謝 玲 陳 平 袁曉琴 吳云林 許蘭濤 王 偉 朱時燕 忻笑容 周郁芬 俞驍珺
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院北院消化內(nèi)科(201801)
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上海市嘉定區(qū)2 652枚結(jié)直腸息肉臨床病理分析
謝玲*陳平袁曉琴吳云林#許蘭濤王偉朱時燕忻笑容周郁芬俞驍珺
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院北院消化內(nèi)科(201801)
背景:結(jié)直腸息肉特別是腺瘤性息肉為結(jié)直腸癌前病變,結(jié)腸鏡檢查檢出并切除息肉對結(jié)直腸癌的預防具有重要意義。目的:對上海市嘉定區(qū)1 613例結(jié)直腸息肉患者進行回顧性分析,為結(jié)直腸息肉的內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)測管理提供依據(jù)。方法:2013年1月—2014年8月上海瑞金醫(yī)院北院內(nèi)鏡中心檢出的2 652枚結(jié)直腸息肉納入研究,對息肉臨床病理特征、活檢與內(nèi)鏡切除標本病理診斷符合率以及隨訪期間息肉再次檢出情況進行統(tǒng)計分析。結(jié)果:2 652枚結(jié)直腸息肉中75.3%(1 996枚)為遠端結(jié)腸息肉,腺瘤性息肉占77.5%(2 056枚),其中39.1%(804枚)發(fā)生上皮內(nèi)瘤變。447枚息肉同時取活檢并在切除后送病理檢查,兩次病理診斷總體符合率為60.4%,其中腺瘤性息肉符合率為68.1%。術(shù)后1.5年復查結(jié)腸鏡再次檢出息肉并送病理檢查共218枚,腺瘤性息肉占74.3%,近端結(jié)腸和直徑≤1.0 cm 的息肉再次檢出率分別顯著高于遠端結(jié)腸和直徑>1.0 cm者(12.3%對6.9%,9.0%對4.5%,P均<0.01)。結(jié)論:腺瘤性息肉在結(jié)腸鏡檢查檢出的息肉中占比較高;應重視息肉切除后標本的病理檢查和定期隨訪。
關(guān)鍵詞結(jié)直腸息肉;腺瘤性息肉;結(jié)腸鏡檢查;回顧性研究
Clinicopathological Analysis of 2 652 Colorectal Polyps in Jiading District, Shanghai, China
XIELing,CHENPing,YUANXiaoqin,WUYunlin,XULantao,WANGWei,ZHUShiyan,XINXiaorong,ZHOUYufen,YUXiaojun.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,RuijinHospitalNorthernBranch,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai(201801)
Correspondence to: WU Yunlin, Email: wuyunlin1951@163.com
Background: Colorectal polyps, especially adenomatous polyps are the precusor of colorectal cancer. Screening and polypectomy by using colonoscopy is an important approach for prevention of colorectal cancer. Aims: To conduct a retrospective analysis among 1 613 cases of patients with colorectal polyps in Jiading District, Shanghai, China for guiding the management of colonoscopy surveillance of colorectal polyps. Methods: A total of 2 652 colorectal polyps detected by colonoscopy from Jan. 2013 to Aug. 2014 in the Endoscopy Center of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Northern Branch were recruited in the study. Clinicopathological features of the polyps, coincidence rate of biopsy pathology and polypectomy pathology, and the re-detected polyps in colonoscopic follow-up were analyzed. Results: In 2 652 colorectal polyps, 1 996 (75.3%) were located in distal colon; adenomatous polyps accounted for 77.5% (2 056/2 652) of the polyps detected by colonoscopy, of which 804 (39.1%) were found to have intraepithelial neoplasia. Both biopsy pathology and polypectomy pathology were obtained in 447 polyps, with an overall coincidence rate of 60.4%; as for adenomas, the coincidence rate was 68.1%. Two hundred and eighteen pathologically proved polyps were found in a 1.5-year colonoscopic follow-up, among which 74.3% were adenomatous polyps; the re-detection rate of polyps located in proximal colon or less than 1.0 cm in diameter was significantly higher than polyps located in distal colon and more than 1.0 cm in diameter, respectively (12.3%vs. 6.9% and 9.0%vs. 4.5%,Pall <0.01). Conclusions: Adenomatous polyps account for high proportion of colorectal polyps detected by colonoscopy. Pathological examination of resection specimens and periodical follow-up are important for patients with colorectal polyps after endoscopic polypectomy.
