俞江濤
狀語(yǔ)從句在英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用非常廣泛,同時(shí)也是高考英語(yǔ)考查的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)側(cè)重where,before,unless,when,whatever(no matter what),however(no matter how)等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,以及其它慣用狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu),如as,be just about to ... when; it wont be long before ... 等的用法。
[時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句]
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用的連詞有when,while,as,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,once,the moment,whenever,by the time,hardly ... when,no sooner ... than等的用法。
1. when,while和as
(1)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)既可以表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,也可以表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。從句的動(dòng)作既可以和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可以先于主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),可與while互換。
注意:①在when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同,且動(dòng)詞又是be動(dòng)詞時(shí),主語(yǔ)與be動(dòng)詞常常被省略。
②在when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,若要表示有關(guān)將來(lái)的事情,通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。
③when還可以用作并列連詞,意為“正在這時(shí)(=at that/this time);然后(=and then)”,此時(shí)通常與be about to do,be doing或be on the point of doing連用。
(2)while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生。while還可作并列連詞,側(cè)重主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作的對(duì)比。
(3)as強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的相并發(fā)生,意為“一邊……一邊……”,也可以用來(lái)說(shuō)明兩種正在發(fā)展和變化的情況,此時(shí)常意為“隨著”。
例1 (2015福建卷) the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.
A. While B. Unless
C. Since D. Until
解釋 A。本題考查狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞用法。句意為:雖然這些學(xué)生來(lái)自不同的國(guó)家,但他們?cè)谙牧顮I(yíng)相處得很融洽。while常見(jiàn)含意有“雖然;然而,而;在……期間,當(dāng)……時(shí);趁著”等,此處為“雖然”之意。
2. before和since
(1)before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示未來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。如果before引導(dǎo)的從句是過(guò)去時(shí),主句可為過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。before還可用于句型“It will be+段時(shí)間+before從句”表示“過(guò)多久才……”。
(2)在since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去式,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(主句表示時(shí)間時(shí)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))。如:
It has been ten years since I came to know him.
It is ten years since I came to know him.
例2 (2015重慶卷)If you miss this chance, it may be years you get another one.
A. as B. before
C. since D. after
解釋 B。before用于句型“It will/may be+段時(shí)間+before從句”表示“過(guò)多久才……”。
例3 (2013陜西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you I came back from abroad.
A. since B. until
C. before D. when
解釋 A。在since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去式,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
3. until和till
until和till意義相同,通??蓳Q用,但在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句或句首時(shí),一般用until。在肯定句中,當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常意思為“直到……為止”,表示主句動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到until/till從句表示的時(shí)間才終止;在否定句中,當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常意思為“直到……才(做……)”,表示主句動(dòng)作到until/till從句表示的時(shí)間才開(kāi)始。
4. 表示“一……就……”
如the moment/the instant/the minute,each time/every time, the first/the last/the next time等和某些時(shí)間副詞如immediately/instantly/directly等,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when
no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意為“一…… 就……”。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。注意其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例4 (2012全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A. when B. than
C. until D. after
解釋 A。只要辨認(rèn)出固定句型hardly ... when ... 問(wèn)題即刻解決。句意:我剛到辦公室,我妻子就給我打電話讓我立刻回家。
[原因狀語(yǔ)從句]
1. because, since和as
(1)because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常表示直接的原因,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)。在回答why問(wèn)句時(shí),只能用because而不能用since或as來(lái)回答。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,如強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,要用because來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。
(2)since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常表示已知的原因,意為“既然”,語(yǔ)氣較because弱,且常置于句首。
(3)as引導(dǎo)愿因狀語(yǔ)從句表示的原因較明顯,且為雙方所知,通常置于句首。
注意:并列連詞for可引導(dǎo)表示原因的并列句,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)前句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。它通常不置于句首,并須用逗號(hào)與前句隔開(kāi)。
例5 (2012重慶卷)—Coach, can I continue with the training?
—Sorry, you cant, you havent recovered from the knee injury.
