袁治國,馬 虹
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽110001)
每搏量變異監(jiān)測(cè)冠脈搭橋患者誘導(dǎo)期間容量變化準(zhǔn)確性的評(píng)價(jià)
袁治國,馬虹
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院麻醉科,沈陽110001)
目的評(píng)價(jià)每搏量變異(SVV)監(jiān)測(cè)冠脈搭橋患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間血容量變化的準(zhǔn)確性。方法擇期行冠脈搭橋患者30例,性別不限,年齡53~74歲,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)21~27,ASA分級(jí)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級(jí),NYHA心臟功能分級(jí)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級(jí)。應(yīng)用常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)及Vigileo/ FloTrac系統(tǒng)分別在T1(基礎(chǔ)值)和T2(麻醉誘導(dǎo)后/氣管插管前)監(jiān)測(cè)平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、中心靜脈壓(CVP)、SVV、心輸出量(CO)、心臟指數(shù)(CI)、每搏量指數(shù)(SVI)和外周血管阻力指數(shù)(SVRI)的變化。計(jì)算SVV、CVP和CI的變化率(△SVV、△CVP和△CI)。患者的△CI降低超過15%被定義為對(duì)容量不足具有反應(yīng)性。繪制SVV和CVP監(jiān)測(cè)血容量變化的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,并計(jì)算曲線下面積。結(jié)果與T1相比,T2時(shí)CO、CI和SVI均顯著降低。同時(shí),SVV由(8±5)%升高至(17± 12)%(P=0.012)。30例患者中24例對(duì)容量不足具有反應(yīng)性,其SVV明顯高于無反應(yīng)性患者[(20±13)%vs(9±4)%,P= 0.036]。以SVV為10.5%作為閾值預(yù)測(cè)冠心病患者對(duì)容量不足的反應(yīng)性,其敏感度為75%,特異度為80%;ROC曲線下面積為0.875,95%可信區(qū)間為0.689~1.000。結(jié)論SVV監(jiān)測(cè)冠脈搭橋患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間血容量變化具有良好的敏感度和特異度。
每搏輸出量;容量監(jiān)測(cè);冠脈搭橋
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)患者全麻誘導(dǎo)后可因循環(huán)容量相對(duì)不足造成血壓降低,心臟灌注不足而加重心臟功能損害。有效的容量治療能夠使左心室每搏量(stroke volume,SV)增加,從而提高心輸出量(cardiac output,CO),保證心臟灌注。
根據(jù)Frank-Starling定律,只有心室功能狀態(tài)處于曲線上升部分時(shí)增加前負(fù)荷才能使SV有效提高,因此,在心臟手術(shù)麻醉過程中預(yù)測(cè)容量負(fù)荷能否增加CO至關(guān)重要,而中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)、肺毛細(xì)血管楔壓(pulmonary capillarywedging pressure,PCWP)對(duì)心臟手術(shù)中預(yù)測(cè)液體容量具有一定局限性。每搏量變異(stroke volume variation,SVV)是臨床上監(jiān)測(cè)容量變化的可靠指標(biāo)[1-4]。
本研究擬評(píng)價(jià)SVV用于冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間監(jiān)測(cè)容量變化的準(zhǔn)確性,為此類患者容量監(jiān)測(cè)和管理提供可靠依據(jù)。
1.1一般資料
本研究已獲中國臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)中心倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批號(hào):ChiECRCT-2011008)。所有患者簽署知情同意書。收集擇期行非體外循環(huán)下冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)患者30例,性別不限,年齡53~74歲,體質(zhì)量指數(shù)21~27,ASA分級(jí)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級(jí),美國紐約心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(NYHA)心臟功能分級(jí)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級(jí)。無心律失常病史,無心臟瓣膜疾病,非再次心臟手術(shù),無神經(jīng)精神疾病,無心室功能不全(射血分?jǐn)?shù)<45%),術(shù)前評(píng)估無困難氣道者。
1.2方法與監(jiān)測(cè)
