閱讀理解專項訓練

山東 李衛(wèi)東

閱讀理解專項訓練

山東 李衛(wèi)東

Passage 1

Find yourself in need of some healthy habits? It’s a lot easier to train your brain than you might think!

Humans are creatures of habit and what we eat each day is no different than any other habit that overcomes our brains. The reality is that most of us consume the same foods on a regular basis not only out of convenience，but also because humans are suckers for routine.

Scientists have proved that we tend to form habits without deliberate thought that we are doing so. Researchers have even located an area of the brain responsible for habit formation. Our tendencies to eat the same foods all the time occurs when a region of our brains called the basal ganglia lights up and says，“Hey，I see that you are eating this food all the time. I’m going to make this behavior automatic so that the decisionmaking part of your brain can go to sleep.”O(jiān)ur basal ganglias want to make our lives more convenient.

Well，this can work against us if we get addicted to some food but it can also work in our favor and get us to make healthier eating choices. Living a healthy lifestyle and eating more fruits，vegetables，beans，nuts，and seeds becomes that much easier when we give ourselves a chance to make eating them a habit. I recently had a discussion with a friend of mine，who like eating green vegetables as much as I do，that we automatically eat the green vegetables off our plates first without thinking about it. We prefer greens and a meal without vegetables just doesn’t sit well with us. We have successfully programmed our brains to desire healthy foods，and we choose these foods almost effortlessly when we eat at restaurants or prepare meals in our homes.

Healthy lifestyle choices really do become easier once we make them a part of our daily routine. When we educate ourselves about the importance of putting plant foods into our lives for disease-prevention and health，then making a perma-

nent change towards a more plant-based diet doesn’ t seem so difficult.

（文章來源：http：//vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId= 5783&catId=2）

1. What plays an important part in our habit formation?

A. Our brains. B. Our thoughts.

C. Foods. D. Convenience.

2. What does the underlined word“I” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. The writer. B. The researcher.

C. The basal ganglia. D. The decision-making part.

3. When we form the habit of eating green vegetables，we wil__l___.

A. no longer eat beans，nuts and seeds

B. get addicted to some meat food

C. prefer meals with vegetables

D. be good at preparing meals

4. Where does this text probably come from?

A. An art textbook.

B. A science fiction.

C. A food guide.

D. A research report.

Passage 2

Experts say that sleep plays an important role in brain development，and it is therefore important for children to get enough sleep as their bodies are growing. As well as the role it plays in brain development，sleep also plays an important role in their brain’s day-to-day ability to function. Lack of sleep makes it much harder for them to concentrate，and they become forgetful and easy to get angry or make mistakes.

In addition，scientific evidence shows that the right amount of night-time sleep is just as important for children’s development as healthy eating and regular exercise.

Sleep requirements differ from person to person，but in general a younger child needs more sleep than an older one.Between the ages of 5 and 11，your child will need 10～12 hours of sleep a night. A bedtime routine is the best way to make sure that your child gets enough sleep. Plan a routine that lasts 30～40 minutes，and includes a bath and the chance to read a story together. Try not to change your routine，and if you want your child to have a slightly later bedtime at the weekend，then only change it by maybe an hour. Bedtime is a chance to spend some quality time together，and if it’s a time both you and your child enjoy，your son or daughter will settle down in bed and drop off to sleep more easily.

Towards the end of primary school，your son or daughter may start to stay up later in the evening，maybe chatting to friends online，playing games or watching TV. They will find it difficult to get up in the morning and will be tired during the day if they don’t get enough sleep. So limit your child’s use of the Internet，games and TV before they go to bed and ideally don’t allow your son or daughter to have a computer or a TV set in their bedroom.

（文章來源：http：//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/parents/ sleep_matters/）

1. The first paragraph is mainly about_____.

A. the reason why sleep matters for children

B. the role that sleep plays in brain development

C. the way of children getting enough sleep

D. the effect of children’s lack of sleep

2. Children’s development needs to_____.

A. make mistakes from time to time

B. have the right amount of sleep

C. try to eat a lot of vegetables every day

D. stay up chatting to parents

3. To make children have enough sleep parents should ______.

A. have 10～12 hours of sleep a night

B. make a plan for a bedtime routine

C. read a story together with them

D. change the routine slightly at weekends

4. Which of the following is the writer’s opinion according to paragraph 4?

A. Children may stay up later in the evening.

B. Playing games is harmful to children’s eyes.

C. Never allow children to play games on the Internet.

D. It’s better not to allow children to have a computer.

Passage 3

We know first-hand smoke is bad，and we know secondhand smoke is also bad. But now，researchers have found that third-hand smoke—the surface-clinging residue（殘渣）left over from second-hand smoke—can also cause damage to our DNA.

“This is the very first study to find that third-hand smoke causes DNA damage，”study researcher Lara Gundel said in a statement，“Some of the chemicals in third-hand smoke stay on surfaces，and when those surfaces are clothing or carpets，the danger to children is especially serious.” The study doesn’t just show that third-hand smoke can harm cells，and it also shows that the harm it can cause could become worse with time.

Researchers put paper strips in rooms with smoke；one room exposed the paper strips to the same amount of smoke and chemicals that comes from smoking five cigarettes in 20 minutes. The other room exposed the paper strips to cigarette smoke for a total of 258 hours.