Key wordsColorectal Polyps;Adenomatous Polyps;Colonoscopy;Retrospective Studies
結(jié)直腸息肉為結(jié)直腸癌前病變,結(jié)腸鏡檢查檢出并切除息肉對結(jié)直腸癌的預防具有重要意義。結(jié)直腸息肉根據(jù)組織學類型可分為腺瘤性息肉和瘤樣病變,腺瘤性息肉包括管狀腺瘤、絨毛狀腺瘤、絨毛狀管狀腺瘤和近年逐漸被認識的鋸齒狀腺瘤,瘤樣病變則包括錯構(gòu)瘤性、炎性、化生性/增生性息肉以及其他類型[1]。各型結(jié)直腸息肉中以腺瘤性息肉占比最高,主要發(fā)生于中老年。本研究對上海市嘉定區(qū)1 613例結(jié)直腸息肉患者2 652枚息肉的臨床病理特征和隨訪結(jié)果進行回顧性分析,旨在為結(jié)直腸息肉的內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)測管理提供依據(jù)。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
2013年1月—2014年8月,上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院北院內(nèi)鏡中心共6 605例患者行結(jié)腸鏡檢查,其中1 613例檢出結(jié)直腸息肉、臨床病理資料完整并接受隨訪者納入研究。1 613例患者中男1 013例,女600例,年齡14~89歲,≤60歲817例,>60歲796例;共檢出結(jié)直腸息肉2 652枚。
二、結(jié)腸鏡檢查
患者檢查前2~3 d流質(zhì)飲食(如有便秘,檢查前2 d起每晚服用比沙可啶5 mg),檢查前1 d使用復方聚乙二醇電解質(zhì)散行腸道準備,總量3 000 mL,囑患者多飲水,以保證排泄干凈。檢查過程中根據(jù)息肉部位、大小、形態(tài)以及患者具體情況選用氬離子凝固術(shù)(APC)、圈套摘除、熱活檢鉗咬除、內(nèi)鏡黏膜切除術(shù)(EMR)、內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)(ESD)等方式切除息肉?;顧z標本和切除的息肉送病理檢查,上皮內(nèi)瘤變根據(jù)2000年WHO腫瘤學分類分為低級別和高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變。
三、統(tǒng)計學分析
應用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件,計數(shù)資料以百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結(jié)果
一、息肉臨床病理特征
單發(fā)息肉患者共1 005例(62.3%),占比高于多發(fā)息肉。2 652枚息肉中,≤60歲者1 285枚,>60 歲者1 367枚,>60歲者人均息肉枚數(shù)高于≤60 歲者[1.72(1 367/796)對1.57(1 285/817)]。2 182枚(82.3%)息肉直徑≤1.0 cm,其中≤60歲者1 087枚,>60歲者1 095枚。遠端結(jié)腸息肉占比遠高于近端結(jié)腸(75.3%,1 996枚),以直乙狀結(jié)腸息肉占比最高(50.2%,1 330枚)。
息肉外觀以表面光滑者居多(86.5%,2 295枚),病理類型以腺瘤性息肉居多(77.5%,2 056枚)。>60歲者檢出的息肉中腺瘤性息肉占81.4%(1 113/1 367),≤60歲者占73.4%(943/1 285),組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。