所有患者均無術(shù)前用藥,入室后建立靜脈通路,靜脈輸注醋酸鈉林格氏液2 mL·kg-1·h-1。常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、脈搏血氧飽和度、無創(chuàng)血壓和腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)。局麻下右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管用于監(jiān)測(cè)CVP,非功能側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管用于監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈壓,并連接Vigileo/FloTrac系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)CO、心臟指數(shù)(cardiac index,CI)、每搏量指數(shù)(stroke volume index,SVI)和SVV。麻醉誘導(dǎo):靜脈注射利多卡因(1 mg/kg)、咪達(dá)唑侖(0.01 mg/kg)、舒芬太尼(1 μg/kg)和依托咪酯(0.15 mg/kg),應(yīng)用羅庫溴銨(0.1 mg/kg)進(jìn)行氣管內(nèi)插管術(shù)。患者意識(shí)消失后立即進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣,呼吸機(jī)參數(shù)設(shè)定為FiO2100%,潮氣量6 mL/kg,氧流量2 L/min,呼吸頻率12次/min,并保持PETCO232~38 mmHg。麻醉維持:靜脈輸注異丙酚15~30 mg·kg-1·h-1,七氟醚吸入濃度0.5%~2.0%,維持BIS值為40~50。
分別于基礎(chǔ)值(T1)和麻醉誘導(dǎo)后及氣管插管前(T2)記錄心率(heart rate,HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、CVP、CO、CI、SVI和SVV。根據(jù)公式可計(jì)算出體循環(huán)血管阻力指數(shù)(systemic vascular resistance index,SVRI)。計(jì)算T1和T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)之間SVV、CVP和CI的變化率,即(T2測(cè)定值-T1測(cè)定值)/T1測(cè)定值,記錄為△SVV、△CVP和△CI?;颊摺鰿I≥15%[5-6]被定義對(duì)麻醉誘導(dǎo)后容量不足具有反應(yīng)性。將30例患者分為2組:有反應(yīng)者(△CI≥15%)和無反應(yīng)者(△CI<15%)。
繪制SVV和CVP監(jiān)測(cè)容量變化的受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線,比較各指標(biāo)的閾值和曲線下面積(area under the curve,AUC)。AUC≤0.5表示此種監(jiān)測(cè)方法無臨床意義;0.5<AUC≤0.7表示臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值較低;0.7<AUC≤0.9表示臨床應(yīng)用具有一定價(jià)值;AUC>0.9表示臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值較高。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
與T1相比,T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)的MAP、CO、CI和SVI均顯著降低,但SVV從(8±5)%明顯升高至(17±12)%(P=0.012),而HR、CVP或SVRI無明顯改變,見表1。
在T2時(shí)間點(diǎn),30例患者中有24例患者的△CI≥15%,表明這些患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)后因容量不足導(dǎo)致CI明顯下降(定義為有反應(yīng)者);而6例患者△CI<15%,對(duì)容量不足未表現(xiàn)出明顯反應(yīng)(即無反應(yīng)者)。有反應(yīng)者的SVV明顯高于無反應(yīng)者(P<0.05),而其他血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
表1 所有患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)各指標(biāo)的比較(s)Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamics at different time points in all patients(±s)
表1 所有患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)各指標(biāo)的比較(s)Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamics at different time points in all patients(±s)
Item T1 T2 P MAP(mmHg)99±11 69±12<0.001 HR(beat/min)67±11 65±9 0.291 CVP(cmH2O)8±2 8±3 0.957 CO(L·min-1)6.1±1.5 3.6±1.2<0.001 CI(mL·min-1·m-2)3.4±0.7 1.9±0.6<0.001 SVI(mL·m-2)50.9±7.6 29.9±8.6<0.001 SVV(%)8±5 17±12 0.012 SVRI(dyn·s-1·cm-5·m-2)2 219±556 2 970±580 0.070
SVV的AUC為0.875±0.095,95%可信區(qū)間為0.689~1.000;CVP的AUC為0.530±0.143,95%可信區(qū)間為0.250~0.810。以SVV>10.5%為閾值,監(jiān)測(cè)容量變化的敏感度和特異度分別為75%和為80%。
表2 對(duì)容量不足有反應(yīng)者和無反應(yīng)者T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)各指標(biāo)比較(±s)Tab.2 Comparison of hemodynamics at T2 between responders and non-responders±s)
表2 對(duì)容量不足有反應(yīng)者和無反應(yīng)者T2時(shí)間點(diǎn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)各指標(biāo)比較(±s)Tab.2 Comparison of hemodynamics at T2 between responders and non-responders±s)
1)compared with responders,P<0.05.