The researchers found higher concentrations of the poisonous chemicals in cigarette smoke on the strips of paper that were “chronically（長期）” exposed to smoke，compared with the strips of paper “acutely”exposed to smoke. Then，researchers took the chemicals from the paper and exposed them to human cells for a full 24 hours. They found that the third-hand smoke led to DNA damage，as well as DNA strand breaks.

“The findings of this study show for the first time that exposure to third-hand smoke damages human cell lines，”the researchers wrote in the study. They explained that thirdhand smoke is a known player in the development of cancer and other diseases.

HuffPost Green reported in 2012 about Indiana University’s decision to change its policy on employee smoking during the workday because of third-hand smoke： instead of smoking off-campus during the workday，they are not allowed to smoke at all because the chemicals from the cigarette smoke still stay on their clothing and bodies.

（文章來源：http：//www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/ 24/thirdhand-smoke-dna-damage-cells_n_3474797.html?utm_ hp_ref=@healthnews123）

1. In the recent study，researchers find______.

A. first-hand smoke is bad

B. second-hand smoke is also bad

C. some chemicals stay on surfaces

D. third-hand smoke damages our DNA

2. The underlined word “acutely” in Paragraph 4 probably means_____.

A. slowly B. exactly

C. briefly D. seriously

3. What is Indiana University’s new decision according to the last paragraph?

A. Employees are not allowed to smoke at home.

B. Employees can smoke off-campus during the workday.

C. No employees can smoke during the workday.

D. Its policy on employee smoking is wrong.

4. Where can you probably find the text?

A. In a science magazine.

B. In a tourist guidebook.

C. In a physics textbook.

D. In a government report.

【參考答案與解析】

Passage 1

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人的大腦對于習慣的形成起著至關(guān)重要的作用。當我們有意識地培養(yǎng)好的飲食習慣時，我們將更容易建立健康的生活方式。

1. A。 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段和第三段第二句話可知，研究人員甚至找到了人腦中專門負責習慣形成的區(qū)域。由此可知，我們的大腦對于習慣的形成起著至關(guān)重要的作用。故答案為A項。

2. C。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前面的“a region of our brains called the basal ganglia lights up and says”可知，此處直接引語中的“I”指的是“the basal ganglia”。故答案為C項。

3. C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“we automatically eat the green vegetables off our plates first without thinking about it. We prefer greens and a meal without vegetables just doesn’t sit well with us”可知，當我們養(yǎng)成愛吃綠色蔬菜的習慣時，我們想都不用想就直接先把盤子里的蔬菜吃光，哪頓飯沒有蔬菜都會不習慣。由此可判斷出答案為C項。

4. D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞“scientists，researchers”，再結(jié)合文章大意“我們的大腦對于習慣的形成起著至關(guān)重要的作用”可判斷出，本文最有可能選自一篇研究報告。故答案為D項。

Passage 2

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，科學證據(jù)表明，夜晚適量的睡眠對孩子的發(fā)育就像健康的飲食以及有規(guī)律的鍛煉一樣重要。為了保證孩子有足夠的睡眠，最好的方法就是父母制訂一個就寢計劃表。

1. A。段落大意題。睡眠對孩子們大腦的發(fā)育和身體的成長起到了很重要的作用，此外，它還在大腦處理日?；顒拥哪芰Ψ矫姘缪葜匾慕巧Ｈ鄙偎呔蜁y于集中精力，變得健忘，易怒而且易犯錯。由此可判斷出本段的主旨為“睡眠對孩子們很重要的原因”。故應選A項。

2. B。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段可知，科學證據(jù)表明，夜晚適量的睡眠對孩子的發(fā)育就像健康的飲食以及有規(guī)律的鍛煉一樣重要。故答案為B項。

3. B。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三、四句話可知，父母應制訂一個就寢計劃表，這一計劃表是確保孩子有足夠睡眠的最好的方法。故答案為B項。

4. D。觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，父母應該限制孩子睡覺之前上網(wǎng)、玩游戲和看電視的時間，最好是不允許他們的臥室里有電腦或者電視機。故答案為D項。

Passage 3

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三手煙可能會破壞細胞，損壞我們的DNA，還會導致癌癥和其他疾病。

1. D。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，吸食二手煙后殘留在表面的殘渣——俗稱三手煙，仍然可以損壞我們的DNA。故答案為D項。C項不是這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。

2. C。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“20 minutes”和“258 hours”可知，這個單詞的意思應該是“chronically”的反義詞。結(jié)合下文可知這句話的意思是：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，和“短暫”感染煙霧的條形紙相比，“長期”被煙霧感染的條形紙上存在的有毒化合物濃度更高。故答案為C項。

3. C。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，印第安納大學改變了有關(guān)員工在工作時間吸煙的政策規(guī)定，原來的規(guī)定中稱，工作時間內(nèi)員工不得在校內(nèi)吸煙，新規(guī)定則完全禁止吸煙。故答案為C項。

4. A。推理判斷題。本文是一篇研究報告，說明的是三手煙對人的危害，故應出現(xiàn)在科學雜志中。答案為A項。

（作者單位：山東省鄆城縣第一中學）