2 056枚腺瘤性息肉中檢出上皮內(nèi)瘤變804枚(39.1%),癌變28枚(1.4%)(表1)。上皮內(nèi)瘤變息肉中直徑≤1.0 cm 558枚(69.4%),>1.0 cm 246枚(30.6%);分布于近端結(jié)腸310枚,遠端結(jié)腸494枚,近、遠端結(jié)腸上皮內(nèi)瘤變檢出率差異顯著[47.3%(310/656)對24.7%(494/1 996),P<0.01]。
表1 2 056枚腺瘤性息肉的上皮內(nèi)瘤變和癌變情況(n)
二、息肉活檢與內(nèi)鏡切除標本病理結(jié)果比較
447枚息肉同時取活檢并在切除后送病理檢查,活檢標本與內(nèi)鏡切除標本病理診斷總體符合率為60.4%(270/447),其中腺瘤性息肉符合率為68.1%(261/383),非腺瘤性息肉符合率為7.1%(2/28),癌變符合率為19.4%(7/36)。
三、術(shù)后隨訪
術(shù)后1.5年復查結(jié)腸鏡再次檢出息肉并送病理檢查共218枚。再次檢出息肉情況:總體再次檢出率8.2%(218/2 652),其中腺瘤性息肉占74.3%(162枚);≤60歲者76枚(34.9%),>60歲者142枚(65.1%);直徑<0.5 cm 68枚(31.2%),0.5~1.0 cm 129枚(59.2%),>1.0 cm 21枚(9.6%);回盲部9枚(4.1%),升結(jié)腸23枚(10.6%),肝曲4枚(1.8%),橫結(jié)腸45枚(20.6%),脾曲0枚,降結(jié)腸44枚(20.2%),乙狀結(jié)腸57枚(26.1%),直腸36枚(16.5%)。近端結(jié)腸息肉特別是腺瘤性息肉再次檢出率顯著高于遠端結(jié)腸(P<0.01);直徑≤1.0 cm的息肉再次檢出率顯著高于直徑>1.0 cm者(P<0.01);無蒂息肉再次檢出率略高于有蒂息肉,但組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)(表2)。所有再次檢出的息肉均未發(fā)生癌變。
表2 術(shù)后1.5年再次檢出息肉情況分析n/N(%)
討論
隨著國人飲食習慣的改變(高脂食物攝入增多)以及結(jié)腸鏡檢查的廣泛開展,我國結(jié)直腸息肉的發(fā)病率和檢出率呈上升趨勢。一般認為結(jié)直腸息肉好發(fā)于左半結(jié)腸,本組1 613例患者2 652枚結(jié)直腸息肉的分析結(jié)果符合此特點。在檢出的息肉中,以腺瘤性息肉占比最高。作為臨床常見疾病,腺瘤性息肉被認為與結(jié)直腸癌密切相關(guān),幾乎所有結(jié)直腸腺癌均起源于腺瘤[2]。故目前對結(jié)直腸息肉的處理原則為:一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)即行內(nèi)鏡切除。
結(jié)直腸息肉的惡變與其大小、形態(tài)和病理類型有關(guān),特別是腺瘤性息肉,直徑越大,癌變率越高。本組數(shù)據(jù)提示,在檢出的結(jié)直腸息肉中,>60歲者腺瘤性息肉占比顯著高于≤60歲者,與既往研究提示的結(jié)直腸腺瘤好發(fā)于老年人相一致[3]。此外,體質(zhì)指數(shù)增加與腺瘤形成可能呈正相關(guān)[4],性別、年齡、腺瘤大小、數(shù)量及其病理類型均為腺瘤復發(fā)的高危因素[5]。
由于結(jié)直腸腺瘤的確診依靠組織病理學檢查,在對無癥狀人群的檢查中(如結(jié)直腸癌篩查),組織學評估結(jié)果對區(qū)分良惡性息肉及其診斷和治療具有重要意義[6]。本研究分析結(jié)果顯示,同一枚息肉活檢與內(nèi)鏡切除標本病理檢查結(jié)果的符合率為60.4%,其中腺瘤性息肉符合率為68.1%,表明息肉治療前后診斷符合率不高,故常規(guī)息肉治療后的病理復查尤為必要,此點需引起臨床和內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師的重視。導致活檢與切除標本病理結(jié)果不一致的因素主要有:①病變中混有不同病理類型的細胞,如癌細胞和腺瘤細胞,而活檢可能僅取到腺瘤細胞;②活檢與切除之間存在時間差,腺瘤可能在此時間段內(nèi)演變?yōu)橄侔?;③同一部位存在多枚息肉,活檢息肉與切除息肉并非同一枚息肉[7]。因此,內(nèi)鏡活檢標本不能完全代表整個病變標本,要獲得最終明確診斷,必須完整切除病變送病理檢查。
