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      “9·11”后的美國大學(xué):國土安全專業(yè)的崛起

      2016-05-30 15:39:42
      留學(xué) 2016年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:學(xué)位國土情報(bào)

      An?information?and?intelligence?shift?has?emerged?in?America's?national?security?state?over?the?last?two?decades,?and?that?change?has?been?reflected?in?the?country's?educational?institutions?as?they?have?become?increasingly?tied?to?the?military,?intelligence,?and?law?enforcement?worlds.?This?is?why?VICE?News?has?analyzed?and?ranked?the?100?most?militarized?universities?in?America.

      在過去的20年間,美國進(jìn)入了信息和情報(bào)的時(shí)代。這一轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)美國的高等教育產(chǎn)生了連鎖影響,即學(xué)校與軍事、情報(bào)和法律等領(lǐng)域的聯(lián)系在逐步增強(qiáng)。針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象,VICE?News進(jìn)行了研究,并列出了100所美國最“軍事化”的大學(xué)。

      Militarized?Talents

      “軍事化”人才

      The?term?militarized?was?not?meant?to?simply?evoke?robust?campus?police?forces?or?ROTC?drills?held?on?a?campus?quad.?It?was?also?a?measure?of?university?labs?funded?by?US?intelligence?agencies,?administrators?with?strong?ties?to?those?same?agencies,?and,?most?importantly,?the?educational?backgrounds?of?the?approximately?1.4?million?people?who?hold?Top?Secret?clearance?in?the?United? States.

      用“軍事化”一詞來描述學(xué)校,本意并不是指學(xué)校具備多強(qiáng)大的警力,或者能夠舉行后備軍官訓(xùn)練。這份排名主要考慮兩個(gè)方面:一是學(xué)校里面有美國情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)以及類似機(jī)構(gòu)管理者們資助的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。二是1,400,000多名擁有美國最高機(jī)密許可人的教育背景。

      Today's?national?security?state?includes?a?growing?cadre?of?technicians?and?security?professionals?who?sit?at?computers?and?manage?vast?amounts?of?data;?they?far?outnumber?conventional?soldiers?and?spies.?And?as?the?skills?demanded?from?these?digital?warriors?have?evolved,?higher?education?has?evolved?with?them.

      各國維護(hù)國家安全的隊(duì)伍中都有一群技術(shù)骨干和安全專家,他們坐在電腦前動(dòng)動(dòng)手指,就能操控龐大的數(shù)據(jù)群,而這個(gè)群體的影響力還在繼續(xù)增加,數(shù)量更是遠(yuǎn)超傳統(tǒng)意義上的士兵和間諜。正是由于時(shí)代對(duì)于這些?“數(shù)字化士兵”的需求在不斷衍變,高等教育也隨之進(jìn)化了。

      The?100?schools?named?in?the?VICE?News?rankings?produce?the?greatest?number?of?students?who?are?employed?by?the?Intelligence?Community?(IC),?have?the?closest?relationships?with?the?national?security?state,?and?profit?the?most?from?American?war-waging.

      此次入選VICE?News排行榜的100所學(xué)校培養(yǎng)了最龐大的學(xué)生群體,他們畢業(yè)后多就職于情報(bào)部門,或與美國國家安全部聯(lián)系極其密切。

      National?security-related?degree?programs?cater?not?just?to?new?technologies?and?education?needs,?but?also?to?the?careers?of?a?regimented?workforce,?offering?distance?learning,?flexible?credits,?and?easy?transfers?to?accommodate?frequent?deployments,?assignment?changes,?and?shift?work.

      美國設(shè)置這類安全類學(xué)位不僅出于科教目的,更重要的目的是為了給大量軍隊(duì)里的在職工作者提供方便參與的課程,使其可以遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí),獲取靈活的學(xué)分,同時(shí)更容易被調(diào)動(dòng),更適應(yīng)頻繁的派遣、任務(wù)變換和倒 班。

      Ranking?Analysis

      排名分析

      Four?categories?of?institutions?of?higher?education?dominate?the?VICE?News?list?of?the?100?most?militarized?universities?in?America:?schools?whose?students?attain?their?degrees?predominantly?online;?schools?that?are?heavily?involved?in?research?and?development?for?defense,?intelligence,?and?security?clients;?schools?in?the?Washington,?DC?area;?and?schools?that?are?newly?focused?on?homeland?security.

      此次排名中主要有四類美國高等院校:線上獲取學(xué)位的學(xué)校;以國防、情報(bào)和安全客戶端發(fā)展為主的研究類學(xué)校;集中在華盛頓特區(qū)的學(xué)校;專攻國土安全的學(xué)校。

      The?rankings?rely?on?a?unique?dataset?of?more?than?90,000?individuals?who?have?worked?in?and?around?the?IC?since?9/11.?The?sample?represents?approximately?6?percent?of?all?the?people?in?the?US?with?a?Top?Secret?clearance,?and?includes?military?and?law?enforcement?personnel,?government?civilian?employees,?and?contractors?at?the?federal,?state,?and?local?levels.

