毛幼林 黃瓊 王瑞敏
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)急性心肌梗死患者中行血栓抽吸聯(lián)合替羅非班及硝普鈉治療對(duì)無(wú)復(fù)流或慢血流的影響。 方法 入選2013年1月~2014年12月急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者118例,隨機(jī)分為試驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組各59例,兩組患者均進(jìn)行血栓抽吸。試驗(yàn)組患者在抽吸治療后冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予替羅非班及硝普鈉,對(duì)照組患者抽吸后直接行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)。比較兩組患者PCI術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流及慢血流發(fā)生率的差異、心功能改善、并發(fā)癥及主要心血管不良事件。 結(jié)果 兩組患者的臨床基線資料及PCI前的TIMI血流、EF無(wú)顯著差異。試驗(yàn)組PCI術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,達(dá)到TIMI3級(jí)對(duì)照組42.37%,試驗(yàn)組48.74%,P=0.026。心功能在1周明顯改善,心臟彩超射血分?jǐn)?shù)值在對(duì)照組(48.75±10.60)%,試驗(yàn)組(53.12±11.37)%,P=0.035。兩組患者均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。隨訪6個(gè)月兩組患者均未發(fā)生主要心血管不良事件。 結(jié)論 急性心肌梗死患者PCI中血栓抽吸聯(lián)合替羅非班及硝普鈉,有助于降低無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生率,有良好的安全性和可行性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] ST抬高型心肌梗死;無(wú)復(fù)流;血栓抽吸;替羅非班;硝普鈉
[中圖分類號(hào)] R542.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2016)07-0025-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of thrombosis aspiration combined with injection of tirofiban and nitroprusside on no reflow or slow flow of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods A total of 118 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with emergency percutaneous coronary injection (PCI) during Jan 2013 to Dec 2014 were randomly divided into control group (thrombus aspiration only)and observation group(thrombus aspiration and intracoronary tirofiban combined with sodium nitroprusside injection) with 59 patients in each group. Baseline clinical data, TIMI blood flow and ejection fraction(EF) were compared in two groups. EF and adverse events were also compared in 7 days after PCI. The major adverse cardiac event(MACE) was compared in 1 and 6 months after PCI. Results The baseline clinical characteristics data, TIMI blood flow and EF were similar between the two groups before PCI(P>0.05). TIMI3 blood flow was improved in observation group than in control group(48.74% vs 42.37%,P=0.026). EF at 7 days after PCI in observation group were superior to those in control group with the significant difference[(48.75±10.60)% vs (53.12±11.37)%,P=0.035]. The complication rate of bleeding was similar between two groups. The MACE was similar between two groups in 1 and 6 months follow up after PCI. Conclusion Intracoronary administration of tirofiban combined with nitroprusside through thrombus aspiration catheter during PCI in STEMI patients with heavy thrombosis burden can improve reperfusion in the infarction area and clinical results and it is safe.
[Key words] ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction; No reflow; Thrombosis aspiration; Tirofiban; Sodium nitroprusside
急診PCI已成為急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的主要治療手段。但是,急性心肌梗死患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的血栓負(fù)荷重,在急診行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)時(shí)無(wú)復(fù)流或慢血流的發(fā)生率相對(duì)較高,影響患者的臨床預(yù)后。本研究旨在觀察經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑接受急診PCI時(shí)行血栓抽吸聯(lián)合替羅非班及硝普鈉對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者無(wú)復(fù)流現(xiàn)象的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2013年1月~2014年12月在我院心內(nèi)科接受急診PCI的急性心肌梗死患者118例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):確診ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者,接受急診PCI,造影證實(shí)冠狀動(dòng)脈完全閉塞,TIMI評(píng)分0級(jí),患者簽署試驗(yàn)同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并凝血疾病和血小板減少等嚴(yán)重血液系統(tǒng)疾病;伴發(fā)嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全或惡性腫瘤?;颊唠S機(jī)分為對(duì)照組59例,試驗(yàn)組59例。試驗(yàn)組患者在抽吸治療后冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予硝普鈉及替羅非班,對(duì)照組患者抽吸后直接行PCI治療。試驗(yàn)組患者在抽吸治療后冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予硝普鈉及替羅非班,對(duì)照組患者抽吸后直接接受PCI。兩組患者在性別、年齡、吸煙、既往史、發(fā)病至開(kāi)通時(shí)間、心功能Killip分級(jí)及梗死相關(guān)動(dòng)脈等方面進(jìn)行比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表1、2。
1.2 方法
