殷鵬飛,楊小翠,郭聯(lián)斌,賀永鋒,魏玉梅
安康市中心醫(yī)院1.消化病科;2.內(nèi)鏡室,陜西安康725000
貝伐單抗對裸鼠胃癌移植瘤免疫功能及血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子的影響
殷鵬飛1,楊小翠1,郭聯(lián)斌1,賀永鋒2,魏玉梅1
安康市中心醫(yī)院1.消化病科;2.內(nèi)鏡室,陜西安康725000
目的 探究不同劑量貝伐單抗對裸鼠胃癌移植瘤免疫功能及血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子(vascular endothelial cell growth factor,VEGF)的影響。方法 選擇雌性Balb/c裸鼠40只為研究對象,隨機分為對照組、模型組、貝伐單抗高劑量組、貝伐單抗低劑量組各10只。模型組、貝伐單抗高劑量組、貝伐單抗低劑量組采用人胃癌細胞BGC?823接種到實驗鼠皮下組織建立裸鼠模型,高劑量組用10 mg/kg貝伐單抗腹腔注射治療,低劑量組用5 mg/kg腹腔注射,模型組與對照組注射等量生理鹽水,4周后脫頸處死小鼠,比較腫瘤組織重量與抑瘤率、免疫功能、VEGF與微血管密度。結(jié)果 貝伐單抗干預組平均瘤重明顯低于模型組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗高劑量組平均瘤重明顯低于模型組,抑瘤率明顯高于低劑量組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗干預組血清白細胞介素?1(IL?1)、白細胞介素?2(IL?2)、腫瘤壞死因子?α(TNF?α)含量明顯高于模型組(P<0.05);高劑量貝伐單抗組血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α明顯高于低劑量貝伐單抗組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗干預組VEGF、微血管密度(MVD)明顯低于模型組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗高劑量組VEGF、MVD明顯低于低劑量組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 貝伐單抗對裸鼠胃癌移植瘤有明顯的抑制作用,可能與增強免疫功能、抑制抗VEGF等機制相關(guān),并呈現(xiàn)一定的劑量依賴性。
貝伐單抗;胃癌移植瘤;免疫功能;血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子
【Key words】 Bevacizumab;Gastric cancer xenograft;Immunologic function;Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
胃癌是我國發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤之一,在城鎮(zhèn)居民中排列第二,農(nóng)村居民排列第一。由于我國尚缺乏早期胃癌的篩查機制,臨床確診的胃癌患者多為中晚期,總體生存率較低[1]。血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子(vascular endothelial cell growth factor,VEGF)作為誘導血管內(nèi)皮生成的關(guān)鍵因子,決定著實體瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移的全過程[2]。患者自身對癌細胞的免疫反應也與腫瘤對機體的傷害密切相關(guān)。貝伐單抗是一種用于靶向治療的單克隆抗體,在晚期癌癥治療中有較為明顯的療效[3],但對于癌癥患者免疫功能與VEGF影響的文獻報道較少。本文通過建立裸鼠移植瘤模型的方法,探討貝伐單抗對裸鼠胃癌移植瘤免疫功能及VEGF水平的影響。
1.1 材料 人胃癌細胞BGC?823由上海消化外科研究所培養(yǎng)傳代;貝伐珠單抗注射液、白細胞介素?1(IL?1)、白細胞介素?2(IL?2)、腫瘤壞死因子?α(TNF?α)試劑盒購自深圳晶美生物有限公司(批準文號:國藥準字S20100024,規(guī)格100 mg∶4 ml);免疫組化試劑盒:日本DAKO公司;CD34:美國Abcam公司;VEGF:北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司;全自動生化分析儀:日本日立7600型;高速冷凍離心機:長沙湘儀離心機有限公司DL?5M。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 實驗動物:雌性Balb/c裸鼠40只,體質(zhì)量12~16 g,平均(14.26±1.23)g,4~6周齡,平均(5.02±0.76)周齡,購自大學動物實驗室(許可證號201512010),本研究報請醫(yī)院動物倫理委員會批準。
1.2.2 裸鼠移植瘤模型建立:將胃癌BGC?823懸液配置為1×107個/ml,用滴定管吸取0.1 ml接種于隨機抽取的60只實驗鼠皮下,1 d后觀察接種部位是否出現(xiàn)紅腫、潰破,若皮下結(jié)節(jié)長徑達4 mm,8 d后皮丘大小達75~100 mm則可判斷為移植瘤模型建立成功。
1.2.3 分組與治療:將人胃癌細胞BGC?823皮下組織接種的30只實驗鼠隨機分為高劑量組、低劑量組和模型組,高劑量組用10 mg/kg貝伐單抗腹腔注射(1次/d),低劑量組用5 mg/kg腹腔注射(1次/3 d),模型組注射等量生理鹽水,另取10只同批次實驗鼠作為對照組,注射等量生理鹽水。治療4周后處理小鼠,檢測指標。
1.3 觀察指標
1.3.1 平均瘤重與抑瘤率:給藥4周后,脫頸處死小鼠,剝離腫瘤稱量,計算抑瘤率(%)=(1-用藥組平均瘤重/模型組平均瘤重)×100%。
1.3.2 免疫功能:給藥4周后,取小鼠眼球血2 ml,凝固10 min后,3 000 r/min離心10 min(離心半徑r=3 cm)取上清液,檢測血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α含量。
