奔跑吧 標準

文/五花肉

五環(huán)漫談 The Story of the Olympics

奔跑吧 標準

Speed up, Standards

文/五花肉

短跑，是體育運動中最古老的運動。古希臘有句名言：“如果你想聰明，跑步吧！如果你想健壯，跑步吧！如果你想健康，跑步吧！”據(jù)史料記載，在公元前776年的第一屆古代奧運會上，唯一進行的競技項目就是短跑。

Sprint is one of the most ancient sports in the world. The ancient Greek used to say, if you want to be smart then run, if you want to be strong then run, if you want to be healthy then run. According to historical records, sprint was the only athletic competition in the first Olympic Games of 776 B.C.

短跑，400米（含）以內的比賽項目。人們用最快的速度跑完規(guī)定的距離，是人體運動器官和內臟器官在大量缺氧的條件下完成最大強度的工作，屬于極限強度的運動。短跑能有效地發(fā)展速度素質，因此是田徑運動的基礎項目，在其他運動項目的訓練中也占有重要的地位。

Sprint is a race over short distance (within and including 400 metres). When running over a specific distance at maximum speed, an athlete's locomotive and visceral organs must be functioning well under the hypoxia condition. Therefore, sprint is an extreme sport. Since sprint can help develop speed quality effectively, it is a basic event in track and field and plays an important role in the training of other sports.

距離標準的形成Development of Distance Standard

現(xiàn)代短跑起源于歐洲。1850年，英國牛津大學運動會設有100碼、330碼、440碼跑項目，這是最早的現(xiàn)代短跑項目正式比賽。19世紀末，賽跑距離單位由碼制改為米制。

Modern sprint originated in Europe. In 1850, Oxford University set up the 100-yard, 330-yard, and 440-yard sprints in the student sports meeting, which is known as the first formal modern sprint competition. In theend of 19th century, the distance unit was altered from yard to meter.

1896年，第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運會上，男子短跑被列為比賽項目，設100米及400米跑兩項，標志著現(xiàn)代短跑運動的正式確立。隨后又出現(xiàn)了200米短跑及4×100米接力賽等，短跑的標準距離逐漸形成并固化。

In 1896, 100-metre and 400-metre men's sprints were set as competition events in the first modern Olympics, which marked the formal establishment of modern sprint. With the arise of 200-metre sprint and 4×100-metre relay, the standard distance was gradually developed and settled.

姿勢標準：“蹲踞式”起跑Position Standard： Crouch Start

最初的短跑比賽中運動員可以采取任意姿勢起跑，沒有標準規(guī)范?，F(xiàn)在盛行的蹲踞式起跑是一位美國人在澳大利亞旅游時，從袋鼠身上受到啟發(fā)創(chuàng)造出來的。1896年，第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運會上，美國選手托馬斯?伯克采用了近似于“蹲踞式”方式起跑，奪得了冠軍，被稱為“第一個蹲著起跑的人”。

There were no rules for the start position in the early time of sprint history. The prevailing crouch start was created by an American inspired from kangaroo when traveling in Australia. In the first modern Olympics held in 1896, Thomas Burke，an American sprinter, applied a way similar to the crouch start, and won the gold medal. Then he was referred to as the first sprinter running in the crouched stance.

人們發(fā)現(xiàn)從物理學和力學角度看，這種起跑姿勢能夠讓運動員在極短的時間內擺脫靜止狀態(tài),獲得較大的初速度，利于創(chuàng)造更佳的成績。1936年，第11屆奧運會，首次采用蹲踞式起跑標準，要求所有選手必須使用蹲踞式起跑，并使用助跑器。起跑姿勢標準的確定，大大提高了短跑運動員的整體競技水平和比賽成績。

From the aspects of physics and mechanics, this start position can give the sprinter a large initial velocity by altering the stationary state, which helps improve his/her performance. In 1936, the 11th Olympics introduced crouch start standard, which required the sprinters to follow the crouch start standard and to use the starting blocks. The establishment of start position stand and has greatly enhanced sprinter’s athletics level and performance.

選材標準：步頻和步幅Candidate Standard： Stride Length and Frequency

短跑是以無氧代謝供能為主的極限強度運動，決定短跑競技水平的速度能力、動作頻率及無氧耐力等因素，在很大程度上是由先天遺傳因素決定的，因此，短跑運動員選材顯得尤為重要。

Sprint is an extreme sport mainly involving anaerobic metabolism energy-providing event. Genetic factors, to a large extent, decide the athletics level including speed, stride frequency, anaerobic endurance, etc. Therefore, the talent selection becomes particularly important.

身高一直是短跑選材的重要標準，相關數(shù)據(jù)顯示，國際優(yōu)秀短跑運動員的平均身高是1.85米，國內的優(yōu)秀短跑運動員身高集中在1.80米到1.85米之間。但在長期的訓練和競技過程中，人們逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)身高并不會對短跑成績產生實質性影響，尤其是在同等身高條件下，步頻和步幅則是影響短跑成績的重要標準。合理的途中跑標準是步幅開闊、步頻較快、蹬伸有力、擺動積極、動作輕松、向前效果好、重心穩(wěn)定、軀干保持適度前傾、擺臂積極有力、直線性好。

Height is an important standard for selecting sprint talent. Statistics show that world-top sprinters' average height is 1.85 m; domestic top sprinters' height is between 1.80 m and 1.85 m. During longterm training and competition, people found height would not have substantial effects on the performance. Especially under the same height condition, stride length and frequency are the key factors affecting the performance. The reasonable intermediate running form is wide stride, fast stride frequency, fully extending legs, active body swinging, moving with ease, good forward effect, stable core, body reaching forward, swinging arms powerfully, and going straight.

亞洲百米跑道近年刮起的“小個子風”， 蘇炳添、桐生祥秀等優(yōu)秀短跑選手身高都不足1.75米。正是基于選材標準的日趨科學合理，那些身高不具備優(yōu)勢的短跑人才得以嶄露頭角。

Recent years, short athelets become popular in the Asian 100-metre event. Both of the height of excellent sprinters like Su Bingtian and Tong Shengxiang are no more than 1.75 m. Since the talent selection tends to be more scientific and reasonable, the sprint talents who do not have height advantage are emerging.

結 語Conclusion

短跑作為奧林匹克運動的基石，是奧林匹克“更快、更高、更強”精神的最佳體現(xiàn)者。每屆奧運會，100米、200米等項目總能吸引最多觀眾的目光。

As the cornerstone of Olympic Games, sprint is the best reflection of the "faster, higher, and stronger" Olympic spirit. 100-metre and 200-metre sprints always attract a lot of attention in every Olympic Games.

追求速度的夢想，激勵人們不斷挖掘潛能、挑戰(zhàn)極限；標準，見證著短跑技術的去蕪存菁，伴隨著奔跑者追逐夢想……

The dream of pursuing speed stimulates people to exploit their potential and to challenge the limits constantly. Standards, are witnessing sprint techniques have been optimized, and accompanying the runners to chase the dream.

（支持單位：上海市質量和標準化研究院）