). ConclusionIntraperitoneal injection of tetramethylpyrazine on migraine rats has a certain therapeutic effect, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TRPV1 expression in trigeminal sensory neurons.
tetramethylpyrazine; migraine; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; trigeminal sensory neurons
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81202687);廣東省科技計劃項目(2012B061700018);廣東省中醫(yī)藥管理局科研課題(20141218)。
白方會(1986-),女,在讀博士,主要研究方向為慢性頭痛的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: bfh1986@163.com
簡介:陳寶田(1938-),男,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向為頭痛的中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療。E-mail: gy33mail@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.15.005
R743.9
A
1002-266X(2016)15-0015-04
2015-11-30)