1.3.3 VEGF與微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD):給藥4周后,脫頸處理小鼠取腫瘤組織標本,10%甲醛溶液固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋切片,HE染色觀察腫瘤組織形態(tài)變化,采用Western blotting檢測腫瘤組織VEGF表達,檢測腫瘤組織MVD。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析,瘤重、免疫功能、VEGF等計量資料用x ±s表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用配對t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 腫瘤組織病理學檢查 模型組腫瘤瘤體較大,質(zhì)地較軟,光學顯微鏡下可見表面呈淡紅色,腫瘤細胞完整,毛細血管豐富,與周圍組織分界清晰,腫瘤細胞排列緊密,切面滲血較多;貝伐單抗組腫瘤瘤體稍小,質(zhì)地較韌,光學顯微鏡下表面呈灰白色,可見壞死性中央?yún)^(qū),毛細胞血管減少,切面滲血較少,且貝伐單抗高劑量組細胞間隙更大(見圖1~2)。
圖1 三組小鼠腫瘤病理切片(HE 200×) A:模型組;B:低劑量組;C:高劑量組Fig 1 Tumor pathological sections of 3 groups of mice(HE 200×) A:model group;B:low dose group;C:high dose group
圖2 三組小鼠移植瘤MVD(HE 200×) A:模型組;B:低劑量組;C:高劑量組Fig 2 Transplanted tumor in 3 groups of mice MVD(HE 200×) A:model group;B:low dose group;C:high dose group
2.2 腫瘤重量與抑瘤率 貝伐單抗干預組平均瘤重明顯低于模型組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗高劑量組平均瘤重明顯低于模型組,抑瘤率明顯高于低劑量組(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.3 免疫功能 模型組血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α含量明顯低于對照組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗干預組血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α含量明顯高于模型組(P<0.05);高劑量貝伐單抗組血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α明顯高于低劑量貝伐單抗組(P<0.05,見表2)。
2.4 VEGF與MVD 模型組VEGF、MVD明顯高于對照組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗干預組VEGF、MVD明顯低于模型組(P<0.05);貝伐單抗高劑量組VEGF、MVD明顯低于低劑量組(P<0.05,見表3)。
表1 三組小鼠平均瘤重與抑瘤率比較(x ±s)Tab 1 Comparison of average tumor weight and tumor inhi?bition rate of mice among 3 groups(x ±s)
表2 四組小鼠血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α含量比較(x±s,ng/L)Tab 2 Comparison of serum levels of IL?1,IL?2,TNF?α of mice among 4 groups(x±s,ng/L)
表3 四組小鼠VEGF與MVD比較(x ±s)Tab 3 Comparison of VEGF and MVD of mice among 4 groups(x ±s)
貝伐單抗是應用于臨床的第一個抗血管藥物,可以有效阻斷VEGF對腫瘤增殖、分化、遷移的作用,能夠有效抑制腫瘤血管生成,減少腫瘤血供,降低血管通透性與腫瘤內(nèi)間質(zhì)壓[4]。多項藥物試驗和臨床研究表明貝伐單抗在結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌、非小細胞肺癌、乳腺癌等表現(xiàn)為實體結(jié)構(gòu)的腫瘤中有明顯的治療作用[5]。貝伐單抗是一種中和性抗體,其作用主要是抑制和破壞腫瘤血管內(nèi)皮細胞,但并不直接阻斷在腫瘤細胞內(nèi)復雜的信號傳導[6]。在抗腫瘤效果上,貝伐單抗干預組腫瘤重量明顯低于模型組,且呈劑量依賴性關(guān)系,Jin等[7]也有類似的文獻報道。
機體免疫功能低下是導致腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的重要原因,細胞因子在抗腫瘤治療中的作用也越來越受到重視。IL?1屬細胞因子家庭中一員,是聯(lián)系免疫系統(tǒng)與人體其他系統(tǒng)的有效介質(zhì),其中一種類型IL?1β是一種機制防御反應的具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的炎性細胞因子[8];IL?2是一種具有多向性與免疫功能強化有關(guān)的細胞因子,是反映機體免疫功能的重要指標,能夠激活殺傷細胞(LAK)與干擾素,導致腫瘤細胞發(fā)生程序性死亡[9];TNF?α具有直接抑制或殺傷腫瘤細胞的作用,也可通過介導免疫應答,造成腫瘤微血管損傷,抑制腫瘤血管形成,誘發(fā)腫瘤出血壞死[10]。貝伐單抗的抗腫瘤效果已經(jīng)得到了公認,貝伐單抗的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用也逐漸為人們所關(guān)注[11]。本研究中,貝伐單抗干預組血清IL?1、IL?2、TNF?α含量均明顯高于模型組,且高劑量組干預效果更好。
VEGF是誘導血管生成的關(guān)鍵因子,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、進展及侵犯深度、淋巴結(jié)及遠處轉(zhuǎn)移等惡性生物學行為密切相關(guān)[12]。在胃癌組織及患者血清中,VEGF是獨立預后因子之一[8],也是藥物治療的潛在靶點。周塵飛等[13]通過動物實驗證實,貝伐單抗能減少腫瘤內(nèi)MVD和VEGF表達,本文研究結(jié)果也支持這一觀點。
