說明文的寫作

潘小蓮

說明文是指以說明為主要表達方式，來說明事物的情況、特征或道理的文體。要求同學(xué)們通過對實體事物的解說，或?qū)Τ橄笳淼年U釋，來介紹事物的形態(tài)、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、種類、成因、功能等。其特點在于說明性、知識性和實用性。

⑴要仔細觀察，抓住事物的特征。說明事物，不僅要抓住其外部形態(tài)特征，更重要的是要抓住事物的本質(zhì)特征。

⑵安排好合理的說明順序。對于實體事物的建造過程、產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程、事物的演變過程等往往按時間順序來說明；對于實體事物的形狀、構(gòu)造應(yīng)按空間順序來說明；介紹事物的性質(zhì)、種類、功能和闡述事物的含義、原理、特點等應(yīng)按邏輯順序來說明。

⑶要靈活地采用不同的說明方法，如定義說明、注釋說明、舉例說明、分類說明、比較說明、引用說明、比喻說明、描述說明、數(shù)字說明和圖表說明等。

⑷要注意語言準確，簡潔平實，做到表達清晰、條理清楚、層次分明，具有嚴格的科學(xué)性。

⑸寫說明文時通常采用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，用于強調(diào)客觀事實。

介紹方位常用句型

It lies between ... and ...

It is located/situated in ...

Opposite to the ... stands ...

The door on your left leads you to ...

On your left lies a ...， with all kinds of ... in it.

Turning to the left， you will see ...， behind which is ...

In front of it is ...， with ... on its left and ... on its right.

Next to the door against the wall there is a ...， in which we sit to watch TV every evening.

介紹產(chǎn)品常用句型

... containing much top and new technique

... is a new kind of ... produced by ...， which is ...

Made of ...， it is light， small， and easy to carry.

... is famous for its excellent quality and reasonable price.

介紹國家城市常用句型

...， the capital of ...， lies in the middle of ...

... is provided for the convenience of customers/ visitors.

A walk around ... is a feast for the mind as well as the eye.

Walking past ...， the building that appears in front of you is ...

China is a large country with rich history and much population.

It is rich in natural sources such as coal and gold and has mild weather.

It has an area of 160，000 square kilometers with a population of over 90 million.

... is located at the foot of/ by the side of ...， to the east of ... and to the north of ...

Along the road are lines of trees， from which students can find shade from the hot sun.

Built in the 16th century， the castle has witnessed too much coming and going in history.

例1

一家賓館新開業(yè)，為吸引外國賓客，希望在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上進行宣傳，請你用英語為其寫一篇文字介紹。主要內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括：

（1）地點：距長白山入口處300米；

（2）房間及價格：單人間（共30間），200元/天；雙人間（共20間），300元/天；熱水淋?。?/p>

（3）餐飲：餐廳（中、西餐），咖啡廳（茶、咖啡）；

（4）游泳池：全天免費開放；

（5）歡迎預(yù)定。

注意：（1）詞數(shù)100左右，開頭語已為你寫好；（2）可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel

Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.

The hotel has an ideal location， only 300 meters to the entrance of the mountain. It has 30 single rooms and 20 double rooms， all with hot showers. The price is very reasonable： 200 yuan per day for a single room and 300 per day for a double room. It provides different kinds of services including three meals a day in the dining hall with choices between Chinese food and Western food， coffee and tea in the café， and a swimming pool open all day free of charge.

Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel. Reservation in advance is advised because it is a good choice for all tourists.

點評 從材料的呈現(xiàn)方式及材料所提供的要求可知，本文應(yīng)該用說明文體來寫作。文章把握住了事物類說明文的主要特征，語言客觀、精練。在說明事物時對其特征進行了歸類整理，文章條理清晰。在寫作過程中注意到了長短句、主被動句交替使用，語言錯落有致，豐富精彩，高級句型和詞匯運用恰當(dāng)，顯示出較強的語言運用能力。文章覆蓋了所有主要內(nèi)容，完全達到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。

說明一個你所熟悉的旅游景點：以Have you ever thought of visiting _____？ You should because it has special attractions.開頭，并且對你喜歡的景點進行以下描述：

1. Why the place is famous in size？

2. What you can do there？

3. How good it is for you？

Sheng Nongjia

Have you ever thought of visiting Sheng Nongjia？ You should because it has special attractions.

Shengnongjia is a forest district. ① It lies in the northwest of Hubei Province， covering an area of 3，253 square kilometers. Such a vast area is heavily forested of tress， like，fir， pine and hemlock， and also inhabited by many precious animals， like golden monkey， leopard and bear. So it is a wonder tourist attraction， if you want to get close to nature.