所有患者急診行PCI術(shù)前均給予阿司匹林300 mg及氯吡格雷600 mg口服。手術(shù)入路均采用經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈途徑,使用抽吸導(dǎo)管在血栓病變部位反復(fù)抽吸,直至血栓減少或消失,前向血流改善。試驗(yàn)組患者在抽吸治療后經(jīng)抽吸導(dǎo)管中心腔冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予硝普鈉(武漢人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20065354)50 μg及替羅非班(遠(yuǎn)大醫(yī)藥中國(guó)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字14016520H)0.5 mg,對(duì)照組患者抽吸后直接PCI。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 術(shù)前及術(shù)后即刻靶病變血管TIMl分級(jí) TIMI(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction)血流分級(jí)用于評(píng)價(jià)急性冠脈綜合征冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的結(jié)果。參照1998年第8期中國(guó)內(nèi)科雜志高潤(rùn)霖教授給予的釋義,分為4級(jí)。TIMI 0 級(jí):無(wú)再灌注或閉塞遠(yuǎn)端無(wú)血流。
TIMI1級(jí):部分灌注,造影劑部分通過(guò)閉塞部位,但不能使遠(yuǎn)端冠狀動(dòng)脈充分顯影。TIMI2級(jí):部分再灌注或造影劑能完全充盈冠狀動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端,但造影劑進(jìn)入和清除的速度都較正常的冠狀動(dòng)脈慢。TIMI3級(jí):完全再灌注,造影劑在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)能迅速充盈和清除。
1.3.2 兩組患者術(shù)后1周心功能的比較 心臟功能用射血分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。心臟在收縮與舒張過(guò)程中血液的搏出量與心室舒張時(shí)的容積的百分比在醫(yī)學(xué)上被稱為“射血分?jǐn)?shù)”(ejection fraction,EF)。
1.3.3 兩組患者術(shù)后1周并發(fā)癥比較 觀察患者術(shù)后1周的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,包括各種冠脈介入治療并發(fā)癥中冠狀動(dòng)脈穿孔、無(wú)復(fù)流、支架血栓、支架脫載及術(shù)后出血等。
1.3.4 兩組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月MACE比較 觀察患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac event,MACE ),包括死亡、發(fā)生非致命的心肌梗死及靶病變血運(yùn)重建。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,并行t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者血流恢復(fù)比較
兩組PCI術(shù)前靶病變血管TIMI分級(jí)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。試驗(yàn)組PCI術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后1周心功能的比較
試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組PCI術(shù)前心功能(EF)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。試驗(yàn)組PCI術(shù)后1周心功能EF值(53.12±11.37)%,對(duì)照組EF值(48.75±10.60)%,t=5.782,P=0.035。試驗(yàn)組PCI術(shù)后1周心功能明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見(jiàn)表4。
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后1周并發(fā)癥比較
兩組患者術(shù)后1周均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的出血并發(fā)癥。其中試驗(yàn)組牙齦出血1例,糞便潛血陽(yáng)性1例;對(duì)照組皮膚偶發(fā)瘀點(diǎn)1例,糞便潛血陽(yáng)性1例,2組患者小出血發(fā)生率相同,均無(wú)危及生命的大出血事件。
2.4 兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月及6個(gè)月MACE比較
兩組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月通過(guò)隨訪,兩組患者均無(wú)死亡、心肌梗死和靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建。其中對(duì)照組有1例患者偶有勞力性心絞痛發(fā)生實(shí)驗(yàn)組無(wú)患者出現(xiàn)心絞痛癥狀。
3 討論
急性心肌梗死患者具有很高的病死率。對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者進(jìn)行急診PCI能夠開(kāi)通靶病變血管,明顯改善預(yù)后。但是,有13%~80.9%的急性心肌梗死患者在急診PCI時(shí)發(fā)生無(wú)復(fù)流,并且導(dǎo)致患者的預(yù)后差[1]。
對(duì)于無(wú)復(fù)流,目前的防治措施有血栓抽吸及藥物治療。既往在指南中推薦在急性心肌梗死患者進(jìn)行PCI時(shí)行血栓抽吸治療,但近期包括TASTE[2]及INFUSE-AMI等[3]研究認(rèn)為血栓抽吸并不改善患者的預(yù)后,因此目前對(duì)血栓抽吸有一定的爭(zhēng)議。我們認(rèn)為,血栓抽吸合并冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)藥物治療,優(yōu)于單純的血栓抽吸治療。
既往在無(wú)復(fù)流中實(shí)驗(yàn)性使用了許多藥物。但近期大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于無(wú)復(fù)流的防治藥物,有些藥物證實(shí)是無(wú)效甚至是有害的,比如硝酸酯類藥物對(duì)無(wú)復(fù)流的治療是無(wú)效。因?yàn)橄跛狨ヮ愃幬镄枰ㄟ^(guò)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞代謝作用才能產(chǎn)生一氧化氮,但是冠狀動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端微小血管沒(méi)有這種功能。Tanner等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)硝酸甘油對(duì)直徑小于100 mm的冠狀微動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張作用非常微弱。
無(wú)復(fù)流的機(jī)制,主要是微血管的痙攣與微血栓的形成。本實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇冠脈內(nèi)注射硝普鈉治療無(wú)復(fù)流。硝普鈉是目前最強(qiáng)效的血管擴(kuò)張劑,在血管內(nèi)形成具有強(qiáng)大的舒張血管平滑肌的緩激肽[5]。硝普鈉能夠預(yù)防與對(duì)抗微血管痙攣,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓抽吸合并硝普鈉治療急性心肌梗死患者能夠預(yù)防無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生[6]。血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)受體拮抗劑替羅非班是目前強(qiáng)效的血小板聚集抑制劑, 預(yù)防與治療微血栓的形成,并且能夠改善血管內(nèi)皮功能[7,8]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)認(rèn)為,同樣接受急診PCI血栓抽吸的患者,同時(shí)給予替羅非班聯(lián)合硝普鈉,能夠減少無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生。這與有些研究結(jié)果是一致的[9-13]。但是,也有些研究者有不同的觀點(diǎn)[14]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)評(píng)估替羅非班聯(lián)合硝普鈉聯(lián)合血栓抽吸對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者急診冠脈介入術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生的防治作用,得出了替羅非班聯(lián)合硝普鈉聯(lián)合血栓抽吸使用,與單純血栓抽吸比較,能明顯減少急性心肌梗死患者急診冠脈介入術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生的結(jié)論。
對(duì)于無(wú)復(fù)流是否有更佳的藥物組合,需要進(jìn)一步觀察比較。
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(收稿日期:2015-12-28)