      排名建立在一個(gè)獨(dú)特的資料組的基礎(chǔ)上。資料組囊括了90,000多人,他們從“9·11”事件之后開始在情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)工作。被抽取的人代表在美國擁有最高機(jī)密許可的工作者之中的6%,其中包括軍事和執(zhí)法人員,政府中的平民雇員,和與聯(lián)邦、國家和地方簽訂合約的人。

      The?rankings?were?initially?calculated?based?on?how?many?people?in?the?IC?had?degrees?and?certificates?from?each?school,?then?adjusted?using?51?additional?factors,?running?the?gamut?from?federal?funding?amounts?to?a?designation?as?an?Intelligence?Community?Center?of?Academic?Excellence?to?participation?in?federal?domestic?security?task?forces.

      排名以從每個(gè)學(xué)校獲取學(xué)位或證書的情報(bào)工作者的數(shù)量及其他51個(gè)附加因素來進(jìn)行判斷,其中包括聯(lián)邦撥款的基金數(shù)額、情報(bào)團(tuán)體中心的學(xué)術(shù)卓越度,以及學(xué)校對(duì)聯(lián)邦安全事務(wù)的參與度。

      Twenty?of?the?top?100?schools?that?instruct?people?working?in?intelligence?agencies,?the?military,?and?the?worlds?of?law?enforcement?and?homeland?security?—?including?their?private?contractor?counterparts?are?effectively?online?diploma?mills.?Twelve?are?for-profit?companies;?several?didn't?exist?before?9/11.?The?schools?have?become?so?important?that?two?of?them,?American?Military?University?(No.?2)?and?the?University?of?Phoenix?(No.?3),?rank?near?the?top?of?the?list?based?on?the?sheer?number?of?their?graduates?working?in?the?Top?Secret?world.

      100所入選學(xué)校中,有20所學(xué)校是可以線上獲取學(xué)位的,培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生多入職于美國情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)、軍隊(duì)和國際執(zhí)法部門、國土安全部門(包括秘密簽約的工作部分)。有12所學(xué)校屬于非盈利性質(zhì);還有一些學(xué)校是在美國“9·11”遭遇恐怖襲擊后才被設(shè)立的,其中最有代表性的美國軍事大學(xué)(第2名)和鳳凰大學(xué)(第3名),這兩所學(xué)校培養(yǎng)了大量的美國最高機(jī)密界供職人員,對(duì)美國的國家安全提供了巨大的幫助。

      Seventeen?of?the?100?top?schools?are?in?the?Washington,?DC?area,?reflecting?the?concentration?of?all?things?national?security?around?the?nation's?capital.?The?University?of?Maryland?handily?outranks?all?other?schools?at?number?one,?while?Georgetown?University?(No.?10),?George?Washington?University?(No.?4),?and?American?University?(No.?20)?—?all?considered?among?the?country's?10?best?schools?for?the?study?of?international?relations?—?rank?among?the?top?25?most?militarized?schools.?But?post-9/11?growth?in?homeland?security?and?a?high?demand?for?cyber?training?boost?schools?as?diverse?as?George?Mason?(No.?5),?Northern?Virginia?Community?College?(No.?16),?and?Strayer?University?(No.?8).

      入選學(xué)校中有17所位于華盛頓特區(qū),這說明與美國國家安全相關(guān)的一切事情都緊密集中于國家首都,高等教育也不例外。17所學(xué)校中,馬里蘭大學(xué)排名第一位,而喬治城大學(xué)(第10名)、喬治華盛頓大學(xué)(第4名)和美國大學(xué)(第20名)排在前25名?!?·11”事件之后,美國有關(guān)國土安全的發(fā)展十分迅速,對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)培訓(xùn)的需求也日益增長(zhǎng),這推動(dòng)了如喬治梅森大學(xué)(第5名)、北弗吉尼亞社區(qū)大學(xué)(第16名)和斯特耶大學(xué)(第8名)等大學(xué)的發(fā) 展。

      New?Subject:?Homeland?Security

      新興學(xué)科:國土安全專業(yè)

      More?than?250?schools?now?offer?certificates?and?degrees?in?homeland?security,?a?relatively?new?discipline?combining?emergency?management,?physical?security,?and?information?security.?Meanwhile,?intelligence?courses?are?a?growing?prerequisite?for?criminology?and?law?enforcement?education,?a?transformation?reaching?beyond?federal?agencies?into?local? police.

