備考新題型之“七選五”

安徽省太和中學　王永輝

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備考新題型之“七選五”

安徽省太和中學王永輝

隨著高考改革的深入，2016年的高考中，將有更多的省市使用全國新課標卷，這意味著將有更多的學生要面對一些新題型?！捌哌x五”就是其中一種新題型。該類題型給出一段被抽去五個句子的短文，然后在短文后又給出了七個備選項，要求學生從這七個備選項中選出五個選項，分別填入短文空格處，使短文意思完整、通順，主要考查學生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。

【命題分析】

《考試說明》對該題型命題目的的表述是：“主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！币虼?，題目設置主要有以下三種類型：主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）。多余的兩個干擾項也往往從這三方面進行設置，例如，主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。

【解題技巧】

做“七選五”題目可以從以下兩點入手：

（一）詞匯的復現(xiàn)

一篇文章所表達的主題基本上是不變的，所以我們在做題時，可關(guān)注備選項中的關(guān)鍵詞與空格前后語句中的詞的重復，這種重復包括原詞、同義詞、代詞、上下義詞、同一范疇詞或數(shù)詞的復現(xiàn)。

【典例1】（2014年新課標Ⅰ卷）The jobs of the future have not yet been invented.＿＿Byhelpingthem develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

A.Encourage kids to cook with you.

B.And we can't forget science education.

C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don't yet exist？

E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

解析D該選項中出現(xiàn)了與空格前后句中相同的詞匯jobs，help。這種是原詞復現(xiàn)，較為容易找到答案。

（二）邏輯關(guān)系

“七選五”題目對邏輯關(guān)系的考查主要集中在以下幾種關(guān)系上：例證、解釋、因果、順承或轉(zhuǎn)折。這種類型的題目需要學生在正確翻譯句意的基礎(chǔ)上，理清前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，作出正確的選擇。

【典例2】（2013年新課標Ⅰ卷）Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want.The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services.Most businesses seek to make a profit（利潤）—that is，they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 1Commonly called nonprofits，these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 2

A.Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.

B.In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.

C.Examples of nonprofit business include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.

D.However，some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.

E.The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.

F.In the theory of business management，organization has two main aspects.

G.Planning in business management has three main aspects.

解析1.D 2.C空格1前講到大多數(shù)商業(yè)是為了營利，再根據(jù)空格后的Commonly called nonprofits可知，此處為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。為說明清楚，又例舉例子，空格2與前句之間為例證關(guān)系。

【實戰(zhàn)演練】

（2015年新課標Ⅰ卷）Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.36Trust is a risk.But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately，we've all been victims of betrayal.Whether we've been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.

37It's understandable，but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.

·38Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.

·39If you've been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But there's a difference between being a victim and living with a“victim mentality”.At some point in all of our lives，we'llhave our trust tested or violated.

·You didn't lose“everything”.Once trust is lost，what is left？Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle，look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.

40Instead，it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.

【要點綜述】本文是一篇說明文。信任是一種從過去經(jīng)歷中學到的行為。可是，人與人之間總是缺乏信任。人們總是認為自己才是受害者，于是，誤解和矛盾就出現(xiàn)了。本文從不同的角度告訴我們建立信任的三個步驟。

【篇章結(jié)構(gòu)】本文采用總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段重點指出信任的重要性，第二段在第一段的基礎(chǔ)上提出問題：雖然人與人之間的信任很重要，不幸的是人與人之間總是缺乏信任。本段最后用一個承上啟下的過渡句，引出下文的三個建立信任的步驟、方法。

【語言點解析】

1.But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

本句中“you can't be successful”為主句部分，“when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake”為時間狀語從句。在時間狀語從句中，“that results from an action”為“a lack of trust”的定語從句；“where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake”為“action”的定語從句。句意：在人際關(guān)系中，如果存在著由于過錯方不愿意承擔責任去彌補過錯的行為而引起的信任缺乏，你是不可能成功的。

詞匯短語分析

①result from由于（后接原因）；另result in意為“導致”，后接結(jié)果。

②take responsibility承擔責任

2.Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what thebest outcome would be for your well-being.

句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

本句中“having confidence in yourself”為動名詞作主語，“will help”為謂語動詞，“you”為賓語，“make better choices”為賓語補足語。此處使用了“help somebody（to）do”結(jié)構(gòu)?！癰ecause you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being”為原因狀語從句，在此從句中，what引導的為賓語從句，what在賓語從句中作表語。句意：對你自己有信心將有助于你做出更好的選擇，因為你可以看到你的快樂會有什么樣的最好結(jié)果！

詞匯短語分析

①have confidence in對……有信心

②outcome n.結(jié)果，結(jié)局；成果

③well-being n.幸福、快樂

【解題思路分析】

36.答案：B?？崭袂昂蟮木渥泳詔rust為主語，故填入空格中的句子不可能偏離該主題，故選B項，B項中的it正代指trust，該句依然解釋“trust”。此題要注意前后語句表達主題的一致性，我們在做題時，可關(guān)注備選項中的個別詞與空格前后語句中的詞的重復，這種重復包括原詞、同義詞或代詞的復現(xiàn)。本題中的代詞it與空格前后的主語trust重復。

37.答案：E。根據(jù)前句“Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore”可知選擇E項，對前句進一步解釋，“因為受到嚴重的傷害而不能忍受這樣的事情再次發(fā)生”。此題在正確理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上，分析判斷是因果關(guān)系，空格句給出了前句的原因。

38.答案：A。本句為段首句，也是段落主題，A項中的“trust yourself”和下文中的“Having confidence in yourself”顯示出了一致的主題。此類題目為段落主題句的選擇，空格大多設在段首。這需要我們歸納、概括段落大意。我們還可通過關(guān)注本段反復出現(xiàn)的詞匯（即段落主題詞）在哪個備選項中有出現(xiàn)，從而選出正確答案，比如本題選項中的“trust yourself”和段落中的“Having confidence in yourself”。

39.答案：C。根據(jù)下一句“If you've been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.（如果你被出賣了，你是這種境遇下的受害者）”的解釋，可知選擇C項“不要把自己視為受害者”。本題與第38題屬于同一種類型。

40.答案：G。由instead可以判斷前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合本段主題可知答案選G項?！翱吹绞挛锓e極的一面并不意味著你忽略已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，正相反，它是你度過這段經(jīng)歷去積極成長和寬恕的一種健康的方式”。空格后面接有關(guān)聯(lián)詞的題目較為容易，因為關(guān)聯(lián)詞已經(jīng)告訴你前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，從備選項中選出與之有該種邏輯關(guān)系的選項即可。