有學者提出通過深層活檢可提高腺瘤性息肉的檢出率[8]。因此,如第一次活檢未見異常,可進一步深取活檢;如第一次活檢結(jié)果已提示為腺瘤性息肉,則無需再次活檢[9]。在首次結(jié)腸鏡檢查以及結(jié)腸鏡隨訪中,首先應完成全結(jié)腸檢查,以減少漏診和復發(fā)[10]。有研究表明,結(jié)直腸腺瘤切除后3~5年的復發(fā)率為20%~50%[11],即使腺瘤已切除,患者發(fā)生腺癌的風險仍高于一般人群[12-13],提醒臨床醫(yī)師須重視結(jié)腸鏡復查的時間間隔和次數(shù)。在美國結(jié)直腸癌多學科工作組(USMSTF)制訂的《息肉篩查和切除后結(jié)腸鏡監(jiān)測指南》[14]中,根據(jù)監(jiān)測期間發(fā)生進展期腺瘤的風險高低將受檢者分為低風險組和高風險組,兩組隨訪時間不同。腺瘤數(shù)量≥3個或發(fā)生高級別上皮內(nèi)瘤變的腺瘤,內(nèi)鏡治療后仍易復發(fā)[15]。關(guān)于結(jié)腸鏡復查時間的制定,很多國家建議的間隔時間短于美國胃腸病學會的推薦,如日本[16]、荷蘭[17]等,高風險腺瘤切除后,通常應在3~6個月后復查結(jié)腸鏡以確認息肉是否完全切除[18]。某些客觀因素,如結(jié)腸鏡檢查前未限制飲食或腸道準備不充分[19]、檢查過程中出現(xiàn)某些意外情況如基礎(chǔ)疾病發(fā)作、患者對檢查過程難以耐受等,亦為建議縮短復查時間的依據(jù)。本組受檢者結(jié)腸鏡復查時間為術(shù)后1.5年,未發(fā)現(xiàn)息肉癌變。
漏診息肉數(shù)通常定義為兩次結(jié)腸鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)的息肉總數(shù)與首次檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)的息肉數(shù)的差值,有研究[20]顯示,息肉、腺瘤、直徑<5 mm腺瘤、≥5 mm腺瘤和進展期腺瘤的漏診率分別為32.6%、20.9%、17.7%、3.2%和0.9%,扁平狀或直徑<5 mm的腺瘤更易漏診。由于本組患者結(jié)腸鏡隨訪距首次檢查的時間為1.5年,故再次檢出的息肉可能既包含漏診息肉又包含復發(fā)息肉,分析結(jié)果顯示息肉再次檢出率與息肉部位、大小有關(guān),與息肉形態(tài)無明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。近端結(jié)腸息肉和腺瘤的再次檢出率均高于遠端結(jié)腸,直徑≤1 cm的小息肉再次檢出率亦較高。操作者之間經(jīng)驗和技能的差異、對息肉特征評估的差異以及腸道準備等因素均可能影響息肉檢出,復查與初次檢查宜由同一人操作[21]。
綜上所述,腺瘤性息肉在結(jié)腸鏡檢查檢出的息肉中占比較高;應重視息肉切除后標本的病理檢查和定期隨訪。結(jié)腸鏡復查對于預防結(jié)直腸息肉復發(fā)和癌變具有重要意義,強化結(jié)腸鏡監(jiān)測管理制度可有效減少結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生。
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(2015-07-07收稿;2015-09-13修回)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.04.006
*Email: xieling0131@163.com
#本文通信作者,Email: wuyunlin1951@163.com