      美國有超過250所學(xué)校提供國土安全相關(guān)的證書和學(xué)位。國土安全是一個(gè)新興學(xué)科,結(jié)合了危機(jī)處理、物理安全和信息安全等領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)。此外,美國的各類安全相關(guān)部門人員也在逐步開展情報(bào)課程,該課程正在成為學(xué)習(xí)犯罪學(xué)和執(zhí)法教育的先決條件。學(xué)習(xí)情報(bào)課程的學(xué)生主體范圍也在擴(kuò)大,由聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)延伸至各地方警力。

      With?new?programs?and?increasing?government?and?private?sector?funding,?the?top?homeland?security?schools?include?Texas?A&M?(No.?14),?Louisiana?State?(No.?96),?Duke?(No.?66),?the?University?of?Minnesota?(No.?76),?and?Rutgers?(No.?73).

      隨著新興國土安全項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施,以及政府和私人贊助的增加,德克薩斯A&M大學(xué)(第14名),路易斯安那州立大學(xué)(第96名),杜克大學(xué)(第66名),明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)(第76名)和拉特格斯大學(xué)(第73名)也邁入了頂尖的國土安全學(xué)校行列。

      Many?of?the?schools?that?rank?in?the?top?100?are?virtually?unknown?outside?government?—?schools?like?Cochise?College?(No.?6),?Excelsior?College?(No.?13),?and?Central?Texas?College?(No.?18).?Each?of?these?institutions?tend?to?serve?a?specific?constituency:?military?intelligence?at?Cochise,?Army?personnel?at?Central?Texas?College,?and?law?enforcement?at?the?predominantly?online?Excelsior.

      此外,許多排名前100位的學(xué)校在政府以外的范圍幾乎沒有人知道,例如科奇斯學(xué)院(第6名),埃克塞爾西奧學(xué)院(第13名),和中央德克薩斯學(xué)院(第18名)。這些學(xué)院都服務(wù)于一個(gè)特定的專業(yè)細(xì)分領(lǐng)域,比如科奇斯學(xué)院的軍事情報(bào)課程,中德克薩斯學(xué)院的軍隊(duì)人事課程,??巳麪栁鲓W學(xué)院的線上執(zhí)法學(xué)課 程。

      Traditional?schools?on?federal?government?funding

      傳統(tǒng)老校靠政府資助入榜

      Only?three?traditionally?conservative?schools?(as?determined?by?outside?rankings),?Texas?A&M?(No.?14),?Liberty?University?(No.?42)?and?Brigham?Young?University?(No.?84),?are?in?the?top?100,?indicating?that?conservative?social?or?political?ideology?plays?little?role?in?how?schools?are?militarized.

      在美國老牌傳統(tǒng)保守類院校中,只有德克薩斯A&M大學(xué)(第14名),利伯緹大學(xué)(第42名)和楊百翰大學(xué)(第84名)位列榜單前100名,這說明保守的社會(huì)意識(shí)形態(tài)或政治意識(shí)形態(tài)在學(xué)校軍事化評(píng)估中幾乎不起什么作 用。

      Several?elite?schools?on?the?list?—?such?as?Harvard?(No.?32),?Duke?(No.?66),?Stanford?(No.?60),?Northwestern?(No.?80),?and?Cornell?(53)?—?rank?highly?because?of?federal?funding?and?specialized?graduate?programs.?Harvard,?for?example,?boasts?a?massive?executive?education?program?geared?toward?mid-career?and?senior?federal?employees;?few?Harvard-affiliated?Top?Secret?workers?obtained?a?bachelor's?degree?at?the?school.?That?trend?is?repeated?at?other?elite?schools.?In?fact,?of?the?top?100?ranked?liberal?arts?colleges?in?America,?none?appear?on?our?list?of?the?nation's?100?most?militarized?institutions.

      而榜單上被人們所熟知的幾所精英大學(xué),如哈佛大學(xué)(第32名),杜克大學(xué)(第66名),斯坦福大學(xué)(第60名),西北大學(xué)(第80名)和康奈爾大學(xué)(第53名),之所以排名較高,是因?yàn)橛姓馁Y助以及一些特定的畢業(yè)生項(xiàng)目。以哈佛為例,哈佛校內(nèi)有一個(gè)對(duì)接聯(lián)邦中高級(jí)職員的大規(guī)模管理教育項(xiàng)目,但很少有來自哈佛附屬的最高機(jī)密工作者在校取得本科學(xué)位,這個(gè)情況在其他精英大學(xué)也一樣。事實(shí)上,美國前100位所偏向于文科類的高等院校沒有一所入選這個(gè)榜 單。

      In?general,?there?are?a?wide?range?of?reasons?why?schools?end?up?ranking?on?our?list.?The?business?school?at?Villanova?University?(No.?22)?educates?a?large?number?of?managers?and?contract?administrators?for?the?classified?black?budget,?a?phenomenon?only?identifiable?when?looking?at?the?resumes?of?hundreds?of?its?graduates.?West?Virginia?University?(No.?72)?is?the?lead?academic?partner?of?the?FBI?and?the?military?for?the?study?of?biometrics,?and?is?located?near?intelligence?centers?established?after?9/11?that?specialize?in?"identity?intelligence."?The?University?of?Central?Florida?(No.?50)?is?located?near?an?Orlando-based?federal?training?cluster?and?consortium?that?focuses?on?everything?from?war?gaming?to?immersive?training?environments?of?the? future.