A. until B. because
C. to consider D. unless
解釋 C。短語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境表示“抱歉,你不能繼續(xù)訓(xùn)練因?yàn)槟阆ドw受的傷還沒(méi)有恢復(fù)”。由此可知,空白處后面為原因狀語(yǔ)從句,C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
2. now that(其中that可省略)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“既然”。
例6 youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After
C. Although D. As soon as
解釋 A。由句意“既然現(xiàn)在你有個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),你就應(yīng)該充分利用它”可知,此處用now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,意思為“既然”。
[地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句]
1. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句由where,wherever引導(dǎo)。
2. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:從句前應(yīng)有一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞;先行詞在從句中必須充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句則沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的名詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。如:
Go back to the village where you came from. (定語(yǔ)從句)
Go back where you came from. (狀語(yǔ)從句)
例7 (2015安徽卷) he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
A. Where B. As
C. In case D. Now that
解釋 A。此處是where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“在……地方”。句意:在他曾經(jīng)想要放棄的地方,他有了繼續(xù)前行、深入的目的。
[讓步狀語(yǔ)從句]
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞常用的有though, although,even if,even though,as(既然),whether ... or,no matter who/what/which/where/how等。
1. no matter who/what/which/where引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可與whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever互換,但whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,此時(shí)不可用no matter who/what/which/where替換。however/no matter how修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),該形容詞或副詞必須放在however/no matter how之后。
例8 (2013江蘇卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A. whatever B. whoever
C. wherever D. whichever
解釋 C。句意:在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中,一種治療癌癥的新藥,無(wú)論它是在哪兒被發(fā)現(xiàn),都將在全球產(chǎn)生很多經(jīng)濟(jì)上的可能性。在狀語(yǔ)從句“ it is discovered”中,不缺少任何主要成分,引導(dǎo)詞只能在從句中作狀語(yǔ),而只有wherever是副詞性的。
例9 (2013江蘇卷)One can always manage to do more things, no matter full ones schedule is in life.
A. how B. what
C. when D. where
解釋 A。句意:不論一個(gè)人的日程有多么滿,他總是能設(shè)法做更多的事情。no matter how=however。根據(jù)how+adj./adv.的原則,full是形容詞,所以選A。
2. though,although和as
(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),須用倒裝語(yǔ)序,意為“盡管”。
(2)although和though均可作從屬連詞,意為“雖然;盡管”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),??苫Q,但although引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句首。
例10 (2012陜西卷)Hot the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
A. although B. as
C. while D. however
解釋 B。hot是做從句的表語(yǔ),提前說(shuō)明從句時(shí)倒裝,即as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,要將從句中的表語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),或動(dòng)詞原形提到as之前。
3. even if和even though
even if和even though均可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“即使”。但even if引導(dǎo)的從句含有強(qiáng)烈的假定性,而even though則多以從句的內(nèi)容為前提。
例11 (2014北京卷) the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.
A. As B. When
C. Even though D. In case
解釋 C 。as意為“盡管”時(shí)需用倒裝語(yǔ)序,when意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,even though意為“即使”,In case意為“以防”。由題意可知,“盡管森林公園很遠(yuǎn),每年仍然有很多游客”。
[條件狀語(yǔ)從句]
引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞有if,unless, so/as long as(只要),on condition that (a),in case,suppose/supposing/providing等。
例12 (2015北京卷)You wont find paper cutting difficult you keep practicing it.
A. even if B. as long as
C. as if D. ever since
解釋 B。其中A項(xiàng)意思為“即使”;B項(xiàng)意思為“只要”;C項(xiàng)意思為“好像”;D項(xiàng)意思為“自從”。句意:只要你堅(jiān)持練習(xí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)剪紙不難。
例13 (2015江蘇卷)It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.
A. if B. unless
C. once D. when
解釋 B。句意:天氣如此冷以至于除非全身穿著厚衣服你才能到外面去。A項(xiàng)意思為“如果”,B項(xiàng)意思為“除非”,C項(xiàng)意思為“一旦”,D項(xiàng)意思為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。
[目的和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句]
引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so that,in order that,lest等。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so,so that,so/such...that等。
注意:so that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,區(qū)別在于:引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用;引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),一般不與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,且so that前常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。試比較:
I got up early so that I might be in time for the early train. (目的狀語(yǔ)從句)
I got up early, so that I was in time for the early train. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
例14 (2014浙江卷)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family.
A. now that B. as if
C. only if D. so that
解釋 D。句意為:當(dāng)她的兒子出生時(shí),凱西已經(jīng)辭去了她的工作以便能呆在家里照顧家人。