本研究結(jié)果表明,貝伐單抗對裸鼠胃癌移植瘤有明顯的抑制作用,可能與增強免疫功能、抑制抗VEGF等機制有關(guān),且高劑量貝伐單抗在短期內(nèi)療效更為顯著,其遠期療效及可能作用機制還有待更進一步的研究。
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(責任編輯:馬 軍)
Effects of Bevacizumab on the immunologic function and vascular endothelial cell growth factor of nude mice’s gastric cancer xenograft
YIN Pengfei1,YANG Xiaocui1,GUO Lianbin1,HE Yongfeng2,WEI Yumei1
1.Department of Gastroenterology;2.Department of Endoscope Room,the Center Hospital of Ankang,Ankang 725000,China
Objective To investigate the effects of Bevacizumab of different doses on the immunologic function and vascular endothelial cell growth factor(VEGF)of nude mice’s gastric cancer xenograft.Methods Forty female Balb/c nude mice were selected as object and divided into control group,model group,high?dose Bevacizumab group and low?dose Bevacizumab group with 10 mice per group.Method of inoculating human gastric carcinoma cells BGC?823 to the subcutaneous tissues of laboratory mice was adopted in model group,high?dose Bevacizumab group and low?dose Bevaci?zumab group in order to establish nude mice model;10 mg/kg Bevacizumab intraperitoneal injection was used in high?dose Bevacizumab group while 5 mg/kg Bevacizumab intraperitoneal injection was used in low?dose Bevacizumab group;equivalent normal saline injection was applied in the control group and model group.Four weeks later,mice were killed by cutting necks.Weights and anti?tumor rates of tumor tissues,immunologic function,VEGF as well as microvessel density were compared.Results The average tumor weights in Bevacizumab intervention group were apparently lower than those in model group;the average tumor weights in high?dose Bevacizumab group were apparently lower than those in model group and anti?tumor rate in high?dose Bevacizumab group was apparently higher than that in low?dose Bevaci?zumab group(P<0.05);content of serum interleukin?8(IL?1),interleukin?2(IL?2)and tumor necrosis factor?α(TNF?α)in Bevacizumab intervention group was apparently higher than that in model group(P<0.05);VEGF and mi?crovessel density(MVD)in Bevacizumab intervention group were apparently lower than those in model group(P<0.05);VEGF and MVD in high?dose Bevacizumab group were apparently lower than those in low?dose Bevacizumab group(P<0.05).Conclusion Bevacizumab had an obvious inhibiting effect on nude mice’s gastric cancer xenograft,which may be related with mechanisms including immune?enhancement function and the inhabitation of VEGF.Besides,Bev?acizumab was also found to be dose?dependent to some extent.
R735.2
A
1006-5709(2016)12-1455-04
2016?03?09
10.3969/j.issn.1006?5709.2016.12.045
陜西省科技攻關(guān)基金資助項目(06k11?G4)
殷鵬飛,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:炎癥性腸病、胃腸疾病、消化道腫瘤的診治。E?mail:54241107@qq.com