      此次排名中,學(xué)校得以入選的原因還有很多。比如,維拉諾瓦大學(xué)(第22名)的商學(xué)院培養(yǎng)了大批管理政府機(jī)密預(yù)算的人員;西弗吉尼亞大學(xué)(第72名)坐落于“9·11”后建立的專攻“身份情報(bào)”的中心附近,是FBI和軍隊(duì)在生物測(cè)定學(xué)方面的首席學(xué)術(shù)合作伙伴;中央佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)(第50名)坐落于以奧蘭多為基地的聯(lián)邦集訓(xùn)群附近,這里集中了從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)操練到未來環(huán)境擬真訓(xùn)練的一切先進(jìn)教學(xué)模 式。

      A?half-dozen?schools?in?the?top?100?had?national?security?degree?programs?throughout?the?Cold?War:?George?Washington?University?(No.?4),?Johns?Hopkins?(No.?7),?Georgetown?(No.?10),?Harvard?(No.?32),?MIT?(No.?47),?the?University?of?Denver?(No.?93),?and?Missouri?State?University?(No.?95),?formerly?known?as?Southwest?Missouri?State.?These?schools?continue?to?be?well?represented?in?the?broader?national?security?community,?though?national?security?credentials?from?those?schools?are?less?common?in?Top?Secret?workers?minted?after? 9/11.

      還有7所大學(xué)早在冷戰(zhàn)期間就已有了可頒發(fā)國家安全學(xué)位的教育項(xiàng)目:?jiǎn)讨稳A盛頓大學(xué)(第4名),約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)(第7名),喬治城大學(xué)(第10名),哈佛大學(xué)(第32名),麻省理工大學(xué)(第47名),丹佛大學(xué)(第93名),密蘇里州立大學(xué)(第95名)。這些大學(xué)在國家安全機(jī)構(gòu)中具有極強(qiáng)的代表性,盡管“9·11”之后很少有最高機(jī)密工作者能獲得這些學(xué)校頒發(fā)的國家安全證 書。

      Foreign?language?and?Regional?specialty

      戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)小語種成重要優(yōu)勢(shì)

      Internally?since?9/11,?the?government?has?initiated?an?abundance?of?programs?to?improve?institutional?understanding?of?the?cultures?and?languages?in?the?regions?where?we?are?fighting:?The?Pentagon?has?created?a?program?of?"Afghan-Pakistan?(AFPAK)?hands"?specializing?in?mentoring?and? training.

      自“9·11”以來,美國政府開始建立眾多項(xiàng)目,加深國內(nèi)大學(xué)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)沖突地區(qū)的文化和語言的理解。例如,五角大樓創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)"Afghan-Pakistan?(AFPAK)?hands"項(xiàng)目,旨在對(duì)未來前往阿富汗、巴基斯坦的軍人進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)。

      Yet?there?is?no?indicator?of?any?significant?advance?in?foreign?language?expertise?or?regional?specialty.?The?threats,?both?internationally?and?domestically,?are?ever?increasing?despite?all?of?these?efforts.

      然而,美國在小語種方面并沒有明顯進(jìn)展,以至于美國的國家安全問題仍有很多瑕疵,這也意味著美國情報(bào)及軍事機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)小語種人才有極大的需求。

      The?international?order?is?no?more?stable?today?than?it?was?a?decade?and?a?half?ago.?The?homeland?is?not?safer.?An?overwhelming?avalanche?of?intelligence?information,?a?looming?threat?to?cyber?security,?these?are?the?realities?of?the?national?security?state?that?are?exerting?a?tremendous?influence?on?higher?education?in?America.

      與10年前相比,當(dāng)下的國際秩序已不再穩(wěn)定,各大國都存在一定的安全威脅。在情報(bào)時(shí)代,網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息鋪天蓋地而來,網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的威脅悄然逼近,這些都對(duì)美國高等教育產(chǎn)生著巨大的影響,對(duì)于美國來說,培養(yǎng)足夠的優(yōu)秀專項(xiàng)人才的道路仍很漫長(zhǎng)。

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