Variables Responders(n=24)Non-responders(n=6)NYHA cardiac function classification(Ⅱ/Ⅲ)19/5 5/1 Gender(M/F)17/7 4/2 BMI(kg·m-2)24±3 23±2 MAP(mmHg)68±8 70±13 HR(beat/min)65±9 63±10 CVP(cmH2O)8±3 9±4 CO(L·min-1)3.4±0.7 3.6±1.3 CI(mL·min-1·m-2)1.8±0.7 2.4±0.2 SVI(mL·m-2)29.0±9.2 33.8±4.7 SVRI(dyn·s-1·cm-5·m-2)2 824±1 255 3 007±705 SVV(%)20±13 9±41)
在本研究中,既往患有心律失常病史的患者被納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這是因?yàn)樾穆墒С?duì)容量反應(yīng)性動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)影響較大[7]。盡管在出現(xiàn)心律失常時(shí)仍能測(cè)定SVV,但其準(zhǔn)確性值得商榷,應(yīng)在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)達(dá)到相對(duì)穩(wěn)定時(shí)讀取監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)數(shù)值,以避免對(duì)研究造成誤導(dǎo)。在監(jiān)測(cè)過程中,監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的變化趨勢(shì)往往比監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)的絕對(duì)數(shù)值更為重要。
微創(chuàng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)FloTrac已應(yīng)用于臨床。它可以通過監(jiān)測(cè)患者橈動(dòng)脈壓力波形,準(zhǔn)確測(cè)定CO和SVV,而且操作簡單無需校正[8]。隨著技術(shù)發(fā)展和軟件更新,該系統(tǒng)具有更強(qiáng)的計(jì)算能力和準(zhǔn)確性[9]。Hofer等[10]在擇期心臟手術(shù)的患者中應(yīng)用FloTrac/Vigileo系統(tǒng)測(cè)定SVV來預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估患者的容量狀態(tài)及反應(yīng)性,并根據(jù)ROC曲線計(jì)算出SVV閾值為9.6%時(shí)其敏感度為91%,特異度為83%。本研究選用FloTrac/Vigileo系統(tǒng)3.0版本,在測(cè)定SVV過程中讀數(shù)穩(wěn)定,抗干擾能力強(qiáng)。結(jié)果顯示,SVV閾值為10.5%時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)容量變化的敏感度和特異度分別為75%和80%,可作為容量變化的監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
麻醉誘導(dǎo)過程是患者由自主呼吸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械通氣的過程,自主通氣時(shí)胸腔內(nèi)壓的變化輕微,在一定程度上影響SVV測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性[11]。Soubrier等[12]在外科ICU中選取32例血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的自主呼吸患者,通過測(cè)定SVV來評(píng)估患者的容量狀態(tài)及反應(yīng)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)其敏感度和特異度均為63%。本研究中,在患者建立靜脈通路后靜脈推注咪達(dá)唑侖2 mg充分鎮(zhèn)靜,而且當(dāng)麻醉誘導(dǎo)后患者意識(shí)消失時(shí)立即進(jìn)行機(jī)械輔助通氣,盡量減少自主呼吸對(duì)SVV測(cè)定的影響程度。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),麻醉誘導(dǎo)后CO明顯降低,同時(shí)SVV顯著升高,但CVP沒有明顯改變,而且SVV的ROC下面積(0.875±0.095)明顯高于CVP(0.530± 0.143),提示SVV比CVP更靈敏地反映因麻醉誘導(dǎo)使患者血管內(nèi)容量再分布而造成容量相對(duì)不足,有利于指導(dǎo)容量擴(kuò)充以維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。Chin等[13]的研究也表明,與CVP相比,SVV能更準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)腎臟移植手術(shù)患者的容量變化,有利于指導(dǎo)容量治療。
本研究局限性在于單中心前瞻性研究,研究例數(shù)有限,將在今后的工作中進(jìn)行多中心大樣本的深入研究。綜上所述,SVV監(jiān)測(cè)冠脈搭橋患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間容量變化具有良好的敏感度和特異度,有利于指導(dǎo)容量治療。
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(編輯于溪)
Evaluation on the Accuracy of Stroke Volume Variation in Blood Volume Monitoring during Induction in patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
YUAN Zhiguo,MA Hong
(Department of Anaesthesiology,The First Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
Objective To evaluate the accuracy ofstroke volume variation(SVV)in blood volume monitoring during induction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG).Methods Thirty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients,aged 53-74 year,BMI21-27,NYHA class Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for CABG were enrolled in this study.MAP,HR,CVP,SVV,cardiac output(CO),cardiac index(CI),stroke volume index(SVI)and systemic vascular resistance index(SVRI)were continuously measured by Vigileo/FloTrac system and recorded simultaneously at the following time points:T1(baseline level)and T2(after induction and before intubation).Calculate the changes of SVV,CVP and CI(△SVV、△CVP and△CI).Patients whose△CI≥15%were defined as the responders to the insufficiency of blood volume.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve for SVV and CVP were plotted,and the area under the curve were calculated.Results Compared with T1,significant decrease in CO,CI and SVI was observed at T2.Meanwhile,SVV increased from 8%±5%to 17%±12%(P=0.012).Twenty-four patients were responders to intravascular volume insufficiency due to induction.SVV were significantly higher in responders than in non-responders(20%±13%vs 9%±4%,P=0.036).A threshold SVV value of 10.5%allowed discrimination between responders and non-responders to blood volume insufficiency,with a sensitivity of 75%and a specificity of 80%.The area under the curve for SVV was 0.875,and the 95%confidence interval was 0.689 to 1.000.Conclusion SVV exhibited reliable sensitivity and specificity in monitoring blood volume changes during induction in patients undergoing CABG.
stroke volume;fluid therapy;coronary artery bypass graft
R614.2
A
0258-4646(2016)05-0448-04
10.12007/j.issn.0258-4646.2016.05.017
袁治國(1973-),男,副教授,博士. E-mail:Zhiguoyuan_73@aliyun.com
2015-09-17
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