Shennongjia is well known for its legend of savages. ③There are some reports showing evidence for them， like their hair and footprints， but there is no one who really has witnessed a savage in the last 30 years.

②The area has many mountains， with an average altitude of 1，700 meters. Because of that， the weather varies from the low places to the high places. The best time for visitors is from June to October. ④But if you go there between December and the next February， you can enjoy the fantastic snow scenery.

Finally， lets talk about the food there. There are many kinds of special dishes that you wont have in other places， especially its edible wild herbs. Thats really a feast for you！

點評 1. 開頭用詞組lie in， 動詞cover直接點題：①It lies in the northwest of Hubei Province， covering an area of 3，253 square kilometers. Zhejiang Province.

2. with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)介紹神農(nóng)架的地理位置。②The area has many mountains， with an average altitude of 1，700 meters.

3.各種句式交替使用：除了簡單句的使用外，還不乏有從句，并列句的句式轉(zhuǎn)換。如③There are some reports showing evidence for them， like their hair and footprints， but there is no one who really has witnessed a savage in the last 30 years.

④But if you go there between December and the next February， you can enjoy the fantastic snow scenery.

不足之處：1. 注意詞性：So it is a wonder tourist attraction， if you want to get close to nature. 此處wonder是名詞，應(yīng)當(dāng)改為wonderful（形容詞）。

2.有些介詞的使用過于單一，如like可以使用such as， plus等介詞短語或副詞代替，從而使其表達更加豐富、靈活。

The West Lake

Have you ever thought of visiting the West Lake？ You should because it has special attractions.

①Known as Heaven on earth， the West lake lies in the west of Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province.Its a famous urban lake in China.With an average depth of 2.27 meters， the lake is 3.3 kilometers long from north to south and 2.8 kilometers wide from east to west. The deepest site of the lake can be 5 meters.Two famous causeways， Su Causeway and the Bai Causeway， divides the West Lake into five parts.②The beauty of the lake not only lies in its lakes， but also in its mountains， the most two famous of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.

Throughout Chinas history， any poets，writers and even movie directors come here in search of inspiration under the attraction of the lake. ③In addition，there are a great number of preserved cultural relics here，which makes the West Lake a well-known tourist attraction of history and culture. On June 24， 2011， the West lake was officially listed in the “World Heritage” list.

You can breathe fresh air， and cycle around the lake. Whats more， one can always has a pleasant chat with his or her friends over the dragon well tea sitting beside the lake.

點評 1. 非謂語動詞開頭簡潔明了：①Known as Heaven on earth， the West lake lies in the west of Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province.在英語習(xí)作中，當(dāng)說明文介紹某一事物時，除了定語從句這一常見的語法句型之外，非謂語動詞是一個也不錯的選擇。

2. 連詞巧妙連接，非限制定語從句準確運用。②The beauty of the lake not only lies in its lakes， but also in its mountains， the most two famous of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.該句用到了not only，but also這一連詞。而且用到了較為復(fù)雜的非限制性定語從句的語法the most two of which are Mount Lingying and Mount Longjing.可見作者的語言功底的扎實。

3.介詞短語自然過渡。③In addition，there are a great number of preserved cultural relics here，which makes the West Lake a well-known tourist attraction of history and culture.其實除了in addition之外，還有besides， whats more， additionally等過渡詞。

不足之處：1.主謂一致問題：①Two famous causeways， Su Causeway and the Bai Causeway， divides the West Lake into five parts.很明顯句子的主語是復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語動詞應(yīng)當(dāng)為divide。2. 文章的結(jié)尾有些唐突。

說明文是高考英語書面表達比較常見的一種體裁，其特點是對事物或做事情的方法進行客觀地介紹。

寫說明文宜采用三段式：第一段主要介紹要說明的對象及說明的目的；第二段說明事物的主要特征或做事情的方法步驟；第三段進行總結(jié)概括。寫作時應(yīng)遵循以下幾個步驟：

1.仔細審題，明確說明對象，抓住要說明的事物或事理的主要特征。

2.選擇合理的說明順序（時間順序、空間順序或邏輯順序）分層次進行說明，注意條理清晰。

3.選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)恼f明方法，進行說明，并根據(jù)說明順序及內(nèi)容確定過渡詞和恰當(dāng)?shù)木湫徒Y(jié)構(gòu)。文字應(yīng)客觀、簡潔、明了，不必追求華麗和加